AICP Exam Preparation

Preparing you for AICP membership

Sponsors: American Institute of Certified Planners, professional institute of the American Planning Association History, Theory, Law

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning Mary M Shaw, AICP URS Corporation Gaithersburg, MD History, Theory, Law,k1 and Spatial Areas of Planning

People

Memorize people who made important contributions to planning ƒ Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. – Mid 1800s – Central Park ƒ Edward Bassett – 1916 New York City Zoning Code ƒ Robert Moses – 1920s NY Parks and Parkways ƒ Jane Jacobs – Death and Life of Great American Cities, 1961 ƒ Rachel Carson – Silent Spring, 1961 ƒ Ian McHarg – Design with Nature, 1969 Slide 3 k1 Click View, Slide Master to change the "Section Heading" information for the entire PPT or for certain slides. kkali, 1/30/2008 History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Places

Memorize facts that have ƒ First historic preservation influenced current planning commission, New Orleans and development decisions 1921 such as: ƒ First off-street parking regulations, Columbus, OH ƒ First National Park, 1923 Yellowstone 1872 ƒ First limited access ƒ First National Wildlife highway, Bronx River Refuge, in Florida 1903 Parkway, 1926 History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Milestones

For example ƒ 1916 NYC zoning ordinance ƒ 1956 National Interstate and Defense Highways Act ƒ 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) ƒ 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Events

Growth Management Environmental Legislation ƒ 1958 First Urban Growth ƒ 1969 NEPA Boundary, Lexington KY ƒ 1970 Clean Air Act ƒ 1973 Oregon Land Use Act ƒ 1972 Clean Water Act ƒ 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act ƒ 1973 Endangered Species Act ƒ 1980 Superfund Act History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

The Profession

ƒ 1901 First National Conference on City Planning ƒ 1917 American City Planning Institute ƒ Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. ƒ 1934 American Society of Planning Officials ƒ 1978 APA / AICP History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Theories on Doing Planning

Evolution from planning as science to planning through participation ƒ Rational Planning Model ƒ Myerson and Banfield ƒ Incremental Planning ƒ Charles Lindblom ƒ Advocacy Planning ƒ Sherry Arnstein, Ladder of Participation, 1969 article ƒ Paul Davidoff History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Theories on How Cities Develop

Be able to distinguish among ƒ 1893 City Beautiful ƒ 1939 Sector Theory ƒ Daniel Burnham ƒ Homer Hoyt ƒ 1898 Garden Cities ƒ Multiple Nuclei Theory ƒ Ebenezer Howard ƒ Harris and Ullman ƒ 1920s Radiant City ƒ Growth Machine Theory ƒ LeCorbusier ƒ Harvey Molotch ƒ 1925 Concentric Ring ƒ 1982, New Urbanism Theory ƒ Seaside, Andres Duany ƒ Ernest Burgess ƒ 1991 Edge City ƒ 1932 Broad Acre City ƒ Joel Garreau ƒ Frank Lloyd Wright History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning Law

Know some facts about key cases ƒ 2005 Supreme Court Decisions such as the legal issue debated ƒ Kelo v City of New London ƒ Eminent domain ƒ Eminent domain ƒ Lingle v Chevron USA ƒ 1954 Berman v Parker ƒ Takings ƒ Takings ƒ City of Rancho Palos ƒ 1987 Nollan v California Verdes v Abrams Coastal Commission ƒ Telecommunications ƒ Freedom of speech Act ƒ 1994 City of Ladue v ƒ San Remo Hotel L.P. v Gilleo City and County of San Francisco ƒ Growth Management ƒ State courts can ƒ 1972 Golden v Planning adjudicate challenges Board of the Town of to land-use decisions Ramapo ƒ Housing ƒ 1975 Mount Laurel History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning Law

The general direction of the recent Supreme Court decisions has been to ƒ Affirm the value of the planning process ƒ Support good planning principles ƒ Reject attempts to take away established planning and development tools ƒ Support the capability of local officials, who are directly accountable to citizens, to make the best development decisions Spatial Areas of Planning

Spatial Areas of Planning

This is a new category listed for the AICP Exam Based on results of a survey of AICP members History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning at the National level

Identify important Federal programs, policies ƒ Federal Housing programs ƒ Federal Transportation decisions ƒ Federal Environmental Protection programs History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning Planning for Multi-State or Bi-State Regions Identify important issues that are not limited to political boundaries ƒ Watershed planning ƒ Tennessee Valley Authority ƒ Hoover Dam ƒ Commuting patterns History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning at the State Level

State requirements may be more restrictive than Federal requirements ƒ Floodplain development regulations ƒ Environmental protection standards ƒ Dillon Rule or Home Rule History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning for Sub-state Regions

Sub-state regions may have particular development regulations ƒ Adirondack Park ƒ Outer Banks History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning at the County Level

County level planning may involve the cooperation of municipalities within the county ƒ Hazard Mitigation Planning ƒ Growth Management History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning for Urban Areas

When studying, ask yourself: ƒ What concerns are specific to urban areas? ƒ Answers may include ƒ Urban Heat Island ƒ Infill development ƒ Traffic management History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning for Suburban Areas

Ask, for example: ƒ What problems are unique to suburban areas? ƒ Sprawl ƒ What problems are new to suburban areas? ƒ Aging infrastructure ƒ Decay, blight History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning for Small Towns

Think, for example, of small towns with a growing population and small towns with a diminishing population ƒ Water supply and increasing connections to the water system ƒ Decline of the farm economy – economic development ƒ Protecting the character of the town History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Corridor Planning

What are the concerns of planners when planning for a corridor? ƒ Parking ƒ Connectivity ƒ Design ƒ Safety ƒ Turning lanes History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Neighborhood Planning

Neighborhoods may be defined by history, geography, street boundaries, administrative boundaries, socio-economic factors, or cultural traditions ƒ Clarence Perry – Neighborhood unit concept

What issues might best be addressed at a neighborhood level ƒ Access to grocery stores, services History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Waterfront Planning

Key issues might be ƒ Variety of land uses and economic interests ƒ Residential, Retail, Commercial, Institutional ƒ Tourism, Shipping ƒ Evacuation History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Historic District Planning

Rich history in planning ƒ Regulations ƒ Façade ƒ Limit heavy traffic ƒ Organizations ƒ Commissions History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Downtown Planning

Unique concerns might include ƒ Business Improvement District (BID) ƒ Street cleaning ƒ Signage ƒ Events ƒ Street trees History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Notes of Spatial Areas of Planning

•Categories are not mutually exclusive •Concerns are shared •Many planning decisions involve considerations of several different spatial areas •Generally, the larger the region, the more complex the planning because of the greater number of political jurisdictions involved History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #1

Neighborhood, rather than Regional, planning may be more likely to address: ƒ Wetland and floodplain protection ƒ Airport Accessibility ƒ Availability of grocery stores ƒ Provision of overnight parking for 18-wheelers History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #2

Hurricane protection planning and the building of levees generally occurs at which level: ƒ National ƒ Regional ƒ Corridor ƒ Downtown History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #3

The benefits of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) project including power generation and flood control extend to which type of area: ƒ National ƒ Multi-State ƒ County ƒ Urban History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #4

In a cold climate, planning to create covered and heated walkways that are above the streets and connect retail shops, restaurants, hospitals, and hotels, is an example of which type of planning? ƒ Evacuation planning ƒ Downtown planning ƒ Small town planning ƒ Waterfront planning History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #5

APA filed a friend of the court This brief was filed in support (amicus curiae) brief in of which case? support of an eminent domain ƒ Sierra Club v Morton action taken by a U.S. City. ƒ Kelo v City of New London The brief says that one way to ƒ Lingle v Chevron USA reduce the advantage ƒ Citizens to Preserve developers currently Overton Park, Inc. v Volpe experience in greenfield development is to use eminent domain to assemble tracts of land in high-density urban areas. History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning