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Incidencia Y Patogenicidad De Nematodos Fitopatógenos En Plantones De Olivo (Olea Europaea L.) En Viveros De Andalucía, Y Estrategias Para Su Control

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Incidencia Y Patogenicidad De Nematodos Fitopatógenos En Plantones De Olivo (Olea Europaea L.) En Viveros De Andalucía, Y Estrategias Para Su Control Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Agrícolas y Forestales ETSIAM Universidad de Córdoba Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible CSIC Programa de Doctorado “Protección de Cultivos” TESIS DOCTORAL Incidencia y patogenicidad de nematodos fitopatógenos en plantones de olivo (Olea europaea L.) en viveros de Andalucía, y estrategias para su control DIRECTORES Dr. Pablo Castillo Castillo Prof. Dr. Rafael Jiménez Díaz DOCTORANDO Andrés Nico Córdoba, febrero de 2002 Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Agrícolas y Forestales ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), CSIC Programa de Doctorado “Protección de Cultivos” Incidencia y patogenicidad de nematodos fitopatógenos en plantones de olivo (Olea europaea L.) en viveros de Andalucía, y estrategias para su control Memoria presentada para optar al Grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Córdoba, por el Ingeniero Agrónomo Andrés I. Nico VºBº: Los directores de la tesis Dr. Pablo Castillo Castillo Prof. Rafael M. Jiménez Díaz Científico Titular Catedrático de Patología Vegetal IAS- CSIC Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, febrero de 2002 D. Pablo Castillo Castillo, Científico Titular del Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible del CSIC y D. Rafael Jiménez Díaz, Catedrático de Patología Vegetal de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Córdoba, Codirectores de la Tesis Doctoral titulada “Incidencia y patogenicidad de nematodos fitopatógenos en plantones de olivo (Olea europaea L.) en veveros de Andalucía y estrategias para su control”, realizada por el Ingeniero Agrónomo Andrés I. Nico, Certifican: Que la mencionada Tesis Doctoral ha sido realizada bajo nuestra dirección en los laboratorios e instalaciones del Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, y se encuentra finalizada para ser presenta- da y defendida públicamente en la Universidad de Córdoba. Córdoba, 25 de febrero de 2002 Dr. Pablo Castillo Castillo Prof. Rafael M. Jiménez Díaz Científico Titular Catedrático de Patología Vegetal IAS – CSIC Universidad de Córdoba D. Luis López Bellido, Catedrático de Producción Vegetal y Director del Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Agrícolas y Forestales de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Córdoba, Informa: Que el Consejo de Departamento, en su reunión del 25 de febrero de 2002 ha acordado que la Tesis Doctoral presentada por D. Andrés I. Nico, con el título “Incidencia y patogenicidad de nematodos fitopatógenos en plantones de olivo (Olea europaea L.) en veveros de Andalucía y estrategias para su control” y realiza- da bajo la dirección de D. Pablo Castillo y D. Rafael Jiménez Díaz, reúne las características necesarias para su lectura y defensa. Córdoba, 25 de febrero de 2002 Dr. Luis López Bellido Catedrático de Producción Vegetal CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS INSTITUTO DE AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE DEPARTAMENTO DE PROTECCIÓN DE CULTIVOS El presente trabajo de Tesis Doctoral ha sido realizado en el Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Córdoba, gracias a la concesión al autor de una Beca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECI) y su desarrollo ha sido financiado por los proyectos CAO-99-010-C3-01 (Mejora de la sanidad y de la calidad en la propagación viverística del olivo) y 1FD97-1322-CO4-02 [Utilización de supbproductos agrícolas comportados para el control de la Verticilosis (Verticillium dahliae) y nematodos noduladores (Meloidogyne spp.) en tomate y plantones de olivo]. Córdoba, febrero de 2002 BIOGRAFÍA Andrés Nico nació el 29 de julio de 1965 en La Plata, República Argentina. Cursó sus estudios en esta ciudad y obtuvo en 1989 el título de Ingeniero Agrónomo. Desde la fecha de su graduación desarrolla en la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata actividades profesionales referidas a la Protección de Cultivos. En noviembre de 1997 obtuvo una beca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para realizar estudios de Doctorado. Se incorporó al Departamento de Protección de Cultivos del Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible del CSIC (Córdoba) para desarrollar investigaciones en el Laboratorio de Nematología bajo la dirección del Dr. Pablo Castillo. Los resultados del trabajo desarrollado por él en este centro, referidos a la incidencia, la patogenicidad y el control de nematodos fitoparásitos en viveros de olivo, han sido presentados en publicaciones y reuniones científicas europeas en el área de la Fitopatología y conforman el contenido de la Tesis que presenta para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Córdoba. A mis padres AGRADECIMIENTOS A las instituciones que permitieron la realización de mis estudios de Doctorado y la conclusión del presente trabajo; a los responsables de estas instituciones y a los miembros involucrados en este apoyo que se me brindó. Incluyo en este reconocimiento a la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, el Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible del CSIC, la Escuela Técnica Superior de ingenieros Agrónomos y la Comisión de Doctorado de la Universidad de Córdoba y la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. A los directores del presente trabajo. A Rafael agradezco en particular la confianza que depositó en mí al permitirme ser incluido en su equipo de trabajo, la provisión de muchas necesidades que se me presentaron en el trabajo y el celo que mostró en la corrección de los ejemplares provisionales. A Pablo debo agradecer muchísimas cosas. Le agradezco, en principio, haber confiado en mí para su proyecto y haber compartido conmigo generosamente toda su experiencia. Aprecio la preocupación que siempre mostró por mi bienestar personal y su presencia constante en los momentos de desánimo. Reconozco en lo profesional su inagotable capacidad de trabajo y la constante diligencia de que dispuso para resolver de forma práctica y eficiente todas las etapas de esta empresa. A todas las personas que con su tiempo, su dedicación y la desinteresada contribución de sus conocimientos y recursos permitieron enriquecer este trabajo. A Juan Antonio, porque siempre tuvo tiempo para atender con la corrección y la calidad didáctica que lo distinguen todas las consultas que le presenté. A Hava y al personal de su laboratorio, por haber contribuido con sus medios y su experiencia a la comprensión y documentación con imágenes de los aspectos histopatológicos del presente trabajo. A Nico Vovlas y Antonio Gómez Barcina agradezco sus consejos, el talante amable y el constante interés por seguir los progresos de mi trabajo. A Jorge, por muchísimas cosas. En primer lugar porque su trabajo fue fundamental e indispensable para que esta tesis se completara. Luego le agradezco, claro está, por su actitud amistosa y discreta, su permanente buen humor y porque en cuatro años de contacto permanente no le conocí un solo gesto desprovisto de cordialidad. A los compañeros y amigos que hicieron agradables las horas transcurridas en el trabajo y las que se prolongaron fuera de él. A José Luis, por su corrección y por su preocupación por mi integración. A Lola Rodríguez, por su cortesía y su generosidad profesional. A Jesús y Antonio, por su amistad, la complicidad y el interés por el mutuo conocimiento. A Manolo, Elena Tejedor, Susana García, Julio y Lola Duro, por el aprecio que surgió al compartir las expectativas de nuestros trabajos y por el afectuoso trato de “hermano mayor” que me dispensaron. A Auxi y a Blanca, por su simpatía y su inyección de vitalidad. A Marta, a Enrique y a Pino, por el excelente recuerdo de los momentos compartidos en el trabajo y por la mejor sensación de una amistad que resiste a la distancia. A Eduardo, Beth, Andrea, Susana Maya y Pedro, compañeros de Doctorado y compañeros de aventura trasatlántica, por la camaradería y la amistad. Al personal del Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, y en particular a José Manuel Priego, Juan Urbano y José María Rodero, tres personas que siempre me dispensaron un trato afectuoso y presentaron una disposición permanente para ayudarme en lo que les necesitara. A aquellos con los que compartí vivienda en estos cuatro años y que fueron los pilares domésticos de esta empresa. A Marcos, por su delicada amistad y por ser tan buen compañero de ruta en nuestro descubrimiento de España. A David, por su actitud franca y abierta desde el comienzo, por querer y dejarse querer y por confirmar mis presunciones sobre la calidad humana de los gaditanos. A Angjelina, por su amistad y la presencia en los momentos de flaqueza. A Martín, por su amistad, su lealtad, su espíritu incombustible y por todas las manos y el apoyo moral que me dio en la complicada etapa final. A Alejandro, Carmela, Mirta y Orlando, que asumieron con generosidad la sobrecarga laboral que les significó mi ausencia. A Elena, por la actitud cariñosa con que apuntaló mi ánimo y disimuló las asperezas de mi carácter en las últimas instancias de este trabajo. RESUMEN Los nematodos fitoparásitos están ampliamente distribuidos en suelos naturales y cultivados de todas las regiones del mundo, y cualquier cultivo puede sufrir un perjuicio importante cuando se presentan elevadas densidades de población en suelo y/o raíces. Las infecciones de plantones de olivo por nematodos fitoparásitos, fundamentalmente nematodos noduladores (Meloidogyne spp.) y lesionadores de raíz (Pratylenchus spp.), se han asociado con reducciones del crecimiento y vigor de la planta en varios países de la Cuenca Mediterránea, si bien entre el complejo de enfermedades que afectan al olivo las causadas por nematodos han
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