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Etude Multi-Echelle Du Patron De Diversite Des Abeilles Et Utilisation Des Ressources Fleuries Dans Un Agrosysteme Intensif

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THESE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE D’AVIGNON ET DES PAYS DE VAUCLUSE Ecole Doctorale 536 « Agro-sciences et Sciences » Présentée et soutenue publiquement par : Orianne ROLLIN Le 11 décembre 2013 à Avignon ETUDE MULTI-ECHELLE DU PATRON DE DIVERSITE DES ABEILLES ET UTILISATION DES RESSOURCES FLEURIES DANS UN AGROSYSTEME INTENSIF Directeurs de thèse : Mohamed EL MAATAOUI et Mickaël HENRY Membres du jury Rapporteur Dr. Denis MICHEZ Université de Mons, Belgique Rapporteur Dr. Felix HERZOG Agroscope Reckenholz, Suisse Examinateur Pr. Isabelle DAJOZ Université Paris 7, France Examinateur Dr. Vincent BRETAGNOLLE CEBC - CNRS, France Examinateur Pr. Mohamed EL MAATAOUI Université d’Avignon, France Examinateur Dr. Mickaël HENRY INRA d’Avignon, France A mon guide et pilier de toujours Sans qui rien n’aurait été possible… …ma mère Remerciements Je tiens à remercier tout ceux qui, au labo ou ailleurs, m’ont donné l’opportunité de faire cette thèse et ont contribué par leur aide, leurs conseils ou simplement leur bonne humeur, au bon déroulement de ce travail, dans les bureaux comme sur le terrain. Merci à mon directeur de thèse Mohamed El Maataoui pour ses conseils et son aide durant ces trois années. Je remercie tout particulièrement Mickaël Henry et Axel Decourtye. Merci à Mickaël pour son encadrement, sa gentillesse, sa patience face à mes nombreuses interrogations et hésitations, son aide tout simplement indispensable au déroulement de cette thèse. Il y a un nombre certain d’astuces statistiques qui n’est pas prêt d’être oublié…! Merci à Axel pour son écoute, sa disponibilité, ses conseils et ses relectures. Enfin, un grand merci à eux deux de m’avoir fait confiance pour cette thèse. Merci aux membres de mon comité de thèse, Nicolas Mouquet, Etienne Klein, Nadia Michel, pour leurs conseils sur mon travail. Je remercie les membres du jury, Denis Michez, Felix Herzog, Vincent Bretagnolle et Isabelle Dajoz, pour l’attention qu’ils ont porté à mon travail. Je remercie les membres de l’ACTA, notamment Philippe Vissac, Sandrine Huet, Marianne Sellam et Marie-Florence Arzeux, pour leur accueil chaleureux lors de mes venues à Paris et leur aide face à mon désarroi administratif. Merci à l’ensemble des personnes du laboratoire abeilles & environnement pour leur accueil durant ces 3 ans en pointillés. Je remercie tout particulièrement la petite équipe du bâtiment pollinisation, Jean Aptel, Laurent Guilbaud, Marie-Josée Buffière, Nicolas Morison, Bernard Vaissière, pour leur gentillesse, leur aide dans mon travail, et la super ambiance qu’ils savent mettre dans notre petite tour... Merci Bernard pour les bonnes astuces, les contacts, les nouilles chinoises et le Toblerone (hein Uky…) !!! Un grand merci à Laurent pour son aide dans la gestion des spécimens et la fastidieuse saisie des identifications. Merci à Jean pour son aide sur le terrain, pour la détermination des bébêtes, son vin de noix et son miel ! Merci à Nicolas pour les dépannages informatique, lorsque mon Mac et moi ne parlions définitivement pas la même langue ! Enfin, que serait notre petit bâtiment sans notre chère Marie-Jo, notre attachante maman adoptive, livrée avec la thèse…, Merci « Mamie-Jo » J J’aimerais remercier l’ensemble des systématiciens qui ont identifié les plus de 15000 abeilles sauvages récoltées au cours de ces 3 années de terrain, et sans qui cette thèse n’aurait pas pu être réalisée : Holger Dathe, Eric Dufrêne, Robert Fonfria, David Genoud, Michael Kuhlmann, Gérard Le Goff, Denis Michez, Alain Pauly, S. Risch. J’adresse un remerciement tout particulier à Robert Fonfria pour son accueil chaleureux lors de nos visites, et les milliers d’ouvrières de bourdons qu’il a su nous déterminer en un temps record. Merci à mes stagiaires, Cyril Maffre et Alexandre Haefflinger, pour leur aide indispensable sur le terrain, leur investissement, leur bonne humeur et les rebondissements sanitaires (ne prenez pas de stagiaire allergique aux abeilles, ça craint !!!) Merci à Isabelle Badenhausser, mon encadrante de stage de M1 et M2, qui m’a fait découvrir les criquets et le monde des insectes, le terrain en pleine cagne dans cette plaine agricole que j’aime tant. Et surtout, en raison de toutes les bonnes choses qui en ont découlé, un grand merci de m’avoir donné la chance de mettre un jour les pieds aux CEBC… !! Merci à l’équipe entomo de Chizé, Jérôme Yvernault, Marilyn Roncoroni et Nadine Guillon, d’avoir su, chacun à votre manière égailler l’avant et l’après terrain ainsi les longues heures de tris et de montage en « salle entomo ». Et merci Jérôme d’avoir su me transmettre ton amour et ta passion de ce monde à six pattes. Au delà de l’encadrement, il y a aussi les amis et la famille dont le soutien est indispensable pour vivre sereinement cette expérience. Un grand merci à Hélène pour son amitié, son soutien, ses conseils, son écoute et tous ces fou-rires et « craquages » si bénéfiques durant ces années chizéo-avignonnaises. Une pensée à ce mobilier chizéen qui nous aura donné tant d’occasions de rire… Merci Copine !!! Merci à mon trio d’enfer d’Avignon, Laura, Anne-Laure et Garance. Merci à Garance pour sa niaque, son franc-parler et sa solidarité dans les déboires automobiles… Merci à Anne-Laure pour les soirées sushi-télé, apéros, les balades canines et cette colocation qui fut trop courte... Merci à Laura pour les réflexions statistiques sous R du « mais pourquoi ça marche pas... !?!?! », ses corrections et conseils lors de la rédaction du manuscrit et d’avoir fait le bureau-soupape ces dernières semaines. Merci à vous trois d’avoir été là durant les coups de blues et les coups de gueule, les périodes de déprime et de découragement, mais aussi pour votre joie de vivre, votre bonne humeur, votre soutien, et votre amitié qui m’est si chère. Merci Stanny pour toutes ces soirées de travail au labo, ces grandes discussions statistiques, ses brioche/chocolat, son amitié et surtout ses inoubliables stanneries. J Merci à Loïc pour les nombreux sujets de discussion auquel il m’aura ouvert, son humour, et son éternel entrain. Merci à Violette, ma super dernière collègue de bureau pour son calme, sa patience, sa gentillesse et sa tolérance durant ces derniers mois de thèse. Merci à Alban, Guillaume, Yannick, Alexandre, Julien, Fabrice A., Cyril, Maxime pour les soirées et nombreuses pauses thé, café, clope, chocolat, grenade… indispensables à mon « équilibre psychique », notamment durant ces derniers mois de rédaction. Merci à Fabrice A. pour ses relectures et remarques sur mon manuscrit. Merci au noyau dur des tricoteuses, Marianne, Corinne, Brigitte pour ces moments de détente et de bonne humeur, où enfin je parvenais à « produire quelque chose » ! Merci à tous les stagiaires et contractuels, qu’ils aient été chizéens ou avignonnais, rencontrés durant cette thèse et qui auront apporté une si grande animation et joie de vivre dans les labos (impossible de tous vous nommer, il y en aurait une page, surtout les chizéens… !) Merci à mes amis de longue date, Audrey, Nico, Jovan, Hugo, Emilien qui malgré le temps et la distance sont toujours autant présents. Merci a tous ceux que je n’ai pas cités ici mais qui ont eu leur rôle dans cette aventure. Enfin, un très grand merci à mes proches, pour leur éternel soutien dans mon travail, leur compréhension face aux formidables changements d’humeur que le stress de cette thèse a pu occasionner… ! Egalement une pensée à ces étoiles, qui me rappellent la chance que j’ai d’être là, à faire ce que j’aime tant faire… Et pour finir, un clin d’œil à ces « quelques milliers » d’abeilles sacrifiées pour permettre à cette thèse de voir le jour (le déclin des abeilles ? non, vraiment je vois pas...). Aller les choupettes, sans rancune !!! J Sommaire Présentation générale .................................................................................... 5 Chapitre I : Introduction générale - Abeilles et paysages agricoles .................. 9 1. Insectes pollinisateurs et services écosystémiques ................................................................................. 11 1.1. Services écosystémiques et agriculture ................................................................................................................... 11 1.2. La pollinisation et ses acteurs ...................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1. La pollinisation des plantes ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.2. Les insectes pollinisateurs ................................................................................................................................... 12 1.3. La pollinisation entomophile : enjeux économiques et écologiques - Rôle majeur des aBeilles ..... 14 1.3.1. Valeur économique du service de pollinisation par les insectes ......................................................... 14 1.3.2. Une estimation a minima des BénéFices ......................................................................................................... 15 1.3.3. BénéFices de la pollinisation par les abeilles ................................................................................................ 15 2. Les abeilles : diversité des exigences biologiques et écologiques ....................................................... 17 2.1. Origines des aBeilles et diversité spéciFique .........................................................................................................
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  • Taxonomic and Functional Trait Diversity of Wild Bees in Different Urban Settings

    Taxonomic and Functional Trait Diversity of Wild Bees in Different Urban Settings

    Taxonomic and functional trait diversity of wild bees in different urban settings Étienne Normandin1,*, Nicolas J. Vereecken2,*, Christopher M. Buddle3 and Valérie Fournier1 1 Centre de Recherche en Innovation sur les Végétaux, Université Laval, Québec, Canada 2 Landscape Ecology & Plant Production Systems Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique 3 Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Urbanization is one of the major anthropogenic processes contributing to local habitat loss and extirpation of numerous species, including wild bees, the most widespread pollinators. Little is known about the mechanisms through which urbanization impacts wild bee communities, or the types of urban green spaces that best promote their conservation in cities. The main objective of this study was to describe and compare wild bee community diversity, structure, and dynamics in two Canadian cities, Montreal and Quebec City. A second objective was to compare functional trait diversity among three habitat types (cemeteries, community gardens and urban parks) within each city. Bees were collected using pan traps and netting on the same 46 sites, multiple times, over the active season in 2012 and 2013. A total of 32,237 specimens were identified, representing 200 species and 6 families, including two new continental records, Hylaeus communis Nylander (1852) and Anthidium florentinum (Fabricius, 1775). Despite high community evenness, we found significant abundance of diverse species, including exotic ones. Spatio-temporal analysis showed higher stability in the most urbanized city (Montreal) but low nestedness of species assemblages among the three urban habitats in both cities.