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Climate Change), Vol Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal-Special Issue (Climate Change), Vol. 11, 2015 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal Special Issue (Climate Change ) Refereed Scientific Journal Vol. 11, 2015 I Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal-Special Issue (Climate Change), Vol. 11, 2015 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH Copyrights: ©SAPDH July 2014 SASJ reserves all copyrights. Nonetheless. SASJ may grant permission to quote, reproduce, record or store items in a retrieval system, or transmit it in any form or by any means, electronic material, photocopying or otherwise items of the journal upon request. Address permission request to SASJ editor-in-chief at address noted above. The opinions and data reproduced in SASJ are the sole responsibility of the author (s) and do not necessarily represent views of the publisher or SAS. Disclaimer: Designation employed, address listed, presentation of material, and any maps appearing in this publication are solely for the convenience of the reader. They do not imply the expression of opinion whatsoever on the part of SAS, SAPDH, or SASJ concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, authority, place, area or group, or any affiliation, or concerning the delimitation of its frontier or boundaries or its authorities. No responsibility is assumed by SASJ or SAS for any injury and/or damage to person or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material published in the journal. II Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal-Special Issue (Climate Change), Vol. 11, 2015 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH Editorial Board for the Spcial Issue on Climate Change 1. Prof. Dr. Eisa Ibrahim ElGaali Editor-in-Chief 2. Prof. Dr. Faisal Mohamed Ahmed El-Hag Vice Editor-in-Chief 3. Prof. Dr. Mohamed El-Fatih Khalid Ali Member 4. Prof. Dr. Hamied Hussain Elfaki Member 5. Prof. Dr. Abdel Alla Ibrahim Elhagwa Member 6. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Mohammed Al-Haj Member 7. Associate Prof. Imad-edlin Ahmed Ali-Babiker Advisor 8. Associate Prof. Elshaikh Abdalla Elshaikh Member 9. Associate Prof. Izat Mirgani Taha Member Supporting Editorial Staff 1. Mr. Mohammed Salman Ali 2. Mrs. Maha Abdalla Eisa 3. Mrs. Alaa Amin Idris III Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal-Special Issue (Climate Change), Vol. 11, 2015 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH Special Issue on Climate Change - Sudan Contents ECAW Project Note VI International Research Center (IDRC) Note VII Forward VIII The Status of Sience-based Research in Influencing Cimate Change 1 Policies, Plans, and Strategies in Sudan. Imad-Eldin A. Ali Babiker , Faisal M. El-Hag, Abass E. M. Elamin and Bashir A. Eltahir and Abdelmotlib A. Ibnoof Agro-pastoralists’ Perceptions on the Impact of Climate Change on 15 Browse Trees and Shrubs Cover in the Butana Region, Sudan. Abdelmalik M. Abdelmalik, Ahmed S. El Wakeel, Imadeldin A. Ali- Babiker and Faisal M. El-Hag Small farmers’ Perception on Cimate Change Risk at the Blue Nile 24 State, Sudan. Hanadi, I. O. Babikir and Muna, M.M. Ahmed Vulnerability and Potential Adaptation Optionsof Agricultural 33 Sector to Climate Change in Sudan. Abdelrahman K. Osman Evaluation of Climate Change Effects on the Growing Season in 43 Butana Region and North Kordofan, Sudan. Abdelrahman A. Khatir , Abdelmalik M. Abdelmalik , Mawada G. Abdalla, Sarah A. M. Elmobark, Imad-eldin A. Babiker, Sara A. Babiker and Faisal M. El-Hag Changing Climate and Farming Productivity in the Drylands of 56 Eastern Sudan. Imad-eldin A Ali Babiker, Faisal A. M. El-Hag, Ahmed M Abdelkarim and Abdalla Khyar Abdalla 62 Impact Assessment of Climate Change on the Livelihoods of Pastoral Communities in Sudan’ Butana Region: A Multidimensional Tradeoff Analysis. Abdelhamed M. Magboul, Abbas E. M. Elamin1, Imad-eldin A. Ali- Babiker, Abdelmotalib A. Ibnoaf and Faisal M. El-Hag Managing Rainfall Variability in Arid Rainfed Agriculture Using 74 Adaptive Varieties and In-situ Water Harvesting Kawkab, E. Babiker, Abdelhadi, A. W. Mohamed, Imad, A. A. Babiker and Hussni O. Mohammed Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sudan: A Review 83 Ahmed S. El Wakeel IV Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal-Special Issue (Climate Change), Vol. 11, 2015 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resources at EL-Damazine 95 and AT -Tamadon Localities, Blue Nile State, Sudan: Biodiversity perspective Hanadi, I. O. Babikir and Muna, M.M. Ahmed Coping strategies to water shortages in central Sudan; Almanagil 103 locality Muna, M.M. Ahmed and Magda, M. El-Mansoury Climate Change and Irrigation in Sudan 115 Hussein S. Adam Meteorological Measurements in Demokeya, North Kordofan: A 118 Contribution to Climate Change Research Jonas Ardö, Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir, Abdelrahman Khatir, Ford Cropley Climate change and vector-borne diseases in Sudan 128 Mutamad Amin, Faiza Hussien, Hwida Abubakr and Sulafa Abd Algodous Soil Carbon Seque stration and Climate Change in Semi-arid Sudan 140 Jonas Ardö Climate Change Adaptation through Sustainable Forest 164 Management in Sudan :Needs to Qualify Agroforestry Application Bashir A. El Tahir Differences in Acacia senegal Provenances’ Adaptation to Climate 187 Variability and Gum Arabic Production Trends Mohamed E. Ballal and Hiba M. Abdel Rahman Impacts of climate change on forest tree seeds in Sudan: A review 200 Sayda Mahgoub Climate Change Adaptation in Sudan :Implementation and Policies 207 Ismail Elgizouli and Mutasim B. Nimir Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation in Sudan 217 Sumaya A. Zakieldeen and Nagmeldin G. Elhassan Indigenous Knowledge and Irrigation in Sudan 234 Hussein S. Adam V Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal-Special Issue (Climate Change), Vol. 11, 2015 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH ECAW Project Note The development externalities associated with climate change will be much felt in Africa due to its limited capacity to adapt. Some climate extremes such as floods and seasonal droughts are already undermining the economies and prosperity of the African continent and its people especially in the GHA. Indeed, mainstreaming adaptation in the African development policy, planning, and investment processes is extremely relevant. Adaptation plans and investments have to happen at different planning scales at global, regional, national, and local levels. Predictions of impacts due to climate change in many sectors rely on biophysical and economic computer models and reliable input data. The best adaptation options to these impacts depend on existing proven actions, which already people are practicing in areas already affected (also called analogue sites) or in some other areas with similar or even worse situation. Therefore, involvement of stakeholders is crucial in choosing adaptation actions to be tested or implemented. The ECAW project aimed at improving the assessment of climate change impacts in agriculture and water resources in the Great Horn of Africa in Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan and Tanzania. The overall objective of the project was to “improve capacity of research institutions in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) to deliver timely scientific advice and expert assessment for climate change adaptation investments and policy decisions in agriculture and water resources”. However, because of heterogeneity of the agricultural enterprises, each country concentrated on one or two systems in which the country has competitive advantage over other countries. Ethiopia‟s focus was on tef, while Sudan was on livestock. Kenya focused on maize mixed cropping while Tanzania was on maize mono-cropping and water resources for irrigation. The ECAW project, therefore, was implemented at the right time (2011 – 2014) when most GHA countries are busy revising their NAPAs and or formulating new programmes and strategies. The support from IDRC is highly appreciated. Prof. Henry Mahoo, Principal Investigator, ECAW Project SOIL-WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAMME FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE - Tanzania VI Sudan Academy of Sciences Journal-Special Issue (Climate Change), Vol. 11, 2015 ISSN 1816-8272 Copyright © 2015 SAPDH International Research Center (IDRC) Note Climate change extremes such as flooding and seasonal drought are already undermining the economies of countries in the Horn of Africa, with agriculture and water resources being the most affected sectors. Countries in the region are drawing up national adaptation plans (NAPs) to serve as roadmaps for future investment. These plans need to be strengthened by credible and impartial scientific assessment of climate change impacts and informed by economic analyses of adaptation options to recommend investment pathways for the most promising options. With support from Canada‟s International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the Agricultural Research Corporation in collaboration with agricultural research institutions in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania undertook research to achieve multiple objectives including to improve estimates for measuring climate change impacts on agriculture and water resources; to assess the costs and benefits of various adaptation options; to enhance the research capacity of the participating institutions; and to facilitate knowledge-sharing to inform climate change adaptation policies and practices in the Horn of Africa. The research involved case studies of livestock production in Sudan; maize production in Kenya; tef production in Ethiopia, and maize
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