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Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2008 (ANT-XXIV/3)

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Polarstern 606 2010 The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2008 (ANT-XXIV/3) Edited by Eberhard Fahrbach and Hein de Baar with contributions of the participants ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT FÜR POLAR- UND MEERESFORSCHUNG In der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft D-27570 BREMERHAVEN Bundesrepublik Deutschland ISSN 1866-3192 Hinweis Notice Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are issued werden vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven* in Research in Bremerhaven*, Federal Republic of unregelmäßiger Abfolge herausgegeben. Germany. They appear in irregular intervals. Sie enthalten Beschreibungen und Ergebnisse der They contain descriptions and results of investigations in vom Institut (AWI) oder mit seiner Unterstützung polar regions and in the seas either conducted by the durchgeführten Forschungsarbeiten in den Institute (AWI) or with its support. Polargebieten und in den Meeren. The following items are published: Es werden veröffentlicht: — expedition reports (incl. station lists and — Expeditionsberichte (inkl. Stationslisten route maps) und Routenkarten) — expedition results (incl. — Expeditionsergebnisse Ph.D. theses) (inkl. Dissertationen) — scientific results of the Antarctic stations and of — wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der other AWI research stations Antarktis-Stationen und anderer Forschungs-Stationen des AWI — reports on scientific meetings — Berichte wissenschaftlicher Tagungen Die Beiträge geben nicht notwendigerweise die The papers contained in the Reports do not necessarily Auffassung des Instituts wieder. reflect the opinion of the Institute. The „Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung” continue the former „Berichte zur Polarforschung” * Anschrift / Address Alfred-Wegener-Institut Editor in charge: für Polar- und Meeresforschung Dr. Horst Bornemann D-27570 Bremerhaven Germany Assistant editor: www.awi.de Birgit Chiaventone Die "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" (ISSN 1866-3192) werden ab 2008 aus- schließlich als Open-Access-Publikation herausgegeben (URL: http://epic.awi.de). Since 2008 the "Reports on Polar and Marine Research" (ISSN 1866-3192) are only available as web based open-access-publications (URL: http://epic.awi.de) The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2008 (ANT-XXIV/3) Edited by Eberhard Fahrbach and Hein de Baar with contributions of the participants Please cite or link this item using the identifier hdl:10013/epic.34050 or http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.34050 ISSN 1866-3192 ANT-XXIV/3 10 February - 16 April 2008 Cape Town - Punta Arenas Weddell Sea, Drake Passage Chief Scientist: Eberhard Fahrbach Koordinator / Coordinator Eberhard Fahrbach This report is dedicated to Willem Polman and Stefan Winter who lost their lives by the helicopter accident at the Neumayer Station on 2 March 2008. CONTENTS 1. EXPEDITION ANT-XXIV/3: Fahrtverlauf und Zusammenfassung 3 Itinerary and summary 16 2. CASO - (Climate of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean) 28 2.1 Decadal variations of water mass properties in the Atlantic sector 28 2.2 Transport variations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current 65 2.3 Monitoring the ACC transport through Drake Passage 72 2.4 Measurements of trace gases: chlorofluorocarbons, helium isotopes & neon 76 2.5 Oxygen measurements 78 3. GEOTRACES in the International Polar Year during ANT-XXIV/3 expedition 85 3.1 Trace elements during ANT-XXIV/3 expedition: NIOZ team 86 3.2 Trace elements during ANT-XXIV/3 expedition: IFM-GEOMAR team 109 3.3 Isotopes during ANT-XXIV/3 expedition: AWI team 143 3.4 Nutrient measurements during ANT-XXIV/3 163 3.5 Silicate measurements with cyclic voltammetry 167 3.6 Intercomparison of GEOTRACES variables with BONUS- GOODHOPE 168 4. Dissolved carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean 170 4.1 Deep-ocean carbondioxide chemistry (DIC, TAlk) 170 4.2 Surface water carbondioxide chemistry (DIC, pCO2) 173 4.3 Intercomparison of carbondioxide variables with BONUS- GOODHOPE 175 1 ANT-XXIV/3 5. Marine biology 176 5.1 The significance of viruses for polar marine ecosystem functioning 176 5.2 Phytoplankton measurements 179 6. Automatic detection of marine mammals 181 7. Weather situation during the cruise leg ANT-XXIV/3 187 8. Acknowledgements 192 APPENDIX 193 A. 1 Beteiligte Institute/ participating Institutes ANT-XXIV/3 194 A.2 Fahrtteilnehmer / participants 197 A.3 Schiffsbesatzung / ships crew 199 A.4 Stationsliste / station list 2 1. EXPEDITION ANT-XXIV/3: FAHRTVERLAUF UND ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eberhard Fahrbach1), Hein de 1)Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven Baar2) 2)NIOZ Von Kapstadt zur Neumayer-Station Die Reise sollte am 6. Februar 2008 in Kapstadt beginnen. Der Hafenaufenthalt stand im Zeichen des Besuchs der Bundesministerin für Bildung und Forschung Frau Dr. Annette Schavan. Sie kam mit südafrikanischen Ministerkollegen, Würdenträgern und Wissenschaftlern sowie unseren Kollegen vom französischen Forschungsschiff Marion Dufresne zu Gesprächen, einem Workshop und einem gelungenen Empfang an Bord. Das Ereignis war sorgfältig vorbereitet worden und die gute Stimmung der 150 Gäste war ein sicheres Zeichen für den Erfolg dieser Bemühungen. Der anhaltend stürmische Wind verhinderte, dass ein noch ausstehender CO2- Container in Kapstadt angelandet werden konnte. Schließlich wurde das Schiff mit unserem Container nach Port Elizabeth umgeleitet, und so traf er erst in der Nacht zum 10. Februar auf der Polarstern ein. Unverzüglich wurde seeklar gemacht und so begann unsere Reise am 10. Februar endlich mit dreieinhalb Tagen Verspätung. Die Fahrtroute ist in Abb. 1.1 dargestellt. Als Erstes wurden die Messungen vom fahrenden Schiff aus aufgenommen. Der akustische, profilierende Strömungsmesser (Akustischer-Doppler-Profilstrommesser, ADCP) und der Thermosalinograph lieferten Daten und die Pumpen förderten Wasser für Analysen. Entweder durch einen Schnorchel im Kiel in das bordeigene Leitungsnetz oder, um besonders reines Wasser zu erhalten, aus einem Schleppfisch, der Wasser neben dem Schiff einsaugte. Die erste Station diente zur Aufnahme eines sogenannten PIES (Pressure Inverted Echosounder), der an dieser Position verankert war und die Schwankungen der Meeresoberfläche und der Schallgeschwindigkeit in der Wassersäule erfasst hat. Nach Abschluss der Aufnahme begann eine Station zur Erprobung eines Wasser- beprobungssystems, der sogenannten Ultraclean-CTD, die besonders dafür aus- gelegt ist, Wasserproben zu nehmen, um die Konzentration des im Ozean gelösten Eisens zu bestimmen. Die Messung minimaler Konzentrationen von Eisen im Meerwasser stellt unvorstellbare Ansprüche an die Probennahme, da das Schiff überwiegend aus Eisen besteht. Um diesen Einfluss des Schiffes zu vermeiden, wurde im Niederländischen Meeresforschungsinstitut (NIOZ) ein spezieller Proben- nehmer gebaut. Er besteht aus Titan und wird an einem Kevlardraht gefiert, um alles Eisen im Bereich der Probennahme zu vermeiden. Zur Erfüllung dieser hohen 3 ANT-XXIV/3 Anforderungen entstand ein System aus Winde, Stromversorgung und Reinraum- Container, das das Arbeitsdeck nahezu ausfüllt. Der Test verlief erfolgreich. Am 11. Februar 2008 kreuzte sich unser Kurs mit dem des norwegischen Forschungsschiffes G.O. Sars, das auf dem Weg nach Kapstadt war und sein Programm beendet hatte. Zwei deutsche Kollegen waren an Bord. Obwohl wir an einem gemeinsamen Programm mit im Ozean verankerten PIES arbeiten, musste sich das Treffen auf ein Winken von Schiff zu Schiff, dem Blasen der Hörner und dem anschließenden Austausch von Fotos per Email beschränken, da wir bei der gegebenen Verzögerung keine weitere Zeit verlieren wollten. Die nächste Teststation galt dem Hauptarbeitsmittel der Ozeanographen, der CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth), die uns die Vertikalverteilung von Temperatur, Salzgehalt, Sauerstoff, Trübung und Fluoreszenz an Bord anzeigt. Zusätzlich wurde das Strömungsprofil mit zwei Akustischen-Doppler-Profilstrommessern (ADCP) erfasst, die an der CTD befestigt waren. Auch hier war der Erfolg zu vermelden, so dass die Probestation schon für die Forschung verwendbares Wasser und Daten lieferte und man zu Routine übergehen konnte. Diese wurde allerdings durch das Wetter unterbrochen, da uns ein Tief mit 10 Windstärken streifte und unseren Weg nach Süden verzögerte. Am 15. Februar überquerten wir die ozeanische Polarfront und am 25. Februar den 60. Breitengrad. Damit erreichten wir die Antarktis und das nördliche Stromband des Weddellwirbels. Dieses großräumige, nierenförmige Strömungssystem füllt den gesamten antarktischen Sektor des Atlantiks aus. Östlich des Meridians von Greenwich strömt warmes, salzreiches Wasser aus dem Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstrom, das Zirkumpolare Tiefenwasser, nach Süden. Im Westen fließt in der Tiefe das neu gebildete Weddellmeer-Bodenwasser nach Norden. Im Süden folgt der Antarktische Küstenstrom als südlicher Randstrom dieses Wirbels dem Verlauf des Kontinentalabhangs und der Schelfeiskante. Die Lufttemperaturen sanken auf etwas über 0°C mit leichtem Schneefall. Der Wind pendelte zwischen 6 und 8 Windstärken hin und her. Zahlreiche Eisberge trieben im nördlichen Stromband des Weddellwirbels von der Antarktischen Halbinsel in unseren Bereich. Allerdings waren es nur stark verwitterte Reste und nicht die für die Antarktis typischen Tafeleisberge. Der Stationsabstand von anfänglich 100 Seemeilen wurde auf 30 Seemeilen verringert, da unser Hauptarbeitsgebiet im Weddellwirbel lag. Der nördliche Teil des
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