Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde
C r u i s e R e p o r t
r/v "E. M. Borgese"
Cruise- No. EMB089
This report is based on preliminary data
Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde an der Universität Rostock Seestraße 15 D-18119 Rostock- Warnemünde GERMANY +49-381-5197-0 +49-381-5197 440 1.Cruise No.: EMB 089
2.Dates of the cruise: from 08.11.2014 to 18.11.2014
3.Particulars of the research vessel: Name: E.M. Borgese Nationality: Germany Operating Authority: Leibniz Institute of Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW)
4.Geographical area in which ship has operated: Baltic Sea between Kiel Bight and Baltic Proper
5.Dates and names of ports of call Sassnitz 04.11. – 05.11. 2014
6.Purpose of the cruise Monitoring in the frame of the HELCOM COMBINE Programm,
7.Crew: Name of master: Uwe Scholz Number of crew: 11
8.Research staff: Chief scientist: Dr. Martin Schmidt, IOW Scientific Crew: Donath Jan Hand Ines Pötzsch Michael Sadkowiak Birgit Weinreben Stefan Merz Elisa Karle Mattis Salland Nora Hehl Uwe Pohl Frank
9.Co-operating institutions: All institutions dealing with HELCOM monitoring programmes
10.Scientific equipment
CTD SBE 911+ with doubled sensors, SBE oxygen sensor and WETLABS Fluorometer, PAR - sensor Electronic Reversing Thermometer Rosette with water samplers Plankton nets, WP2 net, filtration set Van Veen grab, dredge Autoanalyser, Photometer, Titrino 716 Ships weather station (WERUM), Thermosalinograph 11. General remarks and preliminary result
The cruise started in Rostock-Marienehe with calm weather conditions. The two hights Quendresa I and II stretching from the Balkan towards the Balticum and the low Roswitha over the British islands governed south-westerly winds between 3-5 Bft. Sunny conditions, good visibility and low sea state permitted fast station work. The western stations between Kiel Bight and Bornholm Gatt are worked during the first 3 days. At 10th Nov. evening, there was a crew exchange in Saßnitz. Station work continued next morning and stations were worked in the Arkona Sea, the Bornholm Gatt and the Bornhom Sea and finally in the Baltic Proper. At this time, the high perssure area Robin over the Bothnian Sea and the low pressure area Stephanie over the North Atlantic were responsible for easterly winds up to 7 Bft in company with cloud covered skies, little rain and low visibility. In the morning of 12th Nov. the sea state required interruption of station work for some hours but could be resumed after a few hours. Net sampling at station TF0213 in the Bornholm Basin was not possible. The main station in the Gotland Basin was reached in the evening of 13th Nov.. Unfortunately, due to the high sea state, the permanent hydrographic mooring could not be maintained. In the night from 15th to 16th Nov. the low Thea centered over Wales developed a front related to winds of up to 8 Bft, cloud covered skies and low visibility. Again, plankton sampling in the Bornholm Basin had to be skipped, but decreasing sea state in the Arkona Basin permitted continued station work. The hydrographic transect from the Arkona Basin to Kiel Bight could be worked repeatedly.
Figure 1: A typical pressure distribution for the period of the cruise. A high pressure area over eastern europe in combination with low perssure areas over Great Britain produce prevailing easterly winds. (http://www.skystef.be) Persistent easterly winds tend to empty the Baltic Sea which is a precondition for Baltic inflow events.
The Figures 1-4 comprise some aspects of the meteorological conditions during the cruise. Figure 2: Wind speed in m/s (blue line, left scale) and wind direction (green line, right scale) at ships position during the cruise. Note the prevailing easterly winds. In gusts, wind speed exceeds the mean value by about 40%.
Figure 3: Solar radiation (black line) and downward long wave radiation (green line) at ships position during the cruise. Solar radiation becomes negligible during the major part of the cruise. Downward long wave radiation is overcompensated by upward radiation, since the sea surface temperature is larger than the atmosphere temperature.
Figure 4: Air temperature (black line) and sea surface temperature (green line) at ships position during the cruise. Since the sea surface temperature exceeds the air temperature, the radiation budget of the ocean is negative – the strong autumn cooling. Evaporation and sensible heat flux enhance this tendency. Station work at each station started with a CTD-cast (SBE 911+ with double sensors set for temperature and conductivity, SBE oxygen sensor and WETLABS Fluorometer) including water sampling for oxygen and nutrient measurements. Light conditions are determined with a PAR sensor. To account for changes of the solar radiation during the cast a similar sensor is mounted at ships bridge. At selected stations, phytoplankton samples were taken, Secci-depth was determined (during day time) and 3 l water were filtered. The filters are frozen in liquid nitrogen for processing in the laboratory. Additionally, zooplankton samples were taken with a WP2 net within the euphotic zone, and above and below the halocline. At some stations TF0018. TF0012, TF0010, TF0360, TF0030, TF0109, TF0152, and TF 00160 benthic samples are taken with a van Veen grab (three holes per station) and a dredge.
Oxygen in samples is determined with a 716 DMS Titrino III, for H2S determination the photometric Ethylen blue method is used. Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate) are determined with an Autoanalyser Evolution III (Allicance Instruments), for ammonium the photometric method is used.
Underway measurements are carried out with ships thermosalinograph and ships weather station, data are stored and can be gained from the “dship”-data base.
The hydrographic conditions met west of Darß Sill are typical for the season and mostly influenced from autum cooling. Accordingly, colder but less saline water overlays warmer but more saline water. Surface salinity varies from about 18 in the Kiel Bight to 9 at Darß Sill. Surface temperature is uniform about 12°C. Bottom salinity exceeds 25 in the Kiel Bight but falls to 18 west of Darß Sill. The bottom salinity is enhanced compared with that found during the last years. Remarkably, oxygen is almost exhausted in the bottom layer in the Lübeck Bight and at the benthos station TF0018 off Kühlungsborn.
East of Darß Sill surface salinity is about 8.2 and decreases to 6.8 in the Gotland Basin. In the Arkona Basin bottom salinity (> 21) is enhanced considerably compared with the previous year, but the thickness of the bottom layer (< 24) rarely exceeds 3 to 4 m thickness. Oxygen concentration is slightly depleted in the bottom layer. The Bornholm Gatt bottom water is warm and has enhanced salinity upt to 24.
The most common species of benthic organisms on all stations in the western Baltic is Artica islandica. More than 100 individuals were counted in the dredges on the stations TF0010, TF0360 and TF0109. The dredge sample of TF0109 includes more than 100 individuals of Macoma balthica. TF0160 was the only station were Mytilus edulis were found alive. Beside these three Mollusca, two species of Echinodermata could be proved: Ophiura spp. (more than 100 individuals in the dredges of TF0010 and TF0360) and Asterias rubens, only found in the dredge of TF0360 (more than 100 individuals). Other detected species like Praunus inermis and Cerastoderma glaucum were found in specified amount on certain stations. The biological condition of the organisms and their habitat seems intact, except at station TF 0012, where a lot of dead mussel shells were noticed.
The thermocline depth in the Bornholm Basin is 30 m, the surface temperature is about 12°C and a salinity of about 7.9. Below the surface layer there is some winter water (see Fig. 11) with a core temperature below 6°C followed by a warmer layer with temperature varying rapidly aroud 12°C but some patches are 15°C warm. Water in this layer has had obviously surface contact during summer and can be understood as the result of intermittent inflow of warmer and saline water. In turn, the bottom water is colder, stagnant, more saline and contains almost no oxygen towards the bottom.
At stations through Stolpe Channel towards the Central Gotland Basin the thermocline is almost eroded and surface cooling reaches the winter water layer. There is only some minor left over from the warm suface water of the summer stratification. The winter water core is varying from about 50 m depth to 70 m depth in the north, the minimum temperature amounts 4.2°C at station TF0271.
Between Stolpe Channel and station TF0263 the whole water column is oxic, but in water below 70m depth oxygen is almost exhausted. At station TF0263 and TF0260 also H2S is found in the deep layers, surprisingly oxygen and H2S seem to coexist there. A redoxcline, i.e., a layer below which the oxygen concentration is zero, is found at stations TF0275 to TF0285. At TF0271 the redoxcline is located at a depth of about 120m, the water column is anoxic below. Near the redoxcline the typical turbidity maximum is found. Towards the north the redoxcline depth is shallower.
Figure 5: Vertical salinity profiles from November cruises between 2002 and 2014. left: Arkona Basin, TF0113, middle: Bornholm Gatt, TF0144, right: Bornholm Basin, TF0213. Black: profiles from the years 2002-2012, green: 2013, red: 2014.
In the Gotland Basin the thermocline depth has strong lateral gradients, also the isotherms and isohalines below the winter water have strong vertical elevations, see Figure 13. This indicates geostrophic subsurface currents, i.e., most probably Baltic Eddies. Also the inversions in the oxygen profile at station TF0263 or TF0285 can be considered as the result of strong subsurface currents. In numerical circulation models such eddies are observed if dense water flows from the Stople Channel into the Gotland Basin. Patches of dense water enclosed by an eddy-like flow follow mainly isobath and may encircle the deep basin several times while sinking down. During the year 2014, a Baltic inflow event was observed from previous cruises (i.e., IOW, July 2014) measuring a replacement of anoxic waters in the Central Gotland Basin by oxic waters. However, the last cruise of the Swedish monitoring programm (SMHI, 2014) reported that anoxic conditions in the Central Gotland Basin are established again. This fast revovery of anoxic conditions is an important process in the Baltic Sea ecosystem.
Comparing example profiles from the Arkona Basin (TF0113), the Bornhom Gatt (TF0144) and the Bornholm Basin (TF0213) with those from previous years (Fig. 5) the remnants of this inflow are visible. Bottom salinity in the Bornholm Gatt is significantly enhanced and the salinity in the Bornholm Basin reveals as enhanced over the whole profile. The profile from 2014 is within the span of typical profiles of the last 12 years and salinity is generally less than that observed before the last major inflow 2003.
Figure 6 compares the 2014 conditions with the findings in the central Gotland Sea in Nov. 2013. The inflow event has ventilated the area between Stolpe Channel and station TF0263, but has had less effect more northward. At station TF0271, winter water is significantly warmer in 2014 (~1 degree), but its core is found at the same depth like 2013. Surface salinity is slightly enhanced by .4 to 6.8, bottom salinity is rised only by .2. to 12.27. The major salinity enhancement took place below the halocline between 60 m to 150 m depth which indicates, that the most inflowing water stratified into intermediate layers. Above the 150 m level, the inflowing water was warmer, below this level the inflowing water was cooler than the 2013 water body. Remarkably, there is no trace of the relatively warm bottom water found 2013. So it must have been displaced during the inflow. The layer with steep oxygen decline is lifted upwards, but the redoxcline depth is similar to 2013. The measured concentrations of H2S is much smaller, but the turbudity, especially in the deeper layers is strongly enhanced.
Figure 6: Vertical profiles from November 2013 (dashed lines) and 2014 (full lines) at station TF0271. Left figure: black: salinity, green: fluorescence, red: temperature. Right figure: blue: dissolved oxygen, black: turbidity.
In the Fårö Deep and the Landsort Deep the surface layer is penetrating down to the winter water layer. The core of the winter water is at 60 m depth, water is anoxic with H2S below 100 m depth. Also the Karlsö Deep is anoxic. Here the redoxcline is elevated to a depth of 70 m, below this depth H2S is found. Hence, west of Gotland H2S reaches the base of the winter water.
Everywhere in the surface layer phosphate, nitrogen and silicate are present. The phosphate concentration varies only slightly between 0.2 and 0.4 µmol/l. The underway fluorescence data show that some phytoplankton development is supported by this nutrient pool (see Figure 7). Even in the oxic surface layers about 50% of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) is found as ammonium, probably excreted by zooplankton. Near the bottom, most DIN is nitrified almost completely, when the bottom water is oxygenated, but when oxygen is exhausted and H2S is formed, no nitrate but high ammonium concentrations are found.
Figure 7: Logarithm of the fluorescence as measure for the surface chlorophyll-a concentration.
West of Darß Sill and in the Arkona Basin the surface water N/P ratio is less than 2 but reaches values of 7 in the Gotland Basin. In the bottom water the N/P ratio is more constant and varies between 3.5 and 4.5. Outstanding phosphate surface concentrations are found in shallow and semienclosed areas like the Lübck Bight and the Pommeranian Bight. Remarkably, although vertical mixing is strong during autumn, bottom oxygen is almost exhausted in the Lübeck Bight and strongly depleted in the Pommeranian Bight. The enhanced nutrient concentrations indicate some nutrient loads finally resulting in the suboxic bottom water.
The section between the Kiel Bight and the Arkona Basin could be worked twice, in the beginning and the end of the cruise. For a comparison see Figure 10. It shows the outflow situation, characterized by the west-ward propagation of less saline water in the surface layer. At the same time more saline water from the Kattegat propagates east-ward in the bottom layer and reaches Darß Sill.
Table 1: Salinity, Temperature, oxygen and nutrient development near bottom TF0271
year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008* 2009* 2010 2011* 2012 2013 2014
S 12.03 12.15 12.78 12.92 12.71 12.65 12.79 12.56 12.45 12.39 12.23 12.17 12.07 12.23
T 6.25 6.53 4.92 6.26 5.95 5.94 6.65 6.32 6.31 6.42 6.43 6.42 6.38 5.86
2H2 S -4.74 -7.43 1.77 -1.73 -3.75 0.16 -4.9 -5.20 -5.93 -7.01 -7.57 -7.44 -8.75 -1.71
PO4 7.30 6.08 2.20 4.45 5.03 2.45 4.80 7.05 4.5 6.05 7.15 6.8 11.55 3.13
DIN 11.56 19.89 6.41 17.0 32.60 39.83 42.4 13.33
SIO4 86.8 40.2 64.1 89.2 87.6 94.2 104.4 111.0 126.8 61.4
*: no autum data, data from Jan./Feb. cruise next year are shown.
Table 2: Surface layer (0 - 10m)
3- 3- * Area Station Tempera- Salinity PO4 NO2 SiO4 ture DIN
Date Name/ No. °C PSU µmol/dm3 µmol/dm3 µmol/dm3 ** TF0360/08 0.04 Kiel Bight 09.11.2014 12.03 18.28 0.32 0.18 13.8
TF0012/03 0.08 Meckl. Bight 08.11.2014 12.27 15.70 0.2 0.22 11.8
TF0022/06 0.23 Lübeck Bight 08.11.2014 12.16 17.84 0.66 18.1
TF0113/17 0.43 Arkona Basin 10.11.2014 12.31 8.16 0.3 0.78 9.3
TF0160/24 1.8 Pom. Bight 10.11.2014 10.64 7.53 0.47 10.4
TF0213/38 0.08 Bornholm Deep 12.11.2014 11.91 7.67 0.23 0.32 5.7
TF0222/40 0.11 Stolpe Channel 12.11.2014 11.42 7.30 0.17 5.9
TF0259/42 0.52 SE Gotland 13.11.2014 11.23 7.34 0.25 0.72 6.2 Basin
TF0271/49 0.55 Gotland Deep 13.11.2014 9.75 6.80 0.24 1.08 11.1
TF0286/51 0.76 Fårö Deep 14.11.2014 8.98 6.57 0.3 0.98 11.4
TF0284/53 1.55 Landsort Deep 15.11.2014 9.37 6.47 0.38 1.67 12.5
TF0245/55 0.36 Karlsö Deep 9.58 6.99 0.33 0.51 6.5 15.11.2014
- * Σ NO2 + NO3; NO2 was present only in traces in most areas under investigation ** See maps Table 3: Bottom-near water layer 3- * NO2 SiO4 3- Area Station Depth Temp. Salinity O2 PO4 DIN
Date Name/ No. m °C PSU cm³/dm³ µmol/dm3 µmol/dm3 µmol/dm3 ** TF0360/08 3.35 18.2 Kiel Bight 09.11.2014 17.0 12.99 24.24 4.44 0.76 4.27
TF0012/03 4.19 20.0 Meckl. Bight 08.11.2014 23.0 13.39 23.54 4.32 0.89 4.86
TF0022/06 4.86 Lübeck 08.11.2014 22.0 13.82 22.99 0.22 1.8 54.6 Bight
TF0113/17 3.82 16.6 Arkona 10.11.2014 44.5 12.62 21.54 4.90 0.73 5.11 Basin
TF0160/24 7.60 Pom. Bight 10.11.2014 13.0 13.59 12.62 1.92 1.55 37.6
TF0213/48 9.68 Bornholm 12.11.2014 87.25 6.66 16.27 0.38 1.50 9.83 49.0 Deep
TF0222/40 7.51 Stolpe 12.11.2014 89.0 8.73 13.51 2.36 1.44 33.3 Channel
TF0259/42 4.94 SE Gotland 13.11.2014 86.0 5.31 10.26 0.62 2.43 5.19 45.3 Basin
TF0271/49 0.19 Gotland 13.11.2014 234.0 5.86 12.23 -1.71 3.13 13.33 61.4 Deep
TF0286/51 0.15 Fårö Deep 14.11.2014 189.0 5.79 11.60 -2.41 3.2 15.47 72.3
TF0284/53 0.28 Landsort 15.11.2014 430.0 5.20 10.45 -0.95 2.65 6.94 61.6 Deep
TF0245/55 0.17 Karlsö Deep 15.11.2014 106.3 5.03 9.75 -1.25 3.2 9.24 60.3
0 . Longitude [°] limit 10 - 15 / 53.5 - 56 // scale 24 - 18 6 5 EMB089 / map 1 monitoring 08.11.2014 - 18.11.2014 55 stations Kopenhagen
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5 -35 -40 -45 Lübeck -50 -55 GERMANY -60 -65 -70 -75 2014 Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath -80
5 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde . 3 10.05 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0
Figure 8.: Station map
0 . Longitude [°] limit 15 - 22 / 55 - 59 // scale 23 - 18 9 5 EMB089 / map 2 monitoring 08.11.2014 - 18.11.2014 55 stations TF0284 5 .
8 TF0285
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6 -225 5 TF0253 -250 -275 Klaipeda -300 TF0255 -325 TF0259 -350 5
. -375 5 5 TF0200 -400 TF0212 TF0256 -425 -450 TF0213TF0221 TF0222 TF0214 2014 Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath
0 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde . 5
15.05 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0
Figure 9.: Station map 9 Longitude [°] limit 10 - 22 / 53.5 - 59 // scale 26 - 18 5 EMB089 / map O2 monitoring -0.97(H2S) 08.11.2014 - 18.11.2014 oxygen bottom - concentration [ml/l]
8 -1.32(H2S) -2.48(H2S) 5
Västervik Slite Visby GOTLAND -1.52(H2S) Ventspils -1.28(H2s) 7 5
Kalmar -1.97(H2S) SWEDEN ÖLAND Liepaja LATVIA ] ° [
e d u
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-30 L 6 5 -60 -90 Kopenhagen Klaipeda -120 0.63 DENMARK -150 Ystad Odense Trelleborg 0.10 -180 0.38 2.36 -210 BORNHOLM Ronne -240
5 -270
5 4.90 -300 6.25 Kalingrad -330 4.44 Gedser 3.53 -360 Sassnitz Gdynia Fehmarn -390 Kiel 4.32 Gdansk -420 Koszalin -450 0.22 Rostock -480
4 POLAND -510 5 Lübeck -540 GERMANY 2014 Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Figure 9.: Bottom oxygen concentration at selected stations. Negative values correspond to hydrogen sulphide.
Monitoring EMB089 Monitoring EMB089 WBS01 WBS02 08.11.2014 13:32 - 10.11.2014 00:30 UTC 16.11.2014 23:04 - 17.11.2014 21:26 UTC 0 1 0 1 1 6 2 1 0 5 4 3 0 1 0 1 1 6 2 1 0 5 4 3 6 6 1 1 4 4 0 0 3 1 1 1 6 6 1 1 4 4 0 0 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T 0 0
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Figure 10 Section from Kiel Bight to the Arkona Basin worked in the beginning and the end of the cruise. Note the outflow situation, i.e., west-ward propagation of less saline water at the surface driven by prevailing easterly winds and the east-ward propagation of saline bottom water within five days.
Monitoring EMB089 Kiel Bight - Bornholm Sea 08.11.2014 13:32 - 12.11.2014 17:20 UTC 0 1 0 1 1 6 2 1 0 5 4 3 5 4 2 5 4 2 0 0 2 3 1 2 6 6 1 1 4 4 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T 0
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e 4.0 D -60 3.5 -70 3.0 2.5 -80 2.0 1.5 -90 Oxygen [ml/l] 1.0 -100 0.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 0.0 Distance [n.m.] -0.5 KIEL-BORNHOLM.srf 2014 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath Figure 11.: Hydrographic section from Kiel Bight to Bornholm Basin Monitoring EMB089 Kiel Bight - Gotland Sea 08.11.2014 13:32 - 14.11.2014 20:02 UTC 0 1 0 1 1 6 2 1 0 5 4 3 5 4 2 5 4 2 0 0 2 3 1 2 6 9 5 3 0 3 0 2 1 0 6 5 6 6 1 1 4 4 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 1 1 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T -10 -30 -50 15 -70 14 -90 13 ] 12 m
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e 3.0 D -150 2.0 -170 1.5 -190 1.0 -210 Oxygen [ml/l] 0.5 -230 0.0 -250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 -0.5 Distance [n.m.] -1.0 KIEL-GOTLAND.srf 2014 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath Figure 12.: Hydrographic Section from Kiel Bight to Eastern Gotland Basin Monitoring EMB089 Gotland Sea 12.11.2014 17:20 - 14.11.2014 20:02 UTC 2 6 9 5 3 0 3 0 2 1 0 6 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F F F F F F F F F F F F F T T T T T T T T T T T T T -10 -30
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-210 0.5 -230 Oxygen [ml/l] 0.0 -250 -0.5 0 50 100 150 200 Distance [n.m.] -1.0 Gotland.srf 2014 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Department Physical Oceanography Jan Donath Figure 13.: Detailed hydrographic section in the Gotland Basin