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Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde C r u i s e R e p o r t r/v "E. M. Borgese" Cruise- No. EMB089 This report is based on preliminary data Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde an der Universität Rostock Seestraße 15 D-18119 Rostock- Warnemünde GERMANY +49-381-5197-0 +49-381-5197 440 1.Cruise No.: EMB 089 2.Dates of the cruise: from 08.11.2014 to 18.11.2014 3.Particulars of the research vessel: Name: E.M. Borgese Nationality: Germany Operating Authority: Leibniz Institute of Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) 4.Geographical area in which ship has operated: Baltic Sea between Kiel Bight and Baltic Proper 5.Dates and names of ports of call Sassnitz 04.11. – 05.11. 2014 6.Purpose of the cruise Monitoring in the frame of the HELCOM COMBINE Programm, 7.Crew: Name of master: Uwe Scholz Number of crew: 11 8.Research staff: Chief scientist: Dr. Martin Schmidt, IOW Scientific Crew: Donath Jan Hand Ines Pötzsch Michael Sadkowiak Birgit Weinreben Stefan Merz Elisa Karle Mattis Salland Nora Hehl Uwe Pohl Frank 9.Co-operating institutions: All institutions dealing with HELCOM monitoring programmes 10.Scientific equipment CTD SBE 911+ with doubled sensors, SBE oxygen sensor and WETLABS Fluorometer, PAR - sensor Electronic Reversing Thermometer Rosette with water samplers Plankton nets, WP2 net, filtration set Van Veen grab, dredge Autoanalyser, Photometer, Titrino 716 Ships weather station (WERUM), Thermosalinograph 11. General remarks and preliminary result The cruise started in Rostock-Marienehe with calm weather conditions. The two hights Quendresa I and II stretching from the Balkan towards the Balticum and the low Roswitha over the British islands governed south-westerly winds between 3-5 Bft. Sunny conditions, good visibility and low sea state permitted fast station work. The western stations between Kiel Bight and Bornholm Gatt are worked during the first 3 days. At 10th Nov. evening, there was a crew exchange in Saßnitz. Station work continued next morning and stations were worked in the Arkona Sea, the Bornholm Gatt and the Bornhom Sea and finally in the Baltic Proper. At this time, the high perssure area Robin over the Bothnian Sea and the low pressure area Stephanie over the North Atlantic were responsible for easterly winds up to 7 Bft in company with cloud covered skies, little rain and low visibility. In the morning of 12th Nov. the sea state required interruption of station work for some hours but could be resumed after a few hours. Net sampling at station TF0213 in the Bornholm Basin was not possible. The main station in the Gotland Basin was reached in the evening of 13th Nov.. Unfortunately, due to the high sea state, the permanent hydrographic mooring could not be maintained. In the night from 15th to 16th Nov. the low Thea centered over Wales developed a front related to winds of up to 8 Bft, cloud covered skies and low visibility. Again, plankton sampling in the Bornholm Basin had to be skipped, but decreasing sea state in the Arkona Basin permitted continued station work. The hydrographic transect from the Arkona Basin to Kiel Bight could be worked repeatedly. Figure 1: A typical pressure distribution for the period of the cruise. A high pressure area over eastern europe in combination with low perssure areas over Great Britain produce prevailing easterly winds. (http://www.skystef.be) Persistent easterly winds tend to empty the Baltic Sea which is a precondition for Baltic inflow events. The Figures 1-4 comprise some aspects of the meteorological conditions during the cruise. Figure 2: Wind speed in m/s (blue line, left scale) and wind direction (green line, right scale) at ships position during the cruise. Note the prevailing easterly winds. In gusts, wind speed exceeds the mean value by about 40%. Figure 3: Solar radiation (black line) and downward long wave radiation (green line) at ships position during the cruise. Solar radiation becomes negligible during the major part of the cruise. Downward long wave radiation is overcompensated by upward radiation, since the sea surface temperature is larger than the atmosphere temperature. Figure 4: Air temperature (black line) and sea surface temperature (green line) at ships position during the cruise. Since the sea surface temperature exceeds the air temperature, the radiation budget of the ocean is negative – the strong autumn cooling. Evaporation and sensible heat flux enhance this tendency. Station work at each station started with a CTD-cast (SBE 911+ with double sensors set for temperature and conductivity, SBE oxygen sensor and WETLABS Fluorometer) including water sampling for oxygen and nutrient measurements. Light conditions are determined with a PAR sensor. To account for changes of the solar radiation during the cast a similar sensor is mounted at ships bridge. At selected stations, phytoplankton samples were taken, Secci-depth was determined (during day time) and 3 l water were filtered. The filters are frozen in liquid nitrogen for processing in the laboratory. Additionally, zooplankton samples were taken with a WP2 net within the euphotic zone, and above and below the halocline. At some stations TF0018. TF0012, TF0010, TF0360, TF0030, TF0109, TF0152, and TF 00160 benthic samples are taken with a van Veen grab (three holes per station) and a dredge. Oxygen in samples is determined with a 716 DMS Titrino III, for H2S determination the photometric Ethylen blue method is used. Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate) are determined with an Autoanalyser Evolution III (Allicance Instruments), for ammonium the photometric method is used. Underway measurements are carried out with ships thermosalinograph and ships weather station, data are stored and can be gained from the “dship”-data base. The hydrographic conditions met west of Darß Sill are typical for the season and mostly influenced from autum cooling. Accordingly, colder but less saline water overlays warmer but more saline water. Surface salinity varies from about 18 in the Kiel Bight to 9 at Darß Sill. Surface temperature is uniform about 12°C. Bottom salinity exceeds 25 in the Kiel Bight but falls to 18 west of Darß Sill. The bottom salinity is enhanced compared with that found during the last years. Remarkably, oxygen is almost exhausted in the bottom layer in the Lübeck Bight and at the benthos station TF0018 off Kühlungsborn. East of Darß Sill surface salinity is about 8.2 and decreases to 6.8 in the Gotland Basin. In the Arkona Basin bottom salinity (> 21) is enhanced considerably compared with the previous year, but the thickness of the bottom layer (< 24) rarely exceeds 3 to 4 m thickness. Oxygen concentration is slightly depleted in the bottom layer. The Bornholm Gatt bottom water is warm and has enhanced salinity upt to 24. The most common species of benthic organisms on all stations in the western Baltic is Artica islandica. More than 100 individuals were counted in the dredges on the stations TF0010, TF0360 and TF0109. The dredge sample of TF0109 includes more than 100 individuals of Macoma balthica. TF0160 was the only station were Mytilus edulis were found alive. Beside these three Mollusca, two species of Echinodermata could be proved: Ophiura spp. (more than 100 individuals in the dredges of TF0010 and TF0360) and Asterias rubens, only found in the dredge of TF0360 (more than 100 individuals). Other detected species like Praunus inermis and Cerastoderma glaucum were found in specified amount on certain stations. The biological condition of the organisms and their habitat seems intact, except at station TF 0012, where a lot of dead mussel shells were noticed. The thermocline depth in the Bornholm Basin is 30 m, the surface temperature is about 12°C and a salinity of about 7.9. Below the surface layer there is some winter water (see Fig. 11) with a core temperature below 6°C followed by a warmer layer with temperature varying rapidly aroud 12°C but some patches are 15°C warm. Water in this layer has had obviously surface contact during summer and can be understood as the result of intermittent inflow of warmer and saline water. In turn, the bottom water is colder, stagnant, more saline and contains almost no oxygen towards the bottom. At stations through Stolpe Channel towards the Central Gotland Basin the thermocline is almost eroded and surface cooling reaches the winter water layer. There is only some minor left over from the warm suface water of the summer stratification. The winter water core is varying from about 50 m depth to 70 m depth in the north, the minimum temperature amounts 4.2°C at station TF0271. Between Stolpe Channel and station TF0263 the whole water column is oxic, but in water below 70m depth oxygen is almost exhausted. At station TF0263 and TF0260 also H2S is found in the deep layers, surprisingly oxygen and H2S seem to coexist there. A redoxcline, i.e., a layer below which the oxygen concentration is zero, is found at stations TF0275 to TF0285. At TF0271 the redoxcline is located at a depth of about 120m, the water column is anoxic below. Near the redoxcline the typical turbidity maximum is found. Towards the north the redoxcline depth is shallower. Figure 5: Vertical salinity profiles from November cruises between 2002 and 2014. left: Arkona Basin, TF0113, middle: Bornholm Gatt, TF0144, right: Bornholm Basin, TF0213. Black: profiles from the years 2002-2012, green: 2013, red: 2014. In the Gotland Basin the thermocline depth has strong lateral gradients, also the isotherms and isohalines below the winter water have strong vertical elevations, see Figure 13. This indicates geostrophic subsurface currents, i.e., most probably Baltic Eddies. Also the inversions in the oxygen profile at station TF0263 or TF0285 can be considered as the result of strong subsurface currents.
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