I I I The NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL 80cmTY APRIL 1953 The American Horticultural Society, Inc.

ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

OFFICERS President, Dr. Freeman Weiss, Washington, D. C. First Vice-President, Mr. John L. Creech, Glenn Dale, Md. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Secretory, Dr. Francis de Vos, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, Miss Olive E. Weatherell, Olean, N. Y. Editor, Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Pass Christian, Miss. Assistant Editor, Mr. James R. Harlow, Washington, D. C. DIRECTORS Terms expiring 1954 Terms expiring 1953 Dr. Fred O. Coe, Bethesda, Md. Mr. Arnold Davis, Oeveland, Ohio Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, N. Y. Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pa. Mr. Frederic P. Lee, Bethesda, Md. Mr, Stuart Armstrong, Silver Spring, Md. Dr. David V. Lumsden, Chevy Chase, Md. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pa. Dr. Donald Wyman, Jamaica Plain, Mass. HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Mrs. Edna Korts, Pres., Mrs. Otto Zach, Pres., American Begonia Society, American Primrose Society, 3628 Revere Ave., 1172 S. E. 55th Ave., Los Angeles 39, Calif. Portland 15, Oreg. Mr. Calder W. Seibels, Mr. Harold Epstein, Pres., American Camellia Society, American Rock Garden Society, 800 Sweetbrier Rd., 5 Forest Court, Columbia, S. C. Larchmont, N. Y. Mr. C. E. Little, Pres., American Delphinium Society, Dr. C. Eugene Pfister, Pres., Richmond Hills, American Rose Society, Ontario, Can. Mundelein, Ill. Dr. Frederick L. Fagley, Prell., Mr. Wm. T. Marshall, Pres. Emeritus, American Fern Society, Cactus & Succulent Society of America, 287 Fourth Ave., 228 Security Bldg., New York 10, N. Y. Phoenix, Ariz. Mr. Marvin C. Karrels, Pres., Mr. C. R. Wolf, Pres., American Peony Society, Holly Society of America, 3272 South 46th St., Lock Box 71, Milwaukee 14, Wise. Millville, N. J. SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1953 American Association of Nurserymen, American Iris Society, Dr. Richard P. White, Exec. Secy., Mr. Geddes Douglas, Secy., 636 Southern Building, Franklin Road, Washington 5, D. C. Brentwood, Tenn. American Primrose Society, American Begonia Society, Mrs. Otto Zach, Pres., Mrs. Edna Korts, Pres., 1172 S. E. 55th Ave., 3628 Revere Ave., Portland 15, Oreg. Los Angeles 39, Calif. American Rose Society, American Camellia Society, Dr. R. C. Allen, Secy., Box 2398 University Station, 1316 Derry St., Gainesville, Fla. Harrisburg, Pa. American Fuchsia Society, Bel-Air Garden Oub, Inc., Mr. Mel Newfield, Pres., Mrs. Frank P. Winne, Treas., 3809 T St., 822 Sarbonne Rd., Sacramento 17, Ca:1if. Bel-Air, Los Angeles 24, Calif. Birmingham Horticultural Society, American Gesneria Society, 1 Winthrop Ave., Mt. Brook, P. O. Box 464, Birmingham, Ala. San Leandro, Calif. Cactus & Succulent Society of America, American Gloxinia Society, Mr. Harry Johnson, Jr., Pres., Mr. Elvin McDonald, Editor, Box 458, Gray, Okla. Paramount, Calif.

Publleation Office, S2nd and Elm Ave., Baltimore, Md. Entered a8 second-ela88 matter JanulP'J' 2'1. 1932, at the Post Office at Baltimore, Md., nnder the Act of Augusi 24., 1912. Robe1't L TaylO1' [See Page 112] Acer Davidi I The Flowering Dogwood

FRANCIS DE VOS2

In an area stretching from the coast fruits, fi rst against the greens and of southern Maine, westward to Iowa finally against the rich red-orange and Nebraska and southward to Flor­ leaves, are a spectacle of ranking beau­ ida and Texas the fl owering dogwood, ty even in the astute company of the e01'nUS jiorida, occurs naturally. As maples, hickories, and sweet gums. a dependable ornamental, its range of Even with leaf fall fh is dependable per­ usefulness shrinks slightly along its former has still another but subtler natural northward boundaries in Michi­ point of interest. Have you ever no­ gan, Illinois, New York, and Massa­ ticed the tracery of the bare branches chusetts, due to occasional low winter against a winter sky ? The graceful, temperatures which kill the flow er knobbed, upcurving branchlets trace a buds. pattern of promise for another stellar With equal suitability this small tree performance to begin with the arrival is satisfadory in the formal or natu­ of sun-warmed spring winds. ralistic setting; this transition from the Although the single white "flowered" gardenesque to the natural setting is a forin is undoubtedly the most widely gap too broad for most plants to bridge. planted there are several variants in Its scope of usefulness also extends cultivation, the best known being ntb"a from the diminishing large mansion to -the pink "flowered" form . Other the small one-storied project home. lesser known variants are the weeping Ornamentals with :b ut a single fea­ form pendula, the double fl owered form ture of interest-flowers, fruit, or foli­ pluribrGJcteata, and the yellow fruited age-are all too commonly used in form xanthoca1'pa. Variation in the landscape work. This criticism could leaf is found in the willow-leaved form never be leveled at the fl owering dog­ salicifolia, and the variegated leaved wood. In the spring the showy white form Welchii. or pink bracts surrounding the incon­ spicuous flow ers lighten our woodlands C££ltural Require11'Lents and gardens. During the summer Good cultural practices are prerequi­ months it retires to relative obscurity site to successful disease and insect con­ only to put 011 a double show of bril­ trol and for the development of healthy, liant color in the fall. The bright red vigorous trees. Where does good cul­ lIt was the h01Je--and in.tention~of ~he Edi.to?· ture start then? I t starts with the to p7'B.sent at th1'.<: season a com,,?7'ehen~~ve renew of various Mpects of the j1ow enn.fl donwood that care that is exercised during digging rni!}ht be of i nte?'est .to g{/1·dene ... ~ . A on~·m

in full leaf or that wilding trees C(}JJ1, be The next step in transplanting is the moved without root-pruning first but actual planting of the tree. The hole these practices should, I believe, be should be slightly larger than the full used only when it hasn't been possible root system of the dug tree and the to use the time-honored methods which depth of planting should closely ap­ have given good results in the past. proximate irts original depth. It is The possession of a healthy, vigorous hQghly important in heavy, poorly dogwood on the home grounds is not drained soils to loosen the soil in the an accident, it is the result of good bottom of the hole to a depth of at least practices carried out during transplant­ 18 inches by spading or when possible ing and afterwards. Your dogwood with dynamite. Top soil, to which peat deserves this care-it is a true ansto­ has been added, should be used to fiJI <:rat of our gardens. in around the roots and thorough wa­ The fungus of the crown canker dis­ tering after transplanting is necessary ease of dogwoods and several species to settle the soil around the roots and of wood-borers are known to enter the to eliminate air pockets. plant through wounds received at the Although we have no precise data base of the trunk during transplanting. on how much and how often dogwoods Careful transplanting, then, demands need to be fertilized, it is a generally that skinning the bark, particularly accepted practice to .fertilize at least near the soil line be avoided. If wound­ every three years and even more often ing has resulted, painting immediately if the tree appears to need additional with shellac and then with a good tree nutrients. The use of a 10-8-6 fertil­ paint is advisable. The use of Kraft izer which leaves an acid residue is crepe paper around the trunk and larg­ recommended at .the rate 2-4 pounds er bran<:hes is generally recommended for each inch diameter ot the tree at to prevent the entrance of borers breast height; the ferlilizer can be ap­ through wounds received in planting. plied in early spring or late fall. Spot Anthracnose And Other Leaf And Petal Spot Of Flowering Dogwood

ANNA E. J E N KINS, J ULIAN H. MILLER, AND GEORGE H. HEPTING1

The flowering dogwood has been ject, especially at this season when the called :by the late Alfred Rehder "one lovely white or pink blooms of the dog­ of the most beautiful of American flow­ wood again ornament the spring land­ ering trees." In similar sentim ent, Jay scape. To supplement the account, brief Cleveland wrote (A11'berican Forests, descriptions of four other diseases that April 195 1) : cause spotting of the flowers or foliage "Harbinger of spring in the north­ of dogwoods are included, since they eastern and central Atlantic states, the mi.g11t in certain stages be confused spectacular dogwood is considered one with spot anthracnose. of the most beautiful and richly reward­ Spot anth.racnose ing small fl owering trees. Though ac­ tually it is a year-round show tree, its This disease affects chiefly the white gorgeous pink or white displays make and occasionally the pink fl owering a veritable spring fairyland of hallowed dogwood. At Athens, Ga., two other native dogwoods, silky dogwood ( C. Valley Forge Memorial Park, and oth­ amo111/ulIlJtI,) and stiff dogwood (C. foe- er public or private gardens through­ 11ft-ina), growing near fl owering dog­ out the East." wood have remained free of this dis­ Because of the high esteem in which ease. the f.l.ow ering dogwood is held through­ On white fl owering dogwood, wheth­ out its range, the report in 1948 of the er planted in urban areas or growing di scovery of spot anthracnose, an ap­ naturally, the disease may be prevalent parently new disfiguring disease of the from year to year on the same trees blooms, caused much public concern. while others nearby remain unaffected. Cleveland's article, which was the out­ This does not necessarily imply differ­ growth of the apprehension expressed ences in susceptibility. Not all trees over this discovery, was one of the first bloom at the same time, and it could popular accounts of this disease and be that the healthy blooms opened dur­ was presented under the rather omin­ ing a period when inoculum was not ous title, "Are Dogwoods Doomed by present or when environmental condi­ Disease." tions were unfavorable for infection. Knowledge of the disease has in­ Charles H . Driver, in reporting on creased considerably in the last two hi s survey for spot anthracnose in north years though still by no means enough Atlanta, Ga. (Pl(Jll1!t Disease R epo1'ter, to answer all the questions that are be­ July 15, 1950), wrote: "Numerous ing asked about it. The time seems trees were so heavily infected that the auspicious for a new review of the sub- symptoms of the disease could be iden­ 'Respectively, R esearch Specialist, U. S. Offi ce tified from a car while riding down the of F oreign Agricultural Rela t ions, Instituto Biolo­ gico. Sao Paulo, Brazil, formerly M ycologist, street. The pink flowering dogwoods U. S. Division of Mycology and Disease Survey and Divis ion of Forest P athology, Plant Industry were not found infected even though Station, Beltsvill e, Md.; Pmfessor of Plant Pa­ thology, U niver sity of Georgia , Athens, Ga.; they occurred very close to heavily in­ P rincipal Pathologist, U . S. Division of F orest Patholog y, Ashe vill e, N. C. fected [whi te] flowerin g dogwoods." [57] 58 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

Later that same season, Dr. R. A. affect southern magnolia, Cl11namon­ Jehle, of the University of Maryland, tree, and Hercules club. inspected diseased flowering dogwoods Early discoveries and diagnosis at Snow Hill, Md., and found leaves The discovery of dogwood spot an­ and stems of both the white and pink thracnose was quite by chance, and was varieties of dogwood affected with spot incidental to a collaborative study of anthracnose. He inspected these plants the spot anthracnoses by Jenkins and the foIl owing spring and found that Bitancourt. Each had been invited to the blooms of the pink variety also read a paper on some aspect of this showed infection. In May 1952 he research at the Third International found abundant bloom infection -on Microbiological Congress in New York pink dogwoods in a nursery at Gaith­ in 1939. They had just completed a ersburg, Md. These plants had been joint report on a spot anthracnose of brought to the nursery from a differ­ tea. ent locality. As the twigs were entire­ While examining tea bushes for spot ly smooth, with no visible trace of spot anthracnose at the U. S. Plant Intro­ anthracnQse, it was inferred that flower duction Gardens at Savannah, Ga., Dr. infection h~d occurred in their new Bitancourt noticed severely spotted locality. leaves on a flowering dogwood. These N a11'~es and relaited diseases symptoms were typical of a spot an­ In first reporting the existence of thracnose, necrotic type. To substan­ the disease (Plant Disease Reporter, tiate the diagnosis it was desirable to June 15, 1948) Dr. Jenkins and Dr. find fruiting structures of the fungus A. A. Bitancourt of the Instituto Bio­ on the lesions. Sometimes even mi'cro­ logico, Sao Paulo, Brazil, referred to it scopic examination of specimens of spot as a spot anthracnose of flowering dog­ anthracnose fails to reveal characteris­ wood. In popular articles this has been tic structures of the fungus. This was referred to as "blossom blight." Blos­ true with these specimens. Dr. Bitan­ som spot would be a preferable name court, therefore, withheld a report of for this type of attack as it would avoid this dogwood disease as a spot anthrac­ confusion with the disease known as nose until additional specimens could Botrytis petal spot. be collected. The causal organism it­ The spot anthracnoses were first dis­ self was not detected until September covered and are still best known as 1947, with a chance collection of spot­ affecting horticultural plants such as ted dogwood leaves, by l A. Steven'­ grape, brambles, citrus, avocado, rose, son, at Highlands, N. C When Dr. snowberry and violet. Characteristi­ Jenkins ex.amined these specimens, she cally they attack new growth, forming found the typical fruiting structures of small. dead spots, or scabs. Another a fungus of the spot anthracnose group. notable peculiarity of the group is that Thus, the long-sought-for verification each disease attacks only plants of one of Dr. Bitancourt's original diag-nosis kind or those closely related. Among of the disease on this native North spot anthracnoses affecting native American tree growing at Savannah, North American trees, the best known Ga., was made. is pecan anthracnose, also caIled "pecan In April 1948 the spot anthracnose nursery blight." Others, more recently appeared in a new guise at Atlanta, Ga. discovered and less familiar or rare, The floral bracts of dogwoods planted Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 59 along the city streets were observed also said that the disease affected about to be expanding in a conspicuously dis­ 50 per cent of the trees in the Parkway eased condition. Specimens were sent south of Roanoke, and was extremely to Dr. J. H. Miller, who found in the severe in Section 1-U. small spots dotting the bracts another The available records of the disease stage typical of spot anthracnose fungi. in the Carolinas are chiefly those re­ This stage, together with that found in sulting from consultations. For North the specimen from North Carolina Carolina they show its presence in and the diseased leaves from Savannah, Asheville, Linville Falls, and Pine Ga., confirmed the identity of the dis­ Bluff, besides Highlands already men­ ease in the three locations and showed tioned. In South Carolina it has been that it was a typical spot anthracnose. recorded at Georgetown, Clemson, Col­ The outbreak of spot anthracnose on umbia, and Greenville. Dr. G. M. dogwood flowers, thus threatening Armstrong, of Clemson Agricultural their ornamental value, stimulated the College, wrote that in the spring of publication of the aforementioned ar­ 1952 he found the disease apparently ticle in the Plant D1'sease Reporte7' in making its first appearance in the foot­ June 1948. The extent of the disease hills at Oconee State Park, about 30 as then known included only the two miles from Clemson. localities in Georgia, one in Maryland, At Atlanta, Ga., the blossom spot one in North Carolina, and one in phase of the disease continued to be South Carolina. Just before the article prevalent on dogwoods and in 1952 was published, information was re­ was even more conspicuous than pre­ ceived from Dr. Harold T. Cook, for­ viously, especially in the Druid Hills merly of the Virginia Truck Experi­ section. Dr. Miller also found it in ment Station, that he had seen the dis­ several mountain areas near the N orih ease several times in the vicinity of Carolina border. Norfolk, but had been unable to deter­ This fragmentary evidence of the mine the cause because the spots al­ occurrence of spot anthracnose in the ways appeared sterile. Appalachians invites speculation as to Other history and mnge what may be the real history of the dis­ In recent years, because of their im­ ease in this extensive mountain region. portance in both natural stands and A veteran hunter, who is familiar with parks, dogwoods in the Appalachian the mountain wilderness of Virginia, area of Virginia have been particularly upon being informed of the disease and scanned for spot anthracnose. In Sep­ the general aspect of affected trees, tember 1949, Dr. Cook noticed an abun­ at once asserted that he had observed dant foliage attack on dogwoods at it in this range. Panorama on the Skyline Drive. The In the absence of systematic surveys, following summer, dogwoods along the the most extensive search for the dis­ Blue Ridge Parkway suffered similarly. ease has been that by Dr. Jehle, in In this case, Parkway Superintendent collaboration with Dr. Jenkins. Con­ Sam P. Weems, sent specimens to Dr. ducted only as circumstances permitted G. H. Hepting, stating that affected and incidental to other official work, it trees developed a sparse, brownish ap­ was begun in 1948, and observations pearance in the lower part of the crown, were made mainly on wild, roadside with the upper part suffering less. He trees. During the first season, which was 60 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953 particularly favorable to the disease, the the hundreds growing in Gainesville, ragged aspect especially of bush-size he concluded that it was general in trees usually sufficed to indicate spot­ that area, anthracnose attack. The 'blooming pe­ The limited extent of the disease, riod having passed, spotting on leaves, as thus far as'certained, in relation to stems or fruits as available was depend­ the range of the host is shown in ed upon for identi.fication. Leaf speci­ Fig. 1. mens collected in August showed abun­ Im,portanee dant fruit' bodies of the fungus in its N. Rex Hunt, in his artide entitled perfect stage, and occasionally in its "Plant diseases not yet established in imperfect or vegetative stage. -The the United States" (Bot. Rev. 12 :593- latter was also conspicuous on spot 627. 1946), wrote that any disease that anthracnose lesions on the berries. mars the appearance of a plant is to be The first season's survey disclosed regarded as destructive. That the dog­ that the disease was prevalent in south­ wood spot anthracnose is a prime ex­ ern Maryland on both Eastern and ample of snch a disease is emphasized Western Shores. It was found on wild by the attention given it by the press dogwood in a few localities in Acco­ and garden public. This is, of course, mack Comity, Va., and at two places only a natural co.nsequence of the dog­ in southern Delaware. wood's popularity as an ornamental Since 1948 field observations on the and for its inherent aesthetic qualities. disease in Maryland have emphasized To cite only two examples of helpful other matters, such as first seasonal publicity in this respect, one appeared appearance, more than geographic dis­ as an ed'itorial in the Washington Eve­ tribution, but it is now evident t.hat the ning StGIY, June 16, 1951. Entitled disease is widely distributed in this "Dogwoods in danger" it could nave State. If it exists in western Mary­ served as an extension plant pathol­ land, where dogwoods are compara­ ogist's account of the disease as then tively rare, this was not disclosed un­ known. The other example was the der the limited conditions of the survey, display of diseased blooms and leaves nor was an examination made in the as part of a televised program of Sta­ four northeastern counties. tion \iVMAL, by the Stat,} s garden In Delaware the disease was recent­ 'correspondent, Vi. H. Youngman. This ly discovered in a nursery near Lin­ was an early if not the first exhibition coln, as reported by Drs. R. S. Cox and of a plant disease by this means of com­ J. W. Heuberger (Plant Disease Re­ municating ~isually with the 111ulti­ p01'ter, July 15, 1952). audience. The first published notice of the dis­ We have seen that inquiries on spot ease in Florida was given by Dr. G. E. anthracnose are prompted chiefly be­ Weber, of the University of Florida cause of its damage to the flowers. (Plant Disease R eporter, July 15, The fact remains, however, that the 1952). Here again, the blossom spot disfigurement also includes the foliage, directed attention to it. Dr. Weber berries, and twigs. (See Plates I and found dogwood blooms infected as they II.) The decorative effect of this small expanded late in February at Gaines­ but distinctive tree is impaired to what­ ville and, observing the disease in ever degree the foliage is attacked. March on widely scattered trees among Ravage by the disease in the Blue Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 61

Fig. 1. Co'JInparison of the distribution of spot anthracnose, as now known (da1'k crosshatching) and the natural range of the flowering dogwood (light cross­ hatching); the latter a,fter Elbert E. Little, Jr., in Yea1'book of Agriculture, 1949. 62 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

Ridge Parkway in 1950 may well rep­ meter in diameter. The spots were evi­ resent the unhealthy aspect of dog­ dent on opposite sides of the leaves but woods in mountain fasts as observed were slightly lighter colored on the by our Virginia hunter. If these under side. Transmitted light showed woodland dogwoods could talk, they up definite pale halos of variable size, might tell of serious hindrance to their usually more extensive on the younger growth as a result of recurrent attacks leaves." by this disease over a period of years. To supplement this description of As a nursery disease, the dogwood spot symptoms on recently expanded leaves, anthracnose might create numerous it may be noted that the spots may be problems, besides causing direct finan­ scanty or exceedingly numerous, tip to cial loss. a hundred or more on a single blade. S ym,p toms They may 'be scattered over the leaf Dr. 'Veber (Plant Disease R eporte1', surface or concentrated on one part, July 15, 1952) has given the first and as the tip, margin, or along the midrib. only description from field observa­ In severe infections the leaf may be tions of spot anthracnose symptoms as reduced in size or the tissue killed out­ they develop consecutively on the in­ right. Another malformation consists florescence and new foliar growth. It of foreshortening of the leaf because of is quoted below: early midrib · infection with consequent "During the latter part of February, wrinkling of the blade on either side. 1952, along the streets in Gainesville, The spots may be circular, angular, Florida, the buds [involucres] of dog­ or elongate. Ordinarily they barely wood trees developed sufficiently to reach 1/25 of an inch in diameter, but show the white color and attention was may be twice this size. By coalescence attracted to many of them 'because of or close grouping, larger areas may be their stunted and malformed condition. involved. The dead tissue in the cen­ Closer examination showed many of ter of the spots often 'becomes pale the bracts (petals) to be c'haracteris­ yellowish gray and readily drops out. tically marked with circular to elon­ On such open spots the venation may gate (lengthways of the bract) reddish remain more or less intact. In addition purple spots up to a millimeter in diam­ to these irregular openings consider­ eter and frequently surrounded by an able areas, at the tip or along one side irregularly less densely colored area may fall away, leaving only a remnant with gradual blending or fading of the attached to the petiole. color to white. There were from sev­ On the petioles, peduncles, fruit clus­ eral to as many as 50 spots on a single ters and small stems the spots, or one ot the four bracts. Often one or cankers, are small, corresponding more more of the bracts was so badly stunted or less closely to the blade spot. They as to be barely recognizable. In most are characteristically abundant, espe­ instances shedding actually took place cially on stems. (See Plate I, Figs. 3 on these trees before uninfected trees and 4.) The tissue surrounding indi­ were at their height of bloom. vi dual spots or aggregations of them "Further examination as soon as the may be noticeably darkened. The le­ foliage began to appear on these trees sions on these organs are circular to showed numerous small circular dark elliptical, flat or somewhat elevated. purple spots usually less than a milli- With the proclivity of the disease to Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 63 attack one organ or another so long colorless spores, measuring 4.5-6 by as the growth is new, it is not doubted 2.5 p.. Search for these structures for that dark blemishes sometimes discern­ scientific study often has been without ible on the exterior of the new in­ avail as previously mentioned. From volucre also are of the spot anthrac­ the very nature of the organism, how­ nose. ever, we know that this stage may form promptly under appropriate environ­ The p(J;thogen mental conditions and that conidia may The technical description of the path­ sprout quickly even from hyphae, and ogen causing dogwood spot anthrac­ inunediately germinate. It is doubtless nose as Elsin·oe convi, by Jenkins et a fact, moreover, that vegetatively, Bitancourt, was published in the]M£I ' ­ even as remnants of growth the fungus nal of the W OJShington Acade11'l,y of overwinters in lesions on living parts Sciences, November 5, 1948. Figures of the tree, or even on last season's 3 and 4 in Plate II are taken from. the fruits remaining in sit'b£. This could illustration that accompanied their ar­ and probably does function as inoculum ticle. The punctiform ascomata, which by which infection is initiated on the are flat stromatic masses measuring new-formed bracts as they expand in 25-100 p.2 in diameter by 20-60 p. in spring. Bract infection would supply thickness, are shown. B~neath the inoculum for secondary infections. dark covering layer (epithecium) the Whether the perfect stage also has a ascoma is practically colorless, as well role in carrying the fungus in a viable as crowded with the globular asci, condition from season to season is not about 16 p. in diameter. The asco­ yet known. spores, normally 8 in number in the Of the two isolations of the fungus ascus, are 3-celled, measuring 12-15 that have been made, the first was by by 15 p.. From analogy with other Jenkins from stem cankers collected species of Elsi11.oe that have been in Maryland, the second by Weber studied, no resting period would be from spots on new leaves collected at required for this stage. Instead, when Gainesville, Fla. environmental conditions favored, the ascus would expand a~d protrude Othe1' Blights an.d Spots above the stroma, and emit the asco­ The four dogwood diseases briefly spores. Presumably, under suitable to be considered here are Botrytis petal conditions, they would infect such new blight, Ascochyta leaf spot and blight, growth as was available at the time of Septoria leaf spot, and Cercospora leaf their discharge. spot. In their outward appearance all The conidial or vegetative stage of four are clearly distinguishable from this fungus termed an "acervulus" be­ spot anthracnose in both symptoms and longs to the so-called form genus S pha­ the appearance of the associated fungi. celo17w. The acervuli are minute spore­ B oh'yhs petal blight. This disease bearing structures about 40 p. in diam­ affects the flowers of many early bloom­ eter by 20 p. in thickness. They are ing plants, and often also the foliage pale or colorless on the blooms but on and young shoots. It is a disease of the fruit spots are colored. They bear cold wet weather, often associated also

----;-;rhe s ymbol /.J. s tands for micron, a unit of with frost damage. As a disease of measurement 1/ 1000 o f a millime ter or 1/25,000 o f dogwood it is relatively unfamiliar and an inch. 64 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

Plate I . Fig. 1. Spot al1ihmcnose on flo we·ring dogwood bloom and f?'uit. Fig. 2. Sa11te, on leaves and fruit. Fig. 3. On tUJrigs. Figs. 1 to 3 natural size. Fig. 4. Spot anthracnose lesions on twig, enla1'ged about 3 ti111,es. Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 6S

2

Plate I I. Pig. 1. Spot anthracnose on leaves, ea1'ly sta.ge as in M ay, nat~wal size. Pig. 2. Sa1%e, late stage as in Septe11I/) be1'. P·igs. 3 and 4. Drawings of spot an.tlvmcnose lesio'ns on lea.ves, e'nlarged 13 to 15 times, showing fruit bodies of the pathogen. appea1'ing as black speclls in th e dead tissue. 66 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

actual reports of its occurrence are the shaded and lower leaves, shriveled few. It could probably be found to and blackened. some extent on dogwood flowers and Leaf spotting begins as early as mid­ shoots almost any spring when frost June. The spots are round or slightly injury occurs and is followed by pro­ irregular in outline and may range longed rainy or damp weather. A few from 1/32 to 74 of an inch in diameter. dry sunny days will quickly check it, The gray to tal} 1-necrotic central part however, and prevent any spread that has a somewhat prominent border, just would attract particular notice. outside which the tissue is discolored, In its most typical form Botrytis in­ brown or reddish (Plate IV, Fig. 1). fection appears as brown patches, Tiny, black, punctiform masses that usually of considerable size, irregular ultimately develop on the light-colored shape, and much wrinkled, on the centers of the spots are the pycnidia aging floral bracts ("petals"). When (spore vesicles) of a fungus which has the petals fall and lodge on leaves the been identified by some authorities as latter may become infected too. In Ascochyta cornicola Sacc., and by humid weather the lesions become others as Phyllosticta CO'1'11.1:cola (DC) covered with a grayish-brown fuzzy Rabh., or perhaps P. globifem Ell. & mold; bearing tufts of spores which are Ev. A. cOr1vicola., originally described shed voluminously and blown by wind in Europe on C 01'nus sanguinea, has or splashed by rain. (See Plate III.) oblong-elliptical, I-septate spores meas­ Variations from this pattern include uring 7-lO by 3.5 fL . The spores of the indefinite blemishes and discolorations fungus in the Carolinas are somewhat on all floral parts and young leaves smaller than this but the significance of and shoots, which mayor may not bear these spore sizes in determining the the distinguishing gray fuzz and spores species has not been established. of Bot1'ytis cine'rea, as the fungus is The references to PhyUost1:cta may named. indeed apply to an early stage of the Ascochyta leaf spot and bl1:ght. Al­ Ascochyta before the spores have he­ though earlier instances of this disease come 2-celled, or may have to do with have doubtless been seen, and perhaps different fungi, which may be patho­ specimens of it collected, it first came gens themselves or only secondary in­ to the attention of the present authors vaders of damaged tissue. This ques­ when Hepting observed an outbreak tion of fungus terminology need not be on flowering dogwoods at Biltmore, settled here, :but the spores observed N. C, in 1942. By mid-summer the on the Biltmore specimen were definite­ foliage of hundreds of trees in this ly 2-celled, and therefore belong to vicinity had blackened and shriveled. Ascochyta. For the present the fungus Periodically since then the disease has is referred to A. COl'nicola. - caused severe blighting in the vicinity A commercial experience at Bilt­ of Asheville, N. C, and along the Blue more, not planned as an experiment, Ridge Parkway in western Virginia. indicates that the Ascochyta blight can Vvith the formation of even a few leaf be checked by spraying. On April 15, spots, large areas of the blade may col­ 1952, a tree service company sprayed lapse completely. As a result, by mid­ some of the affected trees with Copper June it is not unusual to find most of A, a Dupont fixed-copper fungicide the foliage of a dogwood, particularly containing 45 percent copper, which Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 67

Plate III. Botrytis blight of blo011l['s of flowering dogwood, nat~wal S1:ze. Fig. 2. Pm'tion of blighted bract, enlaJrged 6 ti11'LeS, showing gray or b[,tjf spore 1nasses of Botrytis developing on the s'wrface of the dead tissue. 68 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

Plate IV. Fig. 1. Characteristic lesio1'bS of Ascochyta leaf spot of fio'lcJe1'ing dogwood. Fig. 2. Septoria leaf spot. Both jigU.1'eS 1Wtu1'al size. Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 69 was mixed at the rate of 3 pounds to dulling the leaves. Especially when 100 gallons of water, and three quar­ numerous, the spots have the effect of ters of ·a pound of Dupont sticker­ masking the earlier-formed spot an­ spreader was added. The application thracnose lesions. was repeated 5 times at 3-week inter­ The Cercospora leaf spot is said by vals, with gratifying results. The Felt et Rankin in their "111-Sects an.d sprayed trees remained mostly disease­ Diseases of Ornamental T1'ees and free as compared with surrounding un­ Sh1'ubs" often to cause defoliation of treated ones, which were generally in­ flowering dogwoods in southeastern fected. United States. According to Miller's S ep t01'ia leaf spot and C ercosp01'a observations in Georgia, the disease ap­ leaf spot. These two leaf spots seem to pears in late September, The spots are have 'been 'noticed frequently even be­ very similar to those of Septoria and fore spot anthra~nose and Ascochyta blight brought the foliage diseases of both are often found on the same leaf. dogwood into prominence. In Georgia, The pathogen is C ercospora co1'wicola the first symptoms of the Septoria spot Tracy et Earle, originally described on appear early in July. Delimited by the C or1%ts florida. The spore apparatus is veins, the spots are more or less angu­ a sporodochium-a tuft or cluster of lar in outline. At first they are of uni­ microscopic spore-bearing threads. The form color, but later become lighter at pluriseptate spores measure about 50- the center with a darker border. They 70 by 2-3 11'. range from about 1/ 10 to y,;: of an inch In the now 20-year old work, cited in diameter. As the season advances above, Felt et Rankin state that dog­ the leaves become heavily spotted and wood leaf diseases have not been by September most trees show symp­ studied as to control. They continue: toms very markedly. (See Plate IV, " .... a general covering spray of Fig. 2.) Small, dark punctiform masses bordeaux at two to three week inter­ tardily developing on the necrotic cen­ vals beginning when the leaves are ters of the spots are the spore vesi­ about full grown should be satisfac­ cles of a fungus identified as Sept01'w tory." While this might apply to both flO1'idae Tehon et Daniels. The spore the Septoria and the Cerospora leaf measurements given for this species spots, the time of application, at least, are 13-27 by 1.5-3 11" would be inappropriate for any of the The Septoria leaf spot appears to be other three dogwood diseases here con­ a comparatively harmless leaf spot, sidered. Control Of Spot Anthracnose And Septaria Leaf Spot Of Flowering Dogwood

R. S. Cox AND J. W. HEUBERGER!

Several fungicides show consi'der­ gals. water) or Manzate (1 Y;; lbs. in able promise for the control of the spot 100 gals. water). For smaller quan­ anthracnose and Septoria leaf spot. Ex­ tities of water, use proportionately perimental work under nursery condi­ smaller amounts of the fungicides ; (b) tions in Delaware in 1952, showed that make the first application as soon 'as Puratized Agricultural Spray, Ortho­ the flowers begin to open in the spring cide 406, Manzate, Bordeaux mixture, (about April 15 in Delaware) ; (c) re­ and Parzate gave effective control of peat applications at monthly intervals these diseases (see accompanying table through the growing season, until for concentrations, times of applica­ flower buds are formed in the fall in tions, and control). For overall per­ order to protect the new growth. If formance, i. e., di sease control and lack this schedule is followed yearly, the of plant injury, Orthocide 406 and Man­ chances are very good for a beautiful zate appeared to be particularly out­ display of disease-free blooms. standing. Bordeaux mixture caused When applying fungicide sprays, considerable foliage injury, and Pura­ one should 'bear in mind that complete tized Agricultural Spray was objection­ coverage of all plant surfaces is neces­ able to a certain extent in this respect. sary. In fact, no fungicide program is The following tentative fungicide completely successful unless the fo ur control program is recommended : (a) "R 's" of spraying are observed :-the use either Orthocide 406 (2 lbs. in 100 use of the Right M a,te1-ial in the R'Z:gh t

lRespectively, Associate Pathologist and Plant Am.ount at the Right T i111.e and in the P a tholog ist , Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station. Right WaJ',

Effect of Various Fungicides on Control of Spot Anthracnose and Septoria Leaf Spot of Flower- ing Dogwood, Lincoln, Delaware, 1952. . Spot Anthracnose Infection Septoria Infection Flower Leaf Leaf Spot Treatments* Concentration (5/ 2/52) (5/27/52) (9/5/52) Percent P ercent P ercent Check ______55 50 68 Puratized Agricultural Spray ____ .------1 pt.-l00 8 13 20 Bordeaux Mixture ______4-4-100 13 14 7 Orthocide 406 ______2-100 19 4 9 Manza te ______l V, -lOO 2S 6 8 Parza te ______lV,-lOO 32 20 9 No signifi cant Least significant difference at S percent level difference 20 9 ' The li st ed materials can be purchased under these names at well- stocked garden supply st ores. [70] Growing Flowering Dogwood From Softwood Cuttings

ROGER W. PEASEI

In growing flowering dogwood from season of taking cuttings advances, re­ softwood cuttings, two objectives gardless of variations of auxin treat­ should be achieved: first, a high per­ ment, which range from no treatment centage of rooting; and second, the pro­ to the use of indole-acetic acid instead duction of rooted plants able to survive of the more standard indole-butyric the first winter and develop into vig­ acid. The table also indicates that the orous young trees. number of days between setting the Various publi,cations have reported cuttings and the appearance of roots in­ success in inducing softwood cuttings creases as the season for taking cut­ of flowering dogwood to take root. tings advances. Apparently trea:tment Data from many of these publications with indole-butyric acid increases the have been tabulated in one volume. 2 percentage of rooting, other factors However, these tabulations indicate supposedly being equal. It would ap­ variations in the methods used. In an pear, then, that best results should be effort to discover some common factor obtained with cuttings taken soon after associated with high percentages of blooming and treated with indole­ success, these tabulations, for white butyric acid. dogwood only, have been re-arranged If cuttings are to go into the winter in Table 1, according to the season of with established root systems and taking cuttings. Only data from pub­ strong dormant buds, a comparatively lications listing all of the following long period for growth should prob­ three items were included: the season ably come between the formation of of taking cuttings; the percentage of roots and the hardening-off proces~. success; and the auxin treatment, if Therefore, taking cuttings early in sea­ any. When available the number of son should aid in obtaining maximum days between treatment and recording growth and maturity before the first results was included. The number of winter. days between treatment and recording results was assumed to indicate rough­ Materials and' M ethods ly the number of days between setting In 1952, an experiment was carried the cuttings and the over-all appear­ out at the Department of Horticulture, ance of roots. W . Va. University, to see if high root­ The table indicates that in general, ing percentages could be obtained by percentages of success diminish as the taking -cutting wood early in the season and treating with indole-butyric acid "Assistan t H ort iculturist, 'West V irginia College of Agriculture. W est Virginia U nivel'sity, :Morgan· as indicated in the foregoing literature, town, W est Virginia . and also to see if the resultant plants 2The Use of Auxin s in the Rooting of W oody Cuttings. Kenne th V. Thimann a nd J ane Behnke · could be developed sufficiently to over­ Rogers, Maria Moore Cabot F oundation, Peter · winter successfully. In addition, the sham, Massachusetts. [71] 72 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953 author was interested in ascertaining tained at 65°F. and the soil tempera­ if the age of a parent plant had an in­ ture at 70°F. Free water drainage fluence on the percentage of rooting through the sand was arranged. Both and the vigor of the plants obtained. lights and fog nozzles were kept on On June 11, cuttings were taken continuously. All of these environ­ from three seedling, white flowering mental conditions may not be necessary dogwoods five years old, and three or even advantageous. seedling, white flow ering dogwoods five The cuttings began to form roots in years old, and three grafted, pink dog­ 28 days, hut environmental conditions woods at least 18 years old. Only ter­ were not altered until August fifth. The minal shoot tips were used. They were cuttings were then removed and placed trimmed to three inches in length, and in a cold frame equipped with low all but two leaves removed. The stem pressure fog nozzles and bottom heat. bases were dipped in a mixture of in­ The growing medium was a welI­ dole-butyric acid crystals and talc, one drained, light soil whose pH had been part acid crystals to 250 parts talc by reduced to approximately 5.0. About weight. This mixture is roughly equi­ half of the sunlight was excluded. From valent to Hormodin B, No.2. The cut­ A ugust fifth until the middle of Octo­ tings were set one and one quarter ber the minimum soil temperature was inches deep in white, washed building maintained at 70°F., and the fog noz­ sand; and. the air was kept saturated zles were opened eight hours each day. with low pressure fog nozzles. Two The cold frame sashes were lifted for hundred foot-candles of white fluores­ about ten minutes each evening. From cent light were delivered to the sand October fifteenth to November tenth surface. The air temperature was main- both soil water and soil temperatures

TABLE I Published Data" Correlated to the Season of Taking Cuttings White Dogwood Only

Season of Taking P ercent of Days Before Cuttings Rooting Treatment Taking Data

End of Flowering 100% None 21 Slightly Immature 75% Indole·bunyric Acid in Talc; 1 part to Not listed Wood 200 Slightly Immature 100% Indole·butyric Acid in Talc; 1 part to Not listed Wood 83 June 95 % Indole·butyric Acid in Water ; 13 parts 34 per million; Soaked 24 hrs. J une 64% None 34 July 25% Indole-acetic Acid in Water; 50 and 37 200 parts per million ; Soaked 24 hrs. August 22% None 45 September 0% Soaked in Water; 24 hrs. Not listell September 15 % Indole"butyric Acid in Water; 50 parts 105 per million; Soaked 24 hrs.

*The use of Auxins in the Rooting of Woody Guttings. Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 73 were gradually reduced, until the ther­ Table II shows rooting percentages moswitch was adjusted to 45 °F. and and the average length of new growth water was added only when the soil for both cuttings from young seedlings surface was dry. and from old grafted trees. From this data it was concluded that cuttings On November tenth new growth from young trees tend to show better measurements were made and dormant growth after rooting than do cuttings buds inspected. Well-formed dormant from mature trees, but that rooting buds had developed and most of the percentages, under good environmental leaves had fallen. During the winter con-di tions, are satisfactory in both the young plants will be kept under a cases. Because of the preliminary na­ loose mulch of wheat straw, placed ture of the work, no positive conclu­ on the cold frame sashes, and a mini­ sions should be drawn concerning the mum soil temperature of 40° F. will be ability of the rooted cuttings to develop maintained. into vigorous young trees.

TABLE II Comparative Results from Juvenile and Mature Parent Trees A Three Seedling White Dogwoods Five Years Old

Season of Rooting Percent Percent Alive Ave. Length Taking Cuttings as of Aug. 5 Treatment Nov. 10 New Growth Indole·butyric Acid in Talc; June 11 95.7% 1 part to 250 95.7% 3.76 in.

B Three Mature Grafted Pink Dogwood Parent Trees

Season of Rooting P ercent Percent Alive Ave. Length Taking Cuttings as of Aug. 5 Treatment Nov. 10 New Growth Indole·butyric Acid in Talc; June 11 93 % 1 part to 250 78.7% 1.38 in. Rose Capistrano Rose Chrysler 1111Pe1'ial (Ge,·main's Photo.) (Ge,·ma;m.'s· Photo.) l"(ose Fred H owa1'U Rose C hm'lotte A1'mst1'ong (Howal·d & Smith Photo.) (A"'"strong Photo.) [74] All.. American Rose Selections PAUL W . T HURSTON H oTtic1Jdt1Jwai TIVodd H OJ1,01'S Fifteenth An11Jive1'SClJry

One of the best examples of what growers and experts joined together intra-industry cooperation wi ll accom­ in 1938 to fo rm All-America Rose Se­ pli sh in a highly competitive field is evi­ lections, Inc. T heir purpose was to denced in the program being carried establi sh the highest possible standards on by the A merican rose in dustry. for roses in general and to develop new \ ,\,T hat is more interesti ng, this coopera­ varieties that wo uld produce excellent tive effort came into existence not results anywhere in the country. T he through self-interest, but rather from year 1953 is signi fica nt in the horticul­ a puhlic service attitude on the part of tural world because it marks fi fteen the industry itself. years of s ~l ccessf ul progress towards The rose is known as the Queen of that goal. Flowers, and is by far the most popu­ Under the guidance of the A.A.R.'S. lar fl ower grown in America. It is the group, specifica tions governing the all­ national fl ower of E ngland as it is in important characteristics of roses were fact, if not by offi cial designation, of set up. Foll owing through on this, the U nited States. A recent Gallup twenty-one offi cial test gardens were poll shows that it is preferred by located in vari ous sections of the CG un­ Americans 18 to l over any other try where the new varieties were to be fl ower. tested under a two-year trial plan be­ A n industry as highly competi tive fo re introduction to the public. The as rose growing was sure to have a result of this has been that every rose hi story of jealously guarded secrets, bearing the green and white A.A.R.S. intra-trade differences and a public label has not only won through this suffering from an acute case of confu­ two-year trial period, but has been sion. Up until 1940, new rose intro­ judged on actual performance under ductions were placed on the market on the widest possible variation of soil and a purely speculative basis. Because of climate. the large amount of time and money Just what this pre-testing means to necessary to develop a new variety, the average gardener is not readily growers ran the risk of substantial loss apparent to most people. Before a if their introductions fa iled to find pub­ grower can even put an entry in the lic acceptance. And at the same time, trials, he must develop from 5,000 to wi th hundreds of varieti es from which 6,000 seedlings of a single variety from to pick and choose, the average gar­ which he may get one or two good dener had little idea of what to expect enough to ente r the competition. T hese fro m any particular one in his own plants must then compete for two years garden. In effect, he became a tester in the twenty-one diffe rent testing sta­ for new and unproved introductions. ti ons against the best developed by oth­ a position which often cost him con­ er growers. siderable time and money. The All-America testi ng stations are T o bring relief to the publi c and located at : so me semblance of order to the rose A rmstrong N urseries. Ontario, Cali­ market, a group of the nation's leading fo rnia ; University of F lorida, Gaines- [75] 76 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

ville, Florida; Howard and Smith year testing period. To date, only Company, Montebello, California; J ack­ thirty-seven varieti'es have been given son and Perkins Company, Pleasanton, the honor OUit of the many plants en­ California; Clyde H. Stocking Com­ tered into this most rigid of testing sys­ pany, San Jose, California; Texas tems. Ample evidence that no com­ Rose Research Foundation, Tyler, promise is ever made with A.AR.S. Texas; Southwestern Louisiana Insti­ standards,is shown by the fact that in tute, Lafayette, Louisiana; Howard 1951, no winners were chosen even Rose Company, Hem'et, California; though some varieties achieved rela­ Municipal Park, Tulsa, Oklahoma; tively high scores. It was felt, and Bobbink and Atkins, East Rutherford, rightly so, that since none had come up New Jersey; Woodland Park, Seattle, to the high standards set for the award, Washington; International Rose Test the integrity of the AAR.S. forbade Gardens, Washington Park, Portland. any compromise with market or public Oregon; Jackson and Perkins Com­ demand. pany, Newark, New York; Gerard K. During the past thirteen years, pro­ Klyn, Mentor, Ohio; Elizabeth Park, fessiGnal and amateur gardeners alike Hartford, Connecticut; Cornell Univer­ have learned to rely on All-America sity, Ithaca, New York; The Conard­ Rose Selections as the criteria of qual­ Pyle Company, West Grove, Pennsyl­ ity in hew introductions. yet few real­ vania; Penn State College, State Col­ ize that their splendid flowers are the lege, Pennsylvania; Ohio State Uni­ result of years of patient experiment versity, Columbus, Ohio; Iowa State and research. That new and exciting College, Ames, Iowa; and Lyndale varieties are introduced year after year Park, Minneapolis, Minnesota. is a tribute to the imag'ination and re­ During the test period, the plants sourcefulness of the hybridizer, who are scored by impartial experts under selects the parents, crosses them and a uniform system covering thirteen nurses his tiny seedlings into stron'g, characteristics which are essential to a healthy plants. quality rose. Vigor, disease resistance, At the minimum, six years are con­ floriferousness, foliage, bud form, flow­ sumed in the development and testing er form, su'bstance, opening color, fin­ of a prize-winning rose before it can ishing color, fragrance, habit, novelty, be even entered in the AAR.S. trials. and stem and neck an~ all considered The public gets "better roses today than by each judge throughout the period. at any time in history because an in­ The twenty-one sets of scores are dustry has put aside its individual dif­ then sent to the National Rose Jury ferences to work toward a common goal which tabulates them and makes the of higher standards and ,better prod­ annual announcement for that year. ucts. The industry in its turn has When the gardener stops to think that gained :immeasurably because of public a rose marked with the AA.R.S. tag confidence and recognition that A.A. is the best literally of hundreds of thou­ R. S. roses are the best. sands of seedlings, he understands just The pedigree of a top quality rose is how great the value of the system is. so valuable that a patent is issued to The first announcement of the All­ protect the years of work which the America Rose Selections award was grower lavished on his plant. A win­ made in 1940, following the first two- ner of the All-America Rose Selections Rose Taffeta Rose Forty-niner (tl. nnstTong Photo.) (tl.Tmstrong Photo.) Rose Mission Bells Rose Nocturne (Gennaliln!s Photo.) (tl.1·ms(rong Photo.) [77J 78 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953 award, the "Oscar" of the horticultural the National Rose Jury has presented world in the United States, is truly a the gardeners of America, a star­ thoroughbred, pre-tested and ready to studded list of magnificent roses. These grow and flourish in any section of the spectacularly beautiful flowers which country. are hardy in all parts of the country, There are more than 6,000 named are renowned far and wide for their varieties of roses in existence today, fragrance, color and all the intrinsic but gardeners have learned that the qualities which are characteristic of a simplest and safest way to get the best thoroughbred rose. is to choose A.AR.S. varieties. The list of AAR.S. champions is' Since the first announcement in 1940, indeed impressive:

1940 Dickson's Red Scarlet Red Hybrid Tea Flash Oriental Red Climbing Hybrid Tea The Chief Salmon Red Hybrid Tea World's Fair Deep Red Floribunda 1941 Charlotte Armstrong Cerise Red Hybrid Tea Apricot Queen Apricot Hybrid Tea California Golden Yellow Hybrid Tea 1942 Heart's Desire Deep Rose Red Hybrid Tea 1943 Grand Duchesse Charlotte Wine Red Hybrid Tea Mary Margaret McBride Rose Pink Hybrid Tea 1944 Fred Edmunds* Apricot Hybrid Tea Katherine T . Marshall Deep Pink Hybrid Tea Lowell Thomas Butter Yellow Hybrid Tea Mme. Chiang Kai-Shek Light Yellow Hybrid Tea Mme. Marie Curie Golden Yellow Hybrid Tea 1945 Floradora Salmon Rose Floribund:l. Horace McFarland Buff Pink Hybrid Tea Mirandy Crimson Red Hybrid Tea 1946 Peace Pale Gold Hybrid Tea 1947 Rubaiyat Cerise Red Hybrid Tea 1948 Diamond Jubilee Buff Hybrid Tea High Noon* Yellow Climbing Hybrid Tea Nocturne Dark Red Hybrid Tea Pinkie Light Rose Pink Polyantha San Fernando Currant Red Hybrid Tea Taffeta Carmine Hybrid Tea Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 79

1949 Forty-Niner Bicolor-Red, Yellow Hybrid Tea Tallyho Two-tone Pink Hybrid Tea 1950 Fashion Co ral P ink F loribtlnda Mission Bells Salmon Hybrid Tea Capistrano Pink Hybrid Tea Sutter's Gold Golden Yellow Hybrid Tea 1952 Fred Howard Yellow, pencilled pink Hybrid Tea Vogue Cherry-Coral F loribunda Helen Traubel Apricot Pink Hybrid Tea 1953 Ch rysler Imperial Crimson-Red Hybrid Tea Ma Perkins Coral- Shell Pink F loribunda

*De1Jotes Sectional Recomnlendation.

Gardening In Scotland

DR. AND Nbs. J. M. COWAN

St011Je jield A1'gyll Romans thought, the Emperor Had­ Garden lovers planning a tour of rian's \ Vall which runs east to west gardens in Europe are well advised to Iinild with a moisture-laden southwest­ give Scotland an ample share of their from the Tyne to the Solway, follow­ time, for they will surely wish to lin­ ing very nearly the border between ger long in some of her world-famed England and Scotland. Rather is it gardens. The great variety of plants a line from north to south separating and the lux uriance of the growth that the western third of the country from they fin d will, no doubt, astonish them. the central and eastern two-thirds. This will be especially true if they hold The west is rainy and comparatively the v i ew~ like many people li ving in the mild with a moisture-laden south-west­ south of England, that Scotland, though erly wind prevailing and a branch of having beautiful scenery, is, neverthe­ the warm Gulf Stream lapping the less, the bleak and barren north. Like shores from Land's E nd in Cornwall them, too, they will doubtless assume to Cape Wrath in the north of Scot­ that she has an inhospitable climate land. The east has a much larger share where only the hardies·t of plants and of the devastating easterly and north­ human beings can fl ourish. This myth erly wi nds from the R ussian Steppes about our climate, perpetrated fifteen and the A rctic and no Gulf Stream to centuries ago by the Romans, dies hard mitigate the cold. Moreover, the warm even today, but a myth it certainly is winds from across the Atlantic shed for it bears no relation to the facts. most of their moisture and with it much Indeed, if there is a climatic line divid­ latent heat on our western shores be­ ing the British Isles, it is not, as the fore travelI ing very far inland. This 80 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

means that the rest of the country is violence of the mighty Atlantic gales. much drier as well as being colder. that would otherwise play havoc with The result is that there are many many of the plants. gardens in the west of Scotland, like The visitor to Stonefield is perhaps Logan in the southwest and Inverewe first impressed by the remarkable as far north as Ross-shire, which are growth and variety of the Conifers, famed for their wealth of tender and among them many introduced species, even semi-tropical plants such as Tree such as the Douglas Fir, which the Ferns and Palms. Their mild damp young Perthshire traveller, David climate and cool soil have proved very Douglas, first discovered on the banks favourable to the growth and flowering of the Columbia River. ~ There are fine of such shrubs as E~~c1'yphia cordifolia specimens, too, of Abies nobilis (now and E. pinnatifolia, Embothriu1n coc­ called Abies p1'ocera) which are well cineum, and Tricuspidaria lanceolata, worthy of their name, The Noble Fir, all from Chile, and the Australian Bot­ and also of Abies grandis (The Giant tle Brush, Callistenwn coccinea. These Fir) a tall tree which thrives partic­ will scarcely survive the winter much ularly well in the west of the British further east, even as far south as the Isles, Sequoia gigantea (The Big Tree) Home Counties of England. and the Western Hemlock (Tsu.ga One of the most striking of the gar­ heterophylla) , very decorative with its dens in the west which I visited recent­ graceful habit and spire-like crown. ly is Stonefield on the shores of Loch Another Conifer which may be seen Fyne in Argyllshire. This famous old growing with unusual freedom is the garden is one mile from the charming California N utmeg (Torreya calif or­ little harbour town of Tarbert at the nica) . northern end of the peninsula of Kin­ Outstanding too are the tall gum tyre. The mansion house, formerly the trees, Eucalyptus coccifera and other home of a branch of the Campbell clan, species and a magnificent specimen of is now well run as Stonefield Castle the New Zealand shrub, Griselinia lit­ Hotel. Staying there, visitors can en­ tomlis, nearly 40 feet high. Other New joy, as I did, in comfort and leisure, Zealand shrubs which seem quite at -the beauty of the garden and of its sur­ home are Olearia mac1'odonta and rounding country. Fuchsia excorticata, of which there is Fortunately the character of the gar­ a particularly large specimen, an un­ den has been preserved, with its mag­ usual plant with pale shaggy branches nificent heritage of rare trees and clad with peeling bark. A plant of shrubs. Perhaps most precious of all DesfontGlinea spinosa, which comes these is its unsurpassed collection of from Chile, is remarkable both for its Himalayan Rhododendrons, flourish­ height and circumference and is a rare ing as in -their native habitat. The sight when in flower, its attractive red natural setting of the garden is superb, and yellow bells contrasting so unex­ surrounded as it is by magnificent pectedly with the dark green holly-like Highland scenery. Its wooded slopes leaves. run down on the east to the shores of Further proof of the mildness of the Loch Fyne, a narrow inlet of the sea. climate at Stonefield is provided by the To the so uthwest and northwest the exuberant growth of half hardy trees · garden is protected by hills from the such as Pittosporu11l£ tem£ifolium, an Robe1't M. Ada·m Rhododendron gra;1f1J de evergreen whose small dark brown perhaps the most magnificent of the flowers have an exquisite honey-like magnolias-over 25 feet high and Mag­ fragrance, the black young shoots and nolia denudata ( the Yulan of China) the pale green leaves making a strong one of the most beautiful and distinc­ contrast. In this category comes also tive of all flowering trees. Then, two the Himalayan Magnolia Ca711pb ellii- unusual and tender shrubs which flonr- [81] Robe'I't M, AdG1n Rhododendron niVe'f,t1% ish there are lYIitra1'ia coccinea, a na­ collected by Sir Joseph Hooker in tive of Chile, with brilliant red flowers about 1850. Most of the species fig­ and neat glossy foliage and P hilesia ured in H ooker's folio volume on the bux,ifolia froni the Magellan regio!:l, a Rhododendrons of the Sikkim Hima­ curious liliaceous shrub with rich red laya are thoroughly at home at Stone­ tubular fl owers. field and have grown to their full stat­ But, as I have met1tioned, Stone­ ure, In all, some 20 Himalayan spe­ field's greatest title to fame is undoubt­ cies .flourish happily there and many edly her unique collection of Himala­ sow themselves freely on the mossy yan Rhododendrons, many of them a la wns, Perhaps the most outstanding hundred years old and raised from seed of these is a plant of Rhododendron [82 ] Apr. 1953 THli NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 83 e>t'I11'HU1I'L covering a very large area of April or early in May, but the gar­ and some years completely smothered den is interesting at all seasons and in its pinkish-mauve fl owers. Its close attractive both to the amateur and to relation, R. Fa.lcol1er-i, with large cream th e better informed. coloured fl owers, is rep resented by Moreover, although it is sixty miles specim ens up to 25 feet high, as also from the nearest railway station, at is R. gnmde with similar fl owers and Arrochar, Stonefield is by no lneans beautiful silvery foliage. inaccessibl e. I t can be reached com­ Various forms of R. arbo'reuin, with fortably by boat from Glasgow to Tar­ red, pink or white fl owers, are verit­ bert or by bus direct fr0111 Glasgow. able trees, some 30 feet hi gh or more, The bus travels along the shores of quite as large, I am told, as those Loch Lomond and through beautiful which form the Rhododendron forests of the Eastern H imalaya at elevati ons scenery all the way. But those who of 10,000 to 12,000 feet. The closely are fortunate enough to be going on allied R. n£veum with compact trusses the Cruise to Scottish Gardens in May of rich purple flowers is also repre­ this year, arranged by the Gardens sented by an exceptionally fine speci­ C0111111iottee of the National Trust for men. Scotland, will be travelling to Stone­ To see these plants in flower, the field in perhaps the pleasantest manner best time to visit Stonefield is the end possible.

Rhodode ndron exi1'ne~~1n Robe1't M. Adam 11'1:s Germanica 01' I. fiorentina Photogmphed from "The G1'eek Herbal of D-iosco1'7:des" by Robert T. G~t1'/;the1', The Unive1'sit:V P1'ess, Oxford, 1934.

[84] Iris E. BUCKNER KIRK Namesake of a goddess; symboI of Between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago a Bronze Age religion; heraldic device an artist in Crete was commissioned­ of the kings of France; "soveraigne" more probably conunanded-to model remedy for a vast number of ailments in stucco on one of the walls of the from weak eyes to insanity, and includ­ great palace at Knossos, a representa­ ing the gynecological; flavor for va­ tion of the Priest-King. When he had rious .beverages, hard and soft; basis finished the vigorous figure of a youth for countless perfumes and powders; in low relief, he painted a background ornament of our gardens. The Who's which may have been intended to sug­ V/ho item for the Iris is a long and gest the local version of the E lysian distinguished one. Fields. For the young Priest-King Iris, the Greeks believed, was the strides forward, Iris to the right and messenger of the gods and the person­ to the left of him. Of these, the great ification of the rainbow. Among her archaeologist, Sir Arthur Evans has duties was that of leading the souls of written: "The floral fragments that dead women to the E lysian Fields. occurred with the relief ... may be re­ And, in token of that faith, the Greeks garded as highly stylized versions of an planted purple Iris on the graves of Iris type. They are -executed Wlith women. great delicacy and the minute undula­ There is another symbolism that tions visible on the edges of the petals some 19th century authorities claimed recall this flower. Elsewhere, too, it for the Iris. It may once have repre­ appears as a sacred flower." "And," sented the triumph of day over night. Sir Arthur goes on later, "may indeed This theory has been seriously ad­ well have been suggested by ... I. reti­ vanced though it seems a tenuous one. culCTJta which today blooms abundantly For if the Iris indeed represented the over the site of Knossos-the fairest victory of light over darkness, day over harbinger of the Cretan spring." night, it must have been in an almost Highly stylized art is not born over­ unbelievable antiquity. By a vigorous night. It 1S the product of generations stretch of the imagination one can of experience with form and technique, grasp that primitive man might feel besides indicating a specialized ap­ some anxiety, when flowers withered proach to the object stylized. The and leaves fell from trees, that the Cretan artist who fashioned the Priest­ burgeoning he dimly remembered King was no caveman scratching his months ago, might not be repeated. But first representation of a human being the modern mind boggles at the sav­ and some flowers on a bit of bone or age's apprehensive fear that once the stone. His work is, indeed, so sophis­ sun has set it will not rise again. ticated that it suggests centuries of art Any such symbolism, if not dis­ tradition behind him. And if the Iris missed as guesswork, is purely deduc­ appears stylized as a sacred symbol be­ tive, but we do not find the Iris actually tween 1900 and 1500 B.C., its origin appearing visually as a religious sym­ as such a symbol is lost in a period be­ bol in that misty period, the Bronze yond any present knowledge. Age, where history and prehistory There are other Irises in Knossos meet. pai nted under circumstances that make [85] 86 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

them peculiarly interesting. Appar­ in the country of Syria.. His Maj­ ently Minoan civili zation was not lim­ esty saith, 'As I li ve, all these plantfl ited, as were most ancient ones, to the exist in very truth; there is not a line noble and kingly classes. L ittle men, of falsehood among them. My Majesty if the surviving examples are any in­ hath wrought this to cause them to be dication, had cultivated taste and the before my father Amon, in this great means whereby to gratify it. In the hall fo r ever and ever.' " For ever and ruins of a small house on a city street ever is a long tim e, but 3,400 years is which belonged, Sir Arthur believed, not so bad either. to a petty tradesman or merchant, he The final symbolism of the Iris car­ and his men found fragments of two ries us by a long leap out of antiquity frescoes from a room in that house. into European history. The fleur-de­ Against a warm terra-cotta-colored li s as conventionali zed form long pre­ background a big blue bird dominates dated its association with the kings of one painting, a blue monkey the other , France, but its signifi cance lacked the and patterned around them both are weight of meaning that accumulated rocks and fl owering plants. There we with time around the French national find out Iris again , conventionali zed symbol. a little, but very little, for the sword­ There are various legends of how like leaves and crested flowers look so the Iris came to represent the French familiar, so natural, that we are driven monarchy but most of them center to wonder a.bout their owners-what around one or the other of two his­ sort of man and woman and children torical incidents separated from each enjoyed them as part of home three other in tim e by a mere six hundred and a half millenia ago? years. A comparatively short time after The first of these concerns Clovis Iris bloomed on Minoan walls. they who, in 496 A.D., is said to have aban­ appeared sculptured in stone at K arnak doned t he three toads on his banner in in Egypt. Thothmes III ( 1504-1450 favor of the fl eur-de-lis. No bad swap B. C.) celebrated his conquest of a large either, as any gardener will admi t. His slice of Asia Minor by having a garden Christian queen, Clothilda, had long built near one of his palaces to display sought, so runs the tale, to convert her some of the plants he had brought back heathen husband. But Clovis ignored from hi s campaign. A number of these her pleadings and prayers until faced seemed exotic enough to be perpetu­ by a formidable army of Huns. In that ated in stoL1e, so he had them carved critical hour he told hi s wife that if he on a great wall of the tem,ple of A mon won the coming battle he would admit and unmi stakable among t hem are some the efficacy of her God and be baptised. Iris. Even to the lay eye they look like He did win, of course, and the toads, Iris, and W. R. Dykes has identifi ed whose symboli sm it might be fun to them as I. oncocyclus. But we also have know, disappeared into limbo. assurance from Thothmes himself of The second incident is a tradition their authenticity. He had an inscrip­ about Louis VII of Fra11Ce. Shortly tion carved near his fl owers which before setting out on his ill-fated cru­ reads in part: "Year 25 of the King of sade in 1147, he adopted the purple Upper and Lower Egype, Living for­ Iris as hi s device in obedience to a ever. P lants which his Majoesty found dream he had had and thus, according Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 87 to this version, the fl eur-de-li s came to spilled in the endeavor to find out what the banner of France. fl ower, if any," says H. N . E llacombe. For close to six hundred years then. "was intended to be represented." if we take the date from the time of Abandoning sword-hilts, spear-heads. Louis, nearer twelve hundred if we and toads, most of the writers on the take it from Clovis, the Iris was a li v­ subject that I have read hurl Chaucer, ing symbol of a great nation. Shakespeare, Spenser, and Ben J on­ "N ow by the lips of those ye love, son at each other :-on the one hand fair gentlemen of France, Shakespeare's "lili es of all kinds, the Charge for the golden lili es!- F lower-de-luce being one," with Ben Upon them with the lance!" J onson in rebuttal, "Bring rich Carna­ may be a romanti c couplet. but it was. tions. Flower-de-luces, Lillies," etc., over and over again . .g rim and bloody etc. But actually the matter had been earnest. Men charged and fought and settled by the time Shakespeare was died for the land the fl eur-de- lis rep­ four years old, if not authoritatively, resented. Today, on a piece of junk at least by popular consent. "From the jewelry, an upholstered chair, wallpa­ time of Turner. in 1568. through Ger­ per, dress material, we see a conven­ ard and Parkinson to Miller, all botan­ tionali zed ornament. It is hard to real­ ical writers identify the I ris as the ize that for cent uries of Frenchmen plant named and with this judgment that symbol held the same emotion most of our modern writers agree." with which we first saw the photo­ I think I may have been able to push graph of the six sergeants planting the the identification of the Iris with the stars and stripes on Iwo Jima. fl eur-de-lis back in time a little. All So potent was the fl eur-de-li s as the those w ho saw the magnificent exhibi­ device of French kings that the Revolu­ tion of French tapestries sent to this tion set out to obliterate it as a symbol country in 1948 will remember the one of the hated monarchy. It was chipped of the Fying Stag. On this tapestry off buildings and torn from draperies. the stags have the crown and arms of Men were guilloti ned for wearing. how­ France hung around their necks, both ever, incidently. a fl eur-de-lis on their lavishly adorned with fl eur-de-lis. Con­ clothes or jewelry. And the Revolu­ spicuous in the pattern, and so placed tion succeeded, for the fl eur-de-lis is a as to suggest a deliberate juxtaposition symbol now in memory only and to the crowns and shields are beauti­ passed, as such, into the realm of con­ ful! y executed naturalistic tall bearded ventionali zed ornament. Iris. The work is dated 145 0-69. If Throughout the above section on the my guess is correct, for five hundred fleur-de-lis readers wi ll have noted my years the fleur-de-lis has been identified acceptance of it as a conventionali zed with the Iris. It is nearer four hun­ Iris. Yet in the romantic couplet quot­ dred from Turner. but even that should ed French knights were exhorted to be long enough to make the identifica­ "charge for the golden lili es." Not only tion stick. Until strong evidence to the ha.s the ·fl eur-de-lis been thought by contrary is forthcoming it probably some to have originated from a lily, will. but a sword-hilt, a spear-head, and a A more careful search of old pic­ toad have also been suggested as its tures, manuscripts, and textiles may origin. "Much learned ink has been well carry the date even further back 88 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953 and I would be interested if it were. docorus) and next dry it all about; But I am frankly partisan and hope then take the inward part, seethe it in that any future research continues to water, when it be warm; mix also favor the Iris. thereto honey and vinegar; administer We can now abandon the Iris as a three cups full; very quickly shall the symbol and go back in time to pick sickness be drawn out by urine." Now Irises with men who used them hope­ whatever may be said about this treat­ fully to heal their fellows. ment, it should be pointed out that the term omitted is Greek and literally "If one suffer mickle hreak (a great translated means "the bulb of the squill" collection of phlegm in the throat), and -probably SC1;lla nutans. Scilla nu­ he may not easily bring it away from tans not being handy in 10th century him for its thickness, ... let him take England, the IRIS is blithely substit­ the dust of a root of this wort (I. ger­ uted. mawica) , pounded small, by weight ten pennies, give to drink to the sufferer, Iris pseudocorus, the tall yellow flag fasting, in lithe (soft) beer, four we grow in our ponds, is native to Eng­ draughts for three days, till that he be land, but older than any England we healed." know as it has been found there in Break! Such a beautiful onomato­ fossil form. That it may well have had poeic word! What a pity it did not a place in the early magic-medicine of come down to us-along with less de­ prehistoric days is suggested in this sirable ones-from the Anglo-Saxon. collection of scientific documents in the It, together with that naive prescrip­ Leechbook of one Bald, an Anglo­ tion, ·delights us. But somehow, too, Saxon practitioner of medicine who one's imagination slips away to a -wom­ flourished about 950 B.C. an long ago, pounding orris root, her "A drink for a fiend sick man (or ears strained for the terrible choking demoniac), to be drunk out of a church of a child with diphtheria. Just nature, bell, githrife (agrostemma?), cynoglos­ not Iris root in lithe beer, must have sum, yarrow, lupine, betony, attorlothe. pulled through those who did survive cassock, flower de luce (I. pseudo co- the more potent forms of hreak. 1'iAS) , fennel, church lichen, lichen, The above quotation is from a book Christ's mark or cross, lovage; work that bears the enchanting title Leech­ up the drink off clear ale, sing seven doms, TtV o1'tc'/;/,n.nin.g, and Sta1'cmft. It masses over the worts, add garlic and is made up of various documents and holey water and drip the drink into fragments of documents relating to every drink which he will subsequently what then passed for science in Eng­ drink and let hi m sing the psalm B eati­ land's remote past. The cure for hreak irnmaculat·i, and Expu,rgat, and Salv~£m is an English translation of the Anglo­ me fac. deus, and then let him drink Saxon translation of the Latin transla­ the drink out of a church bell, and let tion of the Greek herbal of Dioscorides. the mass priest after the drink sing Elsewhere in this same volume we over him Domine sancte pater omnipo­ find a cure for drops}" this time from tens." the herbal of Apuleius, a fourth cen­ As a doctor Bald worked under great tury Roman: "For water sickness take difficulties. Behind him lay all the an­ this wort which is named ----­ cient native medicinal lore with Chris­ and by ano:her name gladden (I. pseu- tianity more recently superimposed Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 89

"Painted Stucco Relief of 'Priest-King': Resto'red" Photogmphed from " The Palace of Minos At K11OSS0S )) by Sir A1,thur John Evans, Vol. II, Part II. Mac111;illan and Co., Ltd., London, 1928. 90 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953 upon it. i deas moved so slowly in careful observati on of nature, became those days that for all his date, Bald t he father of botany. With that beauti­ was still very dose to the,· herbal magic ful clarity of the Greek mind, disci­ that had been the pre-Christi an medi­ plined to careful and honest inquiry, cinal practice. Christianity had, of Theophrastus was the first to note that course, come to England long before fungi, algae, and lichen were plants; Bald's ti me, but conversion in the early to distinguish clearly between annuals, days worked strictly from the top biennials, and perennials; and to recog­ dow n. A newly converted ki ng would nize many general groups of plants of order his whole army or all his subjects which more than a hundred genera to­ to be bapti sed, and so they were. O ut­ day bear the names he gave them wardly, at least, most of them con­ though they have entered our botanical formed. But faced with the grief or world through the agency of Linn.aeus. anxiety of an illness in the family, it Naturally, to so scientifically minded a was only human to return to the tried man, superstitious pradises were ana­ and true practices of fathers and fo re­ thema, so it is to Theo]Jhrastus' scorn fathers. Even in Bald's ti me it is prob­ that we owe our glimpse into the dim abl e that many a Christian muttered past of Greece when the rhizotomi sts ( the root-diggers) were the druggists over the "worts" he ~l!a thered , aO'eb -old charms and incantations that predated of the time and possibly even its doc­ even Odin and W otan whom the tors. "That one should be bidden to A ngles had brought to E ngland from pray is not, perhaps, unreasonable, but Germany. The fi rst Archbishop of the additions made to this injuncti on York (734-766 A. D.) had fo und it are absurd ; . . . that, when one is cut­ necessary to issue a "Prohibition of"­ ting Gladwyn ( Iris), one should cut it among other things-"'gat h e rin ~' herbs with a t wo-edged sword, first making a with any incantations except Christi.an circle around it three times and that prayers." So Bald was lavish w ith his the piece fi rst cut must be held up in Christian t rimmings. the ai r while the rest is bei ng cut." U n­ doubtedly thi s difficult gymnastic feat The t races of ancient magic that adde d to the magic of the I RIS so gar­ Bald covered up with Chri sti an prayers were not confined to northern E urope. nered. L ong before we have any records of Some three hundred years after mankind in t hat part of th e world. the Theophrastus, the Roman, P liny. re­ Mediterra nean civili zati ons had fl ow­ peated t his formula entirely without the ered. A nd still farther back in time, Greek's scorn and threw in for good before local communities in Greece measure the admoniti on: " It is a point could ·be described as civilized. Iris particularly recommended that those had had a share in the magic of the who gather it (the Iris) should be in healing art. We know this because of a state of chastity." the scorn of T heophrastus. Botany, Between T heophrastus and P liny like practically every other branch of lay a long li ne of Greek herbali sts science, is popularly supposed to have whose names are known to us through begun with Aristotl e, but actually it P liny himself, fo r he carefully li sted all was one of his pupils, T heophrastus hi s authorities in his N at'bwal Risto1'Y' (370 ?-287 B. c.), who, fo llowing the But t he works themselves have disap­ master's teachings in regard to t. he peared. They probably still live, how- Apr. 1953 T HE NATIONAL HORTI CULTURAL MAGAZI NE 91

ever, in the work of Dioscorides, a ify ing the bl ood . . . Its chi ef use is for Greek, who must have derived from syphilis and some fo rms of low-grade hi s forerunners and to whom we owe scrofula and skin aff ection . It is valu­ the first full length herbal that has able also in dropsy." come down to us- "the most influential So we end the medi cal record where herbal ever written." de M atel'ia we began. For Apul eius' 'bulb of the Medica begin s with an article on I. squill' to cure 'water-sickness,' for ge1'1namca. whi ch some Anglo-Saxon practitioner \i\Then Di oscorides led off hi s great substituted 1. pseu,doconts, I . ve1'sico lo1' work with I . gen11.anica that meant that has served us until only yesterday, as .during all t he squalor and violence of it were, for dropsy and scrofula. A the centuries before the R enaissance, long and honorable record. when men had neither time nor taste Iris, so far as I can discover, never for gardening, the Iris was carefully got into the kitchen, but it did make cherished in the only gardens there its way into 'beer barrels and wine were-the physick gardens. casks. In Germany orris roots were After telling how to dry and treat suspended in beer barrels to keep the the root of I. ge·r111.anica, Dioscorides beer from getting stale. In France they goes on to say that drunk with honey, were hung in wine casks to enrich the or wine as the case might be, it was a bouquet of t he wine. In E ngland orris specific for coughs and cold s, for "the was used to give "the peculi ar fl avor" torments of the belly ..... & for such to artificial bral1dies made ther. One as let fall their food, for women's fo ­ feels, somehow, that the adj ective de­ mentations whi ch doe mollify & open scribing that fl avor was aptly chosen. the places, for sciatica, fi stulas, & all \ l\T hile in Russia, it flavored a soft hollow sores which it fills up with drink made of honey and ginger that flesh." Laid on as a poultice orris root used to be sold on the streets in Czari st was goo d for vari ous kinds of tumors times. Finally, toward tl~e beginning and ulcers, broken bones and headache. of the 19th century, a F rench chemi st Mixed with honey and hellabore it re­ discovered that the seeds of I. pseudo­ moved freckles and sunburn . . . and e01'US, freed of their coating and w ell finally, summing up the value of the roasted, produced a drink very like roots, "in a general way they are of coffee and, he thoug- ht, superi or to it. very 111uch use." When it comes to coffee the F rench fall Those last words settled the matter. far below thei r own high standard for With then.1 the Iris, as a valuable drug, food and drink, so probably the chem­ entered 11iateria 1nedl:ca just about 1900 ist who enj oyed a brew of his seed years ago and, unlike most of the early only meant t hat it was superi or to his medicinal herbs, there it has remained own chickory-flavored horrci r. until our OW l1 day. Not I . ge1'manica, The Iris came onto the stage of 11\1 - however, but our own beautiful I . man activities with all the dignity of v e1'sicolo 1' was in the official U. S. a reli gious symbol only to leave it after Pharmacopoeia as recently as twenty­ taking part in v" hat was probably the fi ve years ago. M rs. Gri eve li sts it as most frivolous performance ever put "being a useful purgative in disorders on by mankind. of the liver and duodenum, and is an The earli est appearance of the Iris as ingredient of many compounds for pur- a perfume, however, could hardly have 92 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953 been frivolous because the first per­ distilled from the dried rhizomes. fumes were offerings to the gods. Since This peculiar property of orris root dried Iris root, flung on a fire, gives should be underlined. Its odor, when forth a pleasant odor, it is more than powdered, steeped, or distilled, is not likely that the Iris figured in some of that of Iris but 0f violets. Until the the sacred burnt offerings of very an­ synthetic ionone was discovered a little cient times. Be that as it may, lovely more than fifty years ago, all violet ladies, very early indeed, saw t10 rea­ powders and perfumes were based on son W11y the gods should monopolize orris root with, in the case of the more all sweet scents. In Egypt, Persia, and expensive perfumes, a little violet leaf Greece, perfumes of one sort or an­ extract added. other were known and valued from A second property of orris root is no very early periods. Theophrastus men­ less important. It has the quality of tions Iris among the plants used for being able to strengthen the odors of perfumes in Athens, and down in other perfumed substances. In the Corinth, an Iris water called Irinen, early 18th century Mr. Charles Lillie, which had the fragrance of violets, was " that Celebrated Perfumer at the

"Blue IV! onkey In Rocky La1vdscape: 'Sac1'al Ivy) To Right)) Restored d1'awing by E. Gillie1'011. Photogmphed fr0111, "The Palace of Minos At Knossos.)) Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 93

Corner of Beaufort Buildings in the the odor proceeding from the female Strand," described how to make a per­ might equally distract some conscien­ fume for hair powder with the scent tious citizen from serious business, it of a 'well~flavored violet!' Onto a lump is a wonder that Pliny did not bring of loaf sugar,-he does not say how that up as one of his objections to the large a lump-drop 12 drops of rhodi­ extravagant luxury. um (rose) oil ; grind ; mix thoroughly When civilization had staggered to with three pounds of orris root. But its feet after the fall of Rome and the But "be not induced to add more ensuing dark ages, all through 'the rhodium oil; for, in that case, a rose feudal period, the Renaissance, and up perfume will 'be produced, instead of a to comparatively modern times (and violet one; the orris powder itself being plumbing) orris root played a major a most soft and agreeable perfume, and part in helping to make social inter­ only requiring to be mised by the ad­ course bearable. Clothes and even dition of the above small quantity of gloves were well soaked in perfume. the oil." Long before Lillie's time this Orris root itself, as a perfume for property of orris root was known, so linen, is mentioned as early as 1480 in orris was used not only to make violet the wardrobe accounts of Edward IV. perfume, but as a base and fixative for It is possible, too, that the "swete other perfumes. cloth" famous in Queen Elizabeth's Pliny lists Iris am0ng the flowering day was achieved by the same method plants used for perfumes in his day and French peasant women have long used its root was undoubtedly steeped in oil te make their household linen fragrant. to make the violet-scented unguent that Several pieces of dried orris root, was among those that so infuriated strung on a string, would be plunged him. For Pliny wrote about "the ex­ into boiling water with the clothes. cesses to which Luxury has run in Taken out and dried, the roots could Unguents" with the venom and fervor be used again and again. Whether or of a Carrie Nation denouncing the not this could be managed in a modern dem.on rum. Unguents, he claimed, washing machine remains to be seen. were introduced to the Romans by the "Swete cloth," if so achieved, could Persians who used them to "counter­ only have been linen. However pleas­ act the bad odors which are produced ant that might be next one's skin it by dirt." The Romans, being a cleanly could hardly have been efficacious in people ha'd no such need for the pleas­ itself. Leok at the portraits of the time. ant odors of perfumed ointments. They There was wool, of course, but if one just liked them. These, Pliny objected, were a person of any importance at were scandalously expensive :-"Pearls all, one wore silk, satin, or velvet. Dry and jewels, after all, do pass to a man's cleaning was a long, long way in the representative, and garments have future. "Swete cloth" underneath and some durability; but unguents lose a great deal of perfume on top was the their odor in an instant." He admitted only resort of the fastidious since bath­ some faint virtue in the fact that "when ing was considered dangerous. a female passes by, the odor which pro­ So for centuries orris root played ceeds from her may possibly attract an important social role. It remained the attention of those who even till then for the 18th century to carry that role are intent upon something else." Since to the extreme of absurdity, for, at the 94 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

beginning of the century men and replied, not above nine weeks; to which wom€n started to powder their haLr. he 'replied that that was as long as a For the first fifty years the new hair­ head could well go in summer and that dos were fanciful and elaborate enough, therefore it was proper to deliver it heaven knows, but they grew more and now." The gentleman who gravely re­ more so until by the seventies and ported this conversation to the Cam­ eighties they had reached heights­ bridge Antiquarian Society adds that and literally-that are hardly believ­ -"The description of the said open­ able. It was not at all unusual for a ing of the hair and the disturbance that lady of fashion to have a coiffure that it occasioned to its numerous inhabi­ towered two feet above her forehead, tants is best left to the imagination." and three was far froIT1 unknown! There, too, I shall leave it. But Orris root was not, in this case, the possibly my readers will find as much basic powder used. It may have been interest as did the Cambridge Anti­ in the case of the very rich, but possi­ quarians in learning how the structure bly because of its texture, more prob­ was built. "The substratum was com­ ably because of expense, it was simply posed of wool, tow, pads, and wire, added as a perfume to flour, or "Poland over which was drawn the natural or starch" (a kind of flour), and later to false hair." Once this was arranged, a powdered white earth. Before the the main powdering must have fol­ latter was discovered one of the griev­ lowed. Then, artistically arranged on ances of the hungry peasants of France the basic structure, came such trim­ was that so much of the flour that they mings as . ribbons, huge plumes, ropes needed for food went to dress the hair of pearls Or beads, arti.ficial flowers. of the nobility. As finishing touch objects of blown Hair powder was not nearly so glass were often added-insects, birds, simple a commodity as the words ships, animals,-a sow is mentioned in "flour" and "starch" suggest. The one list. \Ill ere, one wonders, the little perfumer, Lillie, warns his customers pigs attached? against buying starches which have In 1777 Hannah More wrote in a "been so adulterated as to be damp letter to a friend :-"The other night and mouldy" or "very bad indeed"-in we had a great deal of company­ what way he does not specify, but eleven damsels, to say nothing of the probably horrendous! Whether they men. I protest I hardly do them jus­ were "light and flying," as he recom­ tice when I pronounce that they had, mends, or "damp and mouldy" the amongst them, on their heads, an acre powder was always perfumed by the and a half of shrubbery, besides slopes, addition of orris root either for its own grass-plots, tulip-beds, clumps of peo­ scent of violets or as a base for some nies, ki tc11en-gardens , green-houses." other fragrance. The French Revolution, when so Even aside from the olfactory of­ many lovely ladies lost not only their fense of mouldy powder, the need for head dresses but their heads, brought p'erfumiLlg these coiffures is crystal up abrupt end to the grotesque fashion, clear when one reads a contemporary not only in France but in England and description of a hair dresser asking a Europe generally. So as a very minor lady-"how long it was since her head result cif the great world upheaval of a had been opened and repaired. She hundred and fifty years ago, orris root Apr. 1953 . THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 95

sank back once more to its normal uses Today the Iris is an ornament of our in pharmacy and the perfume indus­ gardens. Yet over all the years that tries but not for long even there. men have cultivated Iris for practical Modern chemistry, which began in the purposes, however carefully they grew early 18th century and from which the plants for the sake of the utilitarian roots, they must often have delighted modern medicinal drugs were born, has in the beauty of the fl owers. Now we, eliminated all Iris from the pharma­ who grow them 011ly for the beauty copoeia. With the coming of synthetics of the fl owers, might take a new look the need for Iris in the perfume and at them. The beauty we en joy is not cosmeti.c industries has dwindled to lessened by the knowledge that, over quantities negligible compared to the at least three and a half millenia, the great days of its usefulness in those Iris has served 111ankind in various fi elds. ways, grave and gay.

Naegelias

PEGGIE SCHULZ

Some house plants are grown for Dealers usually s'hip dormant tubers foli age effect-others strictly for floral in late spring or early summer and they beauty. When we find window gar­ should be potted immediately in a po­ dening material, such as the N aegelias, rous soil such as this: V3 each of peat­ that are a happy comhination of exqui­ moss, leafmold, and good garden loam. site foliage and beautiful flowers we However, if you have a mixture that are indeed a fortunate lot. grows African violets or Gloxinias to N aegelias were named in honor of perfection you may be assured that it Karl von Naegeli who was a professor will suit Naegelias equally well. of botany at Munich. They originally Due to the fragile nature of the dor­ came from Mexico and Ceatral Amer­ mant tubers they often arrive in pieces ica, belong to the Gesneria family, and rather than intact. If this happens to comprised of about six species. These your shipment, don't do as a friend df plants grow from a scaly rhizome or mine did and throw the pieces away. tuber that is rather like a small pine As is so often the case in certain spe­ cone in appearance. When good cul­ cies of lilies, these scaly portions are ture is maintained the rhizomes are potential plant-makers and shoul d be firm, white shaded into pink, and nJany saved and planted. I like to pot three of the threadlike roots are red. Poor rhizomes to a 6-1nch pot and <:over culture turns the tuber into a grayish them firmly with approxim ately an mass and it soon disintegrates. inch of potting mixture. If staggered 96 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953 plantings are arranged for it is pos­ longed over a period of six weeks to sible to have a plant or two in foliage two months. When grown where tem­ or flower most of the time. peratures are 70 degrees or over, some An east or northeast exposure is fine provIsion will have to be made for for them. They like the morning sun supplying extra amounts of humidity and enjoy a good, light room. They to them. These are all time-tested can be grown in a southern exposure humidifiers: set the plants on pebble but the foliage will not have the depth filled saucers and keep water in saucers of color and you will have to provide just below pot level, place plants in protection from the hot midday sun so larger moss lined pots and keep moss the leaves will not burn. Watering re­ moist enough to dispense extra amounts quirements approxilTIate those of Saint­ of vapor into the air, or set plants on paulias. The leaves will benefit from moistened sand. a spraying of tepid rain water but it Flowers on the Naegelias that I have is never advisable to spray them with seen are about an inch and a half long. tap water that contains chlorine. This The blossoms on N . cimw,barina are chemi{:al content leaves unsightly scarlet with a creamy lining. Small white spots on the dark foliage. Do dots are arranged in the insi.de center not set them in the sun after a bath or of the flower and continue outward to they will be covered with burned areas. the petal edges. If you have never N. cinnabar'ina is my favorite and seen a Naegelia in bloom you might has proven (at least for me) to be the think that a red-foliaged plant, produc­ easiest to handle indoors. The first ing red flowers, would not be attrac­ tiny leaves that push through the soil tive. However, Nature has a way of appear to be made of thick, red plush. blending colors into a harmonious ef­ The stem is sturdy, about the size of fect that defies description. Due to an average lead pencil. Leaves are the fact that the flowers open wide to nearly round and neatly crenate. Upon expose their creamy throats and garnet examination of the petioles they are flecks, the entire contrast of flowers found to be green but good culture pro­ and foliage is most pleasing. duces such a mass of "fur" on them N. zebrina is perhaps the next rank­ that they give the illusion of being en­ ing in popularity among window gar­ tirely red. Although Naegelias grow deners. In fact, some of my friends into rather large plants in a green­ prefer growing it to N . cinnabOiYina. house, actually two or more feet, they The leaves on this species are cordate, are kept well within bounds when margins crenate, and their coloring is grown in a window garden. My plants indeed an exciting feature. Each leaf seldom ever grow over fourteen inches is dark, furry green, marbleized with in height. a rich shade of wine. Growth is the As flowering time nears, an interest­ same as described above, and the flow­ ing ros€ttelike bud formation appears ers are red and spotted inside with on the apex of the plant stems. Nae­ white. gelias are seldom ungainly and defi­ N. fulgida has rather coarse green nitely cannot be hurried into flowering foliage. The leaves are sermted and in the indoor garden. If the plants covered with ·hairs. Flowers are bright are removed to a somewhat cooler spot, red, and the inner portion of the floral 65-68 degrees, flowering will be pro- tube is spotted with yellow. Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 97

N . 11Ibultifiora has foliage similar to sand and cover with a drinking glass. N. zebrina but the floral display is not Naegelias do not root as quickly as brilliantly colored as on most of the many other me1ubers of the Gesneria other species. Ins,tead, these flowers tribe. Often the leaf dies down before are very light; from white to cream sending up a new plant. Do not dis­ colored. card the material at this point. If you N. achi111,enoides is listed in Bailey's are curious, lift the withered stem and Cyclopedia of H odicult?'we as a hybrid you will perhaps ,find that it is well of N. zebrina and Achimenes or Glo­ rooted and has been growing a tiny xinias. The flowers on this plant are rhizome. Never let this small "start" reported to be large for a Naegelia, dry out completely; sprinkle with warm often two inches long, "talisman" col­ water once a week. As soon as leaves oring on the outer portion, rose spotted poke through the soil it may be treated inside. as an adult plant. Bailey also lists N. hyacinthina and I have a favorite method of propaga­ describes it as of "horticultural origin, tion. Perhaps I prefer it because I get probably a hybrid." The white, or rose the most for the least time expended. flowers on this plant grow in a pyram­ As the plant shows signs of decline in idal, compact form. its seasonal growth I sever the stem at There are several hybrids listed the point where it seems most resilient. among the Naegelias and although This can be determined by bending the they usually have to be purchased in plant slightly from the base t0wards mixed assortments, some of them have the top. Usually this gives me a cut­ been named. ting of 4-6 inches. This cutting is potted in damp sand and placed in a Golden King has marbleized leaves terrarium where humidity is held at a similar to N. zebri1'ba but the blossoms constant level. In a·bout a month small differ by being deep yellow. rhizomes appear in the leafaxils, just Monarch features foliage that is as they do in many varieties of Achi­ embued with bronze coloring and the menes. These rhizomes can be detached Howers are red. when about half 2:n inch long and Orange Delight has flowers that are stored in sand or vermiculite or potted orange inside and yellow outside. immediately and kept dry until the Orange King is perhaps the most next growil1g season appears. The cut­ widely grown of the hybrids and is the ting usually strikes root too and pro­ one that is sometimes seen listed sepa­ duces a sturdy rhizome. rately in catalogues. As the name im­ Seeds are fine and are handled in plies, the flowers are orange. exactly the same fashion that Gloxinia Propagation of N aegelias is a rela­ or Saintpaulia seeds are sown. tively simple matter. Like most mem­ Naegelias may be stored in the pots bers of the Gesneriaceae they can be they have grown in or they can be re­ induced to grow stock from leaf or moved and placed in sand and kept dry stem cuttings, hand-pollinated seeds, until their dormancy is over. Like or rhizome division. If you wish to many plants of this nature, their rest grow them from a leaf be sure to sever period is unpredictable. I have had some of the parent stem along with them rest a month and occasionally the cutting. Pot the cutting in damp they remain dormant for three months. 98 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

Naegelias do increase in rhizome count "sleeping." If so, be careful to keep during their growing season and it is water from dripping down on them. not unusual to turn out a pot of dor­ Such procedure leads to moldy soil and mant tubers and find that you have eventual decay of rhizomes. twice as many as you originally If you enjoy the thrill of growing planted. As soon as the new shoots tropical plants add a few Naegelias to appear above the soil line it is time to your window garden. P lace red-foli­ gently remove an inch of the old soil, aged N. Ci1711,aba.1'ina near a white add a freshly fortified mixture, and ,flowered Gloxinia or Saintpaulia and bring them up to the light. you will have a setting that will pique When growing Naegelias in a green­ the interest of all who view i,t! house it is perhaps desirable to store A co1'l,frib%tio'n j1'01% the A1ne1"ican them under benches while they are Gloxil7,ia S ociet}l.

Tuberous Begonias

STANLEY SPAULDING, Editor

The tuberous begonia was originally Soil mix for pots or boxes should be discovered growing high in the Andes about one-half mold and one-half sandy Mountains of South America in the loam. natural leafmold beneath trees. They We should try to copy nature's way recei_ved daily rainfall and early morn­ of providing adequate humidity and ing or late afternoon sun. It is there­ moisture. The simplest way is by a fore reasonable to assume that the daily overhead wa,tering with a rain­ ,tuberous begonia hybrids like to grow like spray. The humidity can be in­ that way, and we should try to copy >Creased by spraying the walks and nature's conditions to the best of our surrounding areas with water at the ability. same time and also at intervals during So, select a location that is sheltered hot, dry days, depending on the in­ from the wind yet receives good light. tensity of the heat. It is very impor­ Early morning and/or late af.ternoon tant that the rain-like moisture be ap­ sun is good, or a lathed-over area with plied early each day at the same hour. laths running north to south, so that That is done so that the plant has a the sun and shade continually change chance to dry off before the heat of all day long. If the bed is in full shade the day; otherwise some moisture will there must be good reflected light from be retained in the base of the flowers buildings or fences. and buds, causing rot and bud drop. The soil should be a sandy loam Tuberous begonias can be growL1 in containing large amounts of oak leaf­ any location where their natural growth mold. One-third mold and ·two-thirds habit can be duplicated. That can be loam is a good bedding mixture. If done artificiall y by providing humidity, your soil is heavy it is best to plant in shelter, and a proper growing medium raised beds containing the above soil comparable to that of their native mix to a depth of six or more inches. haunts. The plant itself is very easily Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 99

Daniel B1.bckley Co1l!l'tesy, Ame1"ican Bego1ua Society Ca,1%ellia-Type Tuberous Begowia grown under these condi·tions, being lizer is used .that produces nitrogen almost pest-free. Little care is re­ rapidly it will cause a luxuriant fo li­ quired during its growing period ex­ age growth but li ttle or no blooms. cept, of course, fortnightly feedings at Cleanliness in gardening is the best half-normal strength. I would recom­ preventative for disease and pests. Re­ mend that the fertilizer used be one de­ move the fallen leaves and flowers rived from fish or a comparable ferti­ from beneath the plants each week. If li zer that will produce niotrogen slow­ a flower petal falls on a leaf it will ly for a long period of time. If a ferti- usually decay within a few days, so 100 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953 try to keep the plants clean too. Water very sparingly, keeping the flats It is necessary to start dormant damp but not wet. Gradually increase tubers properly if we expect to grow watering as top growth develops. The specimen plants with many large well-rooted tubers will be ready for blooms. Most important, of course, is planting when there is a clubs served tea to the Sunday tal Narcissus Show. The show was afternoon show visitors. held in two large rooms of the Taft In 1952 the first Daffodil Institute Junior High School and lasted two was held immediately preceding the days. About one hundred exhibitors Third National Capital Narcissus entered flowers or arrangements in the Show, which was again sponsored by 69 classes provided by the schedule. the Washington Daffodil Society. The which included classes for single speci­ Institute was planned to interest more mens, vases of three stems of the same members of the gardening public in variety, collections by divisions, novel­ daffodils. A very realistic small gar­ ties, seedlings, spring .flowers other den corner with clumps of daffodils than N ardssi, and arrangements. and other spring flowers, built on the There were also several commercial stage 01 the auditorium by the N a­ displays by daffodi.] growers or deal- tional Association of Gardeners, proved Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 103

a revelation to many visitors who "had tention will be given to species and no idea there were so many kinds." smati varieties in the stage garden. There was also a table display of stand­ Arrangement classes in the Show are ard and novelty varieties and of books planned to emphasize quality in daffo­ and clippings relating to daffodils. In clil s. A special committee wi ll assist addition to two evening sessions of novice exhibitors. talks on subjects relating to daffodil culture, breeding, exhibiting, and ap­ In connection with the Society'S co­ preciation, there was a class in flower operative bulb purchases, a list of arranging for children one afternoon varieties recommended for begi nners and a separate daffodil show for in this area was wo rked out, and this novices only the other. At the show list has been given considerable pub­ for novices experienced exhibitors licity. Another educational activity has helped the beginners classify, mark, been .the contribution of short articles and set up their flowers. The class in for the garden page of the local news­ fl ower arranging for ch ildren began pa:pers. Speakers have been provided with a brief talk and demonstration. for garden club meetings. after which the children were grouped The Washington Daffodil Society around tables and provided with invites communications from other flowers and fo liage to be arranged in daffocbl societies, garden clubs which the containers they had brought. After have daffodil projects, and from indi­ the arrangements were made and vidual daffodil enthusiasts, either for judged each chi ld "vas given a small publication in this Section of the N a­ package of gladiolus bulbs and there tio11al H o·rticultura-l lVI agazine or for were additional awards for the chil­ consideration by officers or members dren whose arrangements were judged best. of the Society. Reports of successful The 1953 Daffodil Institute and projects, reports of shows, activities of Show will be held on April 17th, 18th, hybridizers, suggestions, and other and 19th, in the auditorium of the comments wi ll be welcomed. Ques­ Woodward & Lothrop Bethesda-Chevy tions, including those concerning Chase Suburban Store, \iVestern and sources of supply for uncommon varie­ Wisconsin Avenues, Chevy Chase, ties, will be answered as far as possi­ Md. The Institute wi11 feature a sym­ ble. Address communications to the posium on topics of interest .to ad­ Washington Daffodil Society, 5031 vanced daffodil growers. Special at- Reno Road, N.W., Washington 8, D. C. Recent Advcxnces In Horticulture

FREEMAN A. WEISS, Editor

Systemic P esticides ly poisonous plants, the loco weeds, of Ever since P . A. Millardet, in 1882, the VI estern Plains, owed their toxic­ publicized the efficacy of a mixture of ity to their capacity for absorbing the bluestone (copper sulfate) and lime chemical element selenium from the as a means of protecting grapes from soil and storing it in their parts, it the ravages of downy mildew, and thus was only a step to try selenium com­ initiated spraying with Bordeaux Mix­ pounds as systemic pesticides. This re­ ture as a standard practice in the pro­ sulted in rather spectacular success in duction of various crops, agricultural controlling certain pests, chiefly spider scientists have been seeking ways of mites and aphids, of greenhouse-grown making spray residues longer lasting ornamentals, especially carnations and and less unsightly. It should be re­ chrysanthemums. Sodium selenate was called that Millardet's discovery of the the compound chiefly used in soil ap­ fungicidal value of this bluestone-lime plications, and a product containing was only incidental to its use by the this compound known as P-40 is still vineyardist on the ripening grapes to on the market, but the extreme toxic­ discourage human pilferers. The pres­ ity of selenium for man and animals, ence of this unappetizing coating per­ and the long persistence of its com­ haps had a deterrent effect on small pounds in soil after one treatment, boys that outlasted its value as a fungi­ ha ve made its use on or even near food cide. crops impossible. Accordingly, seleni­ Obviously, the ideal pesticide would um pesticides have largely given way be one that needs to be applied only to certain phosphorus-containing prod­ once and will be absorbed by the roots ucts which the chemists first began de­ or leaves, diffusing throughout the vising as lethal war gases. The now plant and rendering it toxic or repellent familiar Parathion was the first of the to whatever pest or parasite that may phosphorus compounds that showed attack it Of course, the toxicant prolonged systemic effects. Its high would have to be harmless to domestic personal hazard, and the facts that animals or to man, and being internal some plants did not absorb it readily there would be no question of an un­ while some kinds of mites were very sightly coating. By a systemic pesticide resistant to it, stimulated further search is meant one that has these properties for more effective systemic pesticides. in some degree even though it may fall The next step toward this goal was considera'bly short of the ideal. the production of Pestox in England, Nature seems to have anticipated and Systox in Germany. These ma­ man in producing plants equipped with terials have as the active ingredient built-in toxins, but we can not say either a compound bearing the hor­ whether this is for the purpose of pro­ rendous name of octamethyl pyro­ tection against pests of any kind. In phosphoramide or some analogue of it. many cases the presence of toxic prop­ In a recent article on spider mites, in erties in plants seems to be "just one the U. S. Department of Agriculture of those things." At any rate, when it Yearbook for 1952 - (( Insects/' Dr. was discovered that certain notorious­ Floyd F. Smith writes, "The materials [104] Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 105 resulted in the most satisfactory con­ Starting the second phase of this sur­ trol of resistant mites in experiments vey with the chlorophenoxyacetic acids conducted in commercial greenhouses. and related compounds, which are the They are absorbed by the plant and basis of the selective and systemic render the sap toxic to feeding mites weed-killers such as 2,4-D, the British and aphids for 2 to 4 weeks or longer investigators found several compounds after they have been applied." Strange­ that were appreciably fungicidal but ly, however, Pestox "has no contact noninjurious to plants. Furthermore, action of value for killing mites or they were absorbed by plants through aphids." the roots and to some extent through The use of these systemic pesticides the leaves; thus either soil or foliage on plants other than ornamentals is applications could be made. still only in the experimental stage and, The possibility of using as systemic in fact, they have not yet been released fungicides the secretions or excretions for commercial sale. Results to date of fungi and bacteria themselves, the are encouraging straws in the wind ·products that have leapt into promi­ that we may in due time have efficient nence under the name antibiotics in pesticides that require only infrequent human pathology, also is being in­ application, that work internally by vestigated. Though some antibiotics making plants toxic only to such pests have proved highly toxic to plants, as feed on them, and do not detract others are comparatively harmless but from their ornamental value. have marked fungicidal properties. As So much for the materials that are there are well nigh infinite possibilities effective against animal pests such as of variation in these materials, to­ insects, mites, and perhaps some nema­ gether with the wide range of com­ todes. What are the plant pathologists pounds that the chemists can create, doing to develop systemic fungicides the search for usable fungicides among and bacter.icides, since most materials them will be long indeed. It has pro­ used for controlling animal pests are of gressed far enough, however, to show no value against organisms of plant that this is a promising direction ·for affinity? Progress in this direction has further research. Coupled with the in­ thus far been made chiefly in England, herent resistance to various diseases where a detailed and comprehensive and pests that the plant breeders are investigation of systemic fungicides is introducing more and more into culti­ under way. It has induded first a vated plants, including ornamentals, study of known fungicides for systemic the prospect seems good for increasing properties, and second the examination relief, with less effort, from the tribula­ of substances found to be translocata­ tions that pests impose upon the gar­ ble in plants for fungicidal effects. dener. 'A Book Or Two

Pl(Jfl1,ts of the Bible. Harold N. Mol­ Lemmens whose book appeared in denke and Alma L. MoJ.denke. The 1566. Publications on this subject have Chronica Botanica Company, Wal­ continued to appear regularly down to tham, Massachusetts. ("A New Se­ the present time. Just how much has ries of Plant Science Books," Vol. been written can be gathered from the 28. 1952. 364 pages, illustrated. fact that the Moldenkes' bibliography $7.50. lists upwards of 500 references to secu­ L%lu 12:27- Consider the lilies how they lar accounts of this type. grow: they toil not, they spin not ; and yet The task of correctly identifying I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory Bible plants, often from fragmentary was not arrayed like one of these. allusions, is not an easy one involving This familiar verse from the Brble is as it does many an inference and mauy but oue of 'hundreds which carry to us an educated guess. Few botanists fragments; of the plant lore of the Holy would care for instance to identify even Land of two thousand years ago. Plants tentatively such famed Scriptural plants then as today played an intimate part as the "burning bush," the "lTlanna of in the lives of the people and it is little the desert," or even the "green bay wonder that the Bible is filled with in­ tree," all of which are discussed in the numerable references to them. present work. To add to the difficulty Down through the centuries Bible many species common in Biblical times students have evoked interest in the possibly have disappeared due in part plants of the Scriptures with the idea to the increased aridity in the Holy of learning the exact identities of those Land brought about by poor utiliza­ mentioned. This volume by the Mol­ tion of the land down through the cen­ clenkes, a husband and wife team. is the turies. Nor have Bible translators al­ most recent, the most authoritative, ways been of help. Mostly untrained and probably the most exhaustive of in natural science they have ITlOre often recent works on Bible plants. It is than not assumed that Bible plants essentially a book of reference. Dr. were identical with those passing un­ Moldenke, until recently Curator of the der the same name in their own coun­ Herbarium of the New York Botanical tries. Later translations have often Garden, would naturally be interested been based on earlier ones and not on in this subject for in his family there the original writings and so errors have are more than a handful of clergymen. often been long perpetuated. The Mol­ To such a biblical environment a:dd a denkes point out that even in the old, career of botanical investigation in yet still popular King James Version which he has shown special aptitude in the identification of plants is far from the minute details of bibliography, a accurate. For example in this trarrsla­ bent quite necessary in collaborating in tion aspens are called "mulberries," the the preparation of a work of this kind. almond becomes a "hazel," the juniper The Moldenkes inform us that con­ is called a "heath," the dill is called tributions to the botany of the Bible "anise," the apricot becomes an "ap­ began with the early Greek philosophers ple," the box is called "ivory," the but that the first volum.e dealing solely cypress is called "box," and the plane­ with' Bible plants was that of Levinus tree becomes a "chestnut!" [106] Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 107

In the Moldenkes' work some 230 The Amen:can COl'llellia Yearbool?, plants, vas·cular and non-vascular (the 1952. P ublished for Members of the latter includi ng such types as bacteria, Society, Box 2398, University Sta­ molds, and lichens) have been dis­ tion, Gainesville, Fla. Membership cussed. The co ntents include a hort $5.00 the year. 286 pages, illustrated historical sketch and phytogeographical description of modei-n Palestine, while in color and black and white. the bulk of the volume is taken up The yearbook is always of interest with in dividual di scussions of each spe­ to the camell ia grower and should be cies, arranged alphabetically by its sci­ of interest to the non-grower whether entific name rather than in phylogenetic he is about to become a grower or not. order. The more important Scriptural The editors, Messrs. Arthur C. Brown citations, referring to a particular spe­ and Austin Griffiths J r. , are to be con­ cies, head each individual discussion. gratulated on the diversity of texts in A chapter of supplementary notes has this issue that range from the hig hly been added and the authors state that technical paper on chromosome counts any additional relevant information by Dr. J anaki Ammal to a delightful that comes to their attention will be skit in the N ew Yorker manner on issued from time to time in "Chronica Camellia Snobs. For the person inter­ Botanica." A general index and also ested in propagation there are articles one to Bible verses have been included. on grafting. for the gardener, articles Many of the illustrations are reproduc­ on all phases of garden practice, for the tions of interesting engravings from coll ector reports from here and there early Bible literature. They are of the listing items to be scorned or coveted type that one ·comes to expect in the and purchased, a new proposal for publications of the Chronica Botanica show classification, all the usual huz­ Company. zahs about Bower arrangements (the This reviewer would like to correct judges' ·comments are printed this time one error in the text. A common mis­ and as usual the minority voice is the conception is continued in naming A lo e interesting one), various hi storical bits succot1-ina Lam. (page 35) as the that could not be saved if one had source of the drug aloes of Socotra waited much longer perhaps, and the (and of the Bible) . In spite of its spe­ cific name A lo e succotrina is endemic continuation of James Stokes "Early to a limited area around t'he Cape Occidental Camelliana" which is a very Peninsula of South Africa. It is not a nice thing. drug-producing aloe. The aloes of the The reviewer is a camellia beginner Bible may have been derived from the which very decided personal likes and drug aloe of Socotra, namely Aloe dislikes of which he is fu ll y aware but Perryi Baker; but it is equally possible he has never yet failed to find in the that A lo e bGlrbadensis Miller (A. vera Camellia Yearbooks something of pleas­ "L." of many authors), a wider rang­ ure and something of profit fo r himself ing species of the Red Sea and Mediter­ in the garden and for the nurseryman ranean region, was a more common from whom he made purchases. Join source of true aloes in Biblical times. the Society by all means and buy the W. H. HODGE back fi les, if you must! 108 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE AjDr. 1953

The Daffodil and Tulip Yem'book for Mr. Clissold analyzes the Seed In­ 1953 No. 18. Edited by P. M. Synge. dust9'Y as to the various types of em­ Published by The Royal Horticul­ .ployment offered and the training need­ tural Society, London, England. ed to fit the worker for them. The 1952. 198 pages, illustrated. $2.40 author is well experienced in the seed post free. trade, particularly that segment dealing F or the Am.erican reader who has with vegetable and flower see-ds. seen a British Show, each year book The production of seeds-vegetable comes as a happy reminder of the and flowers, hybrid corn, and field deliriously wonderful time he once had, seeds (grasses and legumes) including and as a cause of wonder that the re­ the cereals, is a small but highly im­ finements can continue in the estab­ portant industry because upon it de­ lished lines ar.d that new lines can come pends much of the food production of along as well. He can pass over the the Nation. The harvesting, cleaning, notes on the smaller shows and from packaging and distribution of seeds re­ the far ..,flung corners of the Empire if quires the services of a considerable he wish, he can sigh that the growing number of workers - some highly for this country is so unevenly reported trained technical workers, others semi­ and then settle down to digest the re­ skilled and many unskilled. Mr. Clis­ ports on the great shows and the gar­ sold has listed them by groups. de­ den visits, to consider and reconsider scribing their qualifications and duties. which varieties sound most to his taste The industry is highly specialized and and whether or not he can push his most of the operations are seasonal, budget to buy them this year or next this makes the continuous employment or the year after. of all but the key workers somewhat In this volume there are two articles of a problem. of special interest to the reviewer who The author omitted mention of the doubtless has a biased view, namely plant breeder who has recently come "Daffodils in the Wild" by Cyril F. into considerable prominence in the Coleman who tells of his trips hunting various segments of the seed industry. them on the Continent in a most de­ Iii: is the plant breeder who develops lightful fashion and the other, "Some new varieties and maintains the stock White N. Bulbocodium Forms" by D. seeds. The plant breeder, usually an Blanchard, which tells his amateur ex­ agricultural college graduate, should periences in growing all the forms that have tr.aining in genetics as well as in he would come by with enough details horticuHure or agronomy. to make it possible for the American The author discusses vegetable seed grower to interpret them to his o~n production as it was prior to 1946. conditions and equipment. There is an Today it is even more highly central­ intriguing account of the breeding un­ ized in the favorable producing areas derway which shows that the end is not of the Far West. To a certain extent yet in the narcissus world. imported seeds, such as spinach, are The S eed Indust1'Y' Edgar J. Clissold, supplanting certain kinds that formerly Bellman Publishing Co. , Boston, were produced in the Mount Vernon Mass. (American Industries Mon­ area in Washington. At the same time ograph No. 3). 1946. 47 pages. domestic production has expanded for $1 .00. other kinds, such as cauliflower, and Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 109 there is a growing export trade. so succinctly known in the present day Occasionally the author ·confuses the jargon, as the "upper income brackets." reader as he attempts to cover all di­ The main business is the discussion visions of the seed industry. For the of the plants that are suitable for use most part the discussion relates to the in houses. This includes a wide range vegetable seed division. The field of material classified to make discus-­ seeds, especially the grasses and le­ sion simple, into the usual headings. gumes are passed over lightly. 0 There is a very nice inclusion of new mention is made of the hybrid seed corn materials without any neglect of the division, which has assumed great im­ old faithfuls, The advice in almost portance in recent years. However, every case IS of the most sound but these divisions employ, with the ex­ there are a few very dubious inclu­ ception of the packeting and cataloging sions for ordinary house decorations, workers, about the same types and as for example the inclusion in the skills of workers. chapter on Cacti and Succulents of W. H. YOUNGMAN many individuals that need light .from Decorati11!g with House Pla11,ts, Ruth all sides (J]U the tim,e, and want a drier Gannon, The Studio Publications, --or, in some cases-a moister air than Inc, In association with the Thomas the usual house affords. Lithops Y. Crowell Company, New York, bella and its kin, do not like an ordi­ 1952. 136 pages, illustrated, $5,00, nary house, and certainly could be This is a most interesting book in used only in a very special type of that it starts out with a somewhat dif­ house 'decoration', The Mammillarias, ferent premise than most books that Astrop'hytums, N otocactus and Opun­ treat of house plants, It clearly shows tias all look very odd in no time at all in the title that it is not a book of in­ if not suited better than the usual structions on the growing of house house window. plants, As one reads ' on through the One has the feeling that the author book itself, however, there is much who undoubtedly has success with more discussion of 'how to grow the house plants and a charming taste in wretched things than there is on how placing them well may have been lured to keep them in health in the places into writing a book that contains chap­ they are to decorate, there is nothing ters with which she may have had less at all about the place to which many experience than warranted a text. But, will have to retire periodically for if the book had no other claim to dis­ periods of recuperation, not much to tinction, and it has many, there should tell about the business of heaving them be a special medal of distinguished in and out, though doubtless that too service awarded the author for her is done by the faithful 'Alice' (see chapter on Gift Plants which was fore­ page 95), shadowed by the ever more forceful The fact remains, however, that the sentence on page 12-1 quote-"Most illustrations that show house plants as gift plants shouLd be bought to be decorations are almost all of them very enjoyed during their relatively short top flight quality not only as p110to­ period of bloom, and then be dis­ graphs, but as decorations, In addition carded," The sad thing is that most they are well diversified, though most persons who should heed this advice appear to have been done in what is won't embrace it, 110 THE NATIONAL HORTI CULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953

There is one illustration, beautiful in erences to tomato culture, tomato dis­ itself, that is absolutely unpardonable. eases, pest s and their control. There is namely the lovely color plate that faces also helpful informati on covering such page 16. Noone should ri sk potted important subjects as "T omato Spray­ plants on an inside stairway of such ing" "Tomato P lanting Tips," and narrow dimensions and 'carpeted to "Gra;de Requirements fo r Canning and boot! Unless of course it is done de­ Processing." liberately when some less well-loved The book is illustrated with up-to­ relative 'has come to visit and might date charts and graphs giving a com­ happily 'crash headlong down, bom­ plete picture of the tomato industry. barded en pass(Jl/1.t wit h potted plants, a In addition there is much statistical in­ new and lovely ,death. But jesting fo rmatio n of vital importance. This in­ aside, stairways are traffi c lines in de­ cludes a tabulation of states giving cur­ sign and nothing should be allowed to rent data on tomato yield, acreage and interfere with the fl ow ' of traffi c 111 produc

Concerning Oxalis real frost, but it is coming again now Anyone who lived and gardened in (January) with decent foliage. This a place where oxalis can become too one suspects will be invasive. invasive a member of the garden com­ O. varimbilis and O. brasiliensis are munity probably will look with sus­ spreading but in tight carpets of leaves picion on the rest. The writer never that lie flat on the ground. O. vari­ having lived where he could make the abilis has flowered, in the typical ma­ beautiful Oxalis adeqrz,oph,ylla or O. en­ genta-rose form and very charming. neaphylla happy had always coveted a One wishes that the white form were species that would make for him a available. As yet no sign of buds have similar sward of leaves with flowers come on O. bmsiliensis but its carpet studding its surface . . That desire plus of leaves is almost as fine as that of a a natural curiosity led to the purchase true alpine. How much the light sandy of several species from an autumn bulb soil and the "warm" site have to do list which began their lives most un­ with the habit remain to be seen and happily in pots, unhappi.Jy only in so whether or not the plants will in time far as blooming was concerned, though spread where they are not wanted can curiosity was certainly whetted by the only be proven in time. sight of O. h,irta that came up and Pass Christian, Miss. made leafy stems that could easily have Acer Davidi been mistaken for a dwarf cytisus on One cannot help but wonder why causal glance. In pots, never a flower certain plants that have long ago been or sign of one. introduced to this country have not All were moved to the Mississippi received the popularity that they seem garden as dried bulbs in 1952 and only to warrant. Is it because they have O. B owiei showed any signs of life been found to be difficult to propagate till autumn when all began to appear. and grow? Yes, this is probably part O. hiJrta sent up its stalks again, but of the answer, since many nurserymen this time stiff and erect and toward are not too anxious to carry 'stock autumn gave a few flowers, in the usual which they cannot turn over rapidly oxalis style, rose colored with a dear and profitably. What, then, is the an­ slightly greenish yellow eye. In Samp­ swer when a desirable plant which son Clay's volume for The Present­ propagates easily from seed and grows Day Rock Garden, is the note " .. .­ well, does not 'become wide spread in usually blooms too late in the year to cultivlation in those areas where it be a success in the open." Here the will grow best? I believe, the answer late October early November flowers to this is that no one has really were not caught but stopped as cooler "pushed" it and it is my opinion that weather came on. The plants have Acer Davidi is a plant worth "pushing." gone through the winter as evergreens Ace1' Davidi is native to China and is with a little autumn tinting on the wide spread there, being found in all older leaves. So far it is a tight dump. but the northern and northeastern O. B owiei which grew at once and provinces according to Rehder. This flowered lost all its leaves with the first species was introduced to this country [112] Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 113

o _t'ftlis fulgida (Cr1:111son 0 xalis) Photographed i'ro'm the (( Botanical Register" Vol. XIII, Plate 1073, 1£27. 114 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Apr. 1953 in 1879 and again in 1902. It would during summer, the yellow autumn seem then that there has been ample color of the fo liage, and the sparkling ti me for it to become well establi shed white striated bark, during the winter in all suitable areas of the U nited months, are all noteworthy characters States. of landscape merit. T his is a maple The species of A. Damidi belongs 110 well worth trying. that section of the genus Ace1' known Novelties. as Macrantha whi ch is characterized Every gardener with any sort of in­ by having the bark on the branches of quiri ng mind looks at any plant that is the younger parts of the trunk striped offered as "new" and/ or "better. " And w hite. U ndoubtedly the best known even when he knows that it is easy to member of this sedion is A. pe-nsyl­ be beguiled by the properly glowing va. nicum~ (Moose Wood), a native of proset of new descri ptions, he feels a nor,theastern U. S. and also found sporting urge to see for himself. along the upland south to Georgia. Among the plants that are being This maple, however, has never be­ offered in 1953 by Wayside gardens come very popular because : 1) it is are several that int rigue the editor no too open in habit, and 2) it does not end, and some that he has already seen do well at low elevations and in full and liked as for example, Aster W in­ sun. Its usefulness, therefore, is ston Churchill which to this eye is most li mited to shaded sites in naturali stic assuredly not red but a delightful bur­ planti ngs in areas where the summers gundy color. are not too hot. F or summer-fl owering in regions P lants of A. David-i have been grow­ where it fl ourishes nothing is better ing at the U . S. Nati onal Arbo retum than the old "blue-fl owered spirea" in Vlashington, D . C. fo r fi fteen years. which all of us know is no spirea but and were at one time, and may still a mint relative. T he gray green leaves. be, in the collections of the Arnold with t he powder-blue fl ower clusters Ar-boretum and the Brooklyn Botanic paired down the over-arching branches Gardens. It is on the basis of per­ are a summer delight. If the new so rt formance at the National Arboretum "H eavenly Blue" is really deep blue, that I recommend it fo r areas having it will be a wonderful addition and if a climate similar to that of D . C. The the growth stays low and compact that trees are now twelve to fifteen feet in will also help. But do not overlook the height and Rehder states that the significant words, advice to grow it in species reaches a height of fo rty-five a "warm, dry, sunny spot" and the ad­ in thei r native habitat. U nlike A. vi·ce about sandy soil and full sun. pr!11sylvam'ca it tolerates full sun and T he "Yellow L ilac" which is said to develops into a compact tree ranging be more properly described as cream­ from broad oval to broad columnar colored, is certain to make a hit. Al­ in outline. T here is no record in the though the introducer suggests, it in literature indi.cating that a fasl'igimte contrast with lilac, bl ue and lavender type of this plant exists. however, shades, we hope some one with imag­ there is present in the coll ection at the ination will combine it with the known arboretum a fastigiate form. whites that already run either to green T hei r pendulous racemes of yellow on one 'hand or have a hi nt of fl esh fl owers, the clean dark green leaves color. Apr. 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE lIS

Robert L. Taylor Acer Davidi List of Reprints from The National Horticultural Magazines Available for Sale, Prepaid Orders should be sent to: Secretary, The American H orticultural Society, Inc. 1600 Bladensburg Road, N. E. Washington 2, D . C. BLASDALE, W. c. Varieties of !ilium superbum .10 SAUNDERS, SILVIA Primula malacoides . 15 HOUSER, H. A. Portfolio of peony species (pic­ BOGGS, K. D. Methods of raising garden lilies tures only) .25 Old fionl decorations .20 from seed .25 SLATE, GEORGE L. BOSWELL, V. R . HUME, H . HAROLD Lily notes: Sweet potatoes in Japan .20 Correlation of classification and dis- Minor species of Asiatic lilies .25 BREAKEY & COURTNEY tribution in zephyranthes .25 Minor species of European lilies .25 Fasciation in the Easter Lily .2 5 Evergreen hollies native in U . S. .50 Raising lilies from seeds . 10 BRIERLEY, P . IHLDER, L. Some random lily notes .25 What can be done about lily mosaic . 10 Gardening in shade . 10 SLATE & IMLE BUCKLEY, A. JONES, K. D. Living with lily mosaic .Ii Seedlings of the golden rayed lily . 10 Acacias in California .50 SPINGARN, J. E. CAMP, W. H. Plants of New Zealand grown in Large flowered clematis, tentative The names of plants in cultivation .10 California .50 check list .25 CAMPAU, E. L. Thirty more climbers for Cali- STEVENSON, F. J. Phlox, the new garden aristocrats .20 fornia . 50 Breeding potatoes resistant to dis­ CASAMAJOR, R. KILLIP, E. P. eases .10 The story of Camellia reticulata ,.25 Bomarea, a genus of showy Andean STOUT, A. B. COOK, O. F. plants . 25 Me!T1o re nomenclature of lilies .10 Household pa lms and related genera KRAUS, E. J. STOUTEMYER, V. T . Part I .25 Developing new clones of chrys- Propagation of Chinanthus retusus Part II .25 anthemums .25 by cuttings .10 A diminutive palm from Maryland .25 LIVINGSTON, A. Propagation of muscari by leaf Cascade Palms in S. Mexico .25 Lilies from seed .25 cuttings .10 Oil palms in Florida, Haiti and LOOMIS, H. F . Starting and growing plants in Panama .25 New crape myrtle for Florida .15 sphagnum moss .25 Climbing and creeping palms in New pa lms in Florida . 15 Mexico .25 THOMAS, C. C. Nipa palm of Orient .15 Propagation of some deciduous A new commercial palm in Virgin orchid .10 Ecuador .25 trees from soft wood cu ttings .1 0 CREECH, J. L. LORENS, KARL K. Some factors influencing rooting of Philadelphus Belle Etoile .10 A seven yeu study of oriental cuttings of Chinese holly . 10 Philadelphus notes .25 poppies .2; TRAUB, HAMtLTON CUMMING, ALEX. MARSHALL, W. T. Deve lopment of American horticul· Garden chrysanthemums .25 Cactus and succulents, Jan. 1946 .10 tural literature, Part 1 .10 CURTIS, A. E. Cactus and succulents, July 1946 .15 Development of American horticul­ Papaver orientale .25 Cactus and succulents, Oct. 1946 .15 tural literature, Part 2 .10 DAY, L. Cactus and succulents, Jan. 1947 .15 Horticultural periodicals . 10 Begonias .25 Cactus and succulents, Apr. 1947 . 15 Tendencies in development of Tuberous begonias .25 Cactus and succulents, July 1947 . 15 American Horticultural Associa­ DORAN, W. L. Cactus and succulents, Jan. 1948 .15 tion .1 0 Protection of lilies against damp· Epiphyllums, phyllocacti and orchid VARGAS, CESAR C. ing-off .10 cacti .05 Two new born areas and a new EASTW OOD, A. McCLELLAND, T . E. stenomesson .10 The true species of fuchsia cul- A new device for layering .05 WALLER, A. E. tivated in California .25 McILHENNY, E. A. What's in a name ESSIG, E. O. Bamboo growing for the South .25 WARNER, R. M. Fuchsias .50 Bamboo, a must for the South .25 Succefs with Li lium japonicum .10 FOOTE, F. E. McKELVY, SUSAN DELANO WEDDLE, CHARLES A well considered schedule for Arctomecon californicum .10 The elegant zinnia judging narcissi .10 McRAY & WARNER WHERRY, E. T. FOSTER, M. B. Historical sketch of tulip mosaic .2 5 Our native phloxes and their hor­ Lateral inflorescences in the Bro- MORGAN, R. ticultural derivatives melia(leae .20 The Santa Barbara Botanic Garden .25 American azaleas and their vari-a­ My flower has a temperature .10 MORRISON, B. Y. tions FOX, H. M. Achimenes, preliminary notes .25 List of plants requiring circum­ Chinese lilies discovered by French More about African violets .25 neutral soils .05 missionaries . 15 New quinine from this hemisphere .25 Key to cu ltivated hostas .10 GLASS, P. Notes on old varieties of Indian azaleas .25 W ILSON, WARREN C. Jefferson and plant introduction . 10 Collecting alpines in the Shick­ GRAVES, GEORGE NELSON, IRA S. _25 A review of Louisiana irises .25 shocks The beach plum, its written record .25 Collecting western alpines by air .25 Verschaffelt's Nouvelle icon. des OPITZ, K. W. WYMAN, D. camellias .25 Hybrid clivias for distinction and . 10 GROFF, G. WEIDMAN beauty .10 Hedges for North America Standardized metal marcot box for PRUVEY, H. YOUNG, ROBERT A. plant propagation .25 Transmission of characters between Bamboos for American horticul- HAWKES, A. D. Rhododendron haematodes and ture: .25 Mascarena vershaffeltii .10 R. fortunei .10 1. Smaller hardy bamboo I I. Medium size hardy bamboo .25 HENRY, MARY G. REED, C. A. Collecting plants in northern Brit- Beginning pecan growing as an II 1. Larger h3tdy bamboo .25 .25 ish Columbia (Bound) \. 25 orchard industry .25 IV. Tropical type SQme eastern penstemons .25 1946 status Chinese chestnut grow- V. Tropical type .25 Our splendid eastern gentians .25 ing in Eas tern U . S. .25 The Chayote .25 Lilium canadense .10 RICKER & NEWMAN YOUNGMAN, W. H . Lilium bakerianum .10 Nursery and seed trade catalog The United States vegetable seed Crushed stone for lilies .10 co llection of U. S. .25 indcstry .10 An interesting variety of Lilium ROBERTS, EDITH A. Gardens an important cog in Ger­ sur erbum . 10 American ferns) how to grow them . ": 5 man food supply .1 0 [11 6]