Challenge and Opportunity DJIBOUTI is a hot, dry desert enclave located at the Subsistence pastoral economy dominates Somalia, southeastern entrance to the Red Sea between and the people are predominantly nomadic or semi- Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia. Djibouti City, the nomadic herders. In 1969 Gen. Mohammed Siad Barre nation’s capital, is the main shipping center for the seized power and imposed a one-man rule. In 1974 he entire Horn of Africa region. About two-thirds of the evicted missionary organizations from the country. approximately 622,000 people live in the capital city. He was run out of Somalia in 1991, leaving the nation Considered to be the hottest country in the world, in desperate poverty. Subsequent clan warfare Djibouti was France’s last colony in Africa and it still caused appalling famine and destruction. The Somalis relies heavily on foreign aid from France and the believe their first ancestor was a member of the United States. At the time of its independence in Qaraysh (Koreish) tribe, to which the prophet 1977, Djibouti had very few college graduates and lit- Mohammed belonged. Today Somalia is an almost tle skilled labor. About 95 percent of the people are totally Muslim country. Its strongly oral culture loyal Muslims with strong ties to Saudi Arabia. Tension places high value on poetry, proverbs and traditional between the largest people groups — the Afar and stories. There was no written language until 1971. the Issa Somali — has caused ongoing political instabil- Somalis are remarkably homogeneous in their ity. The country has been involved in ethnic conflict laguage, culture and identity. There is no viable since 1991. There is a small, struggling church com- indigenous church at present. posed primarily of ethnic Somalis. ERITREA, which borders Sudan, Djibouti, and Ethiopia, stretches for about 500 miles along the southwestern shore of the Red Sea. The economy is based primarily on livestock, herding and subsistence agricul- ture, with fish being the major source of food. The overall agricultural output is poor. A land of diverse languages and reli- gions, Eritrea became part of Ethiopia Khartoum Asmara in 1962. After 31 years of fierce fighting, Eritrea declared its inde- pendence in 1993. Crop failure resulted in severe food short- ages in 1994. Eritreans are proud, Djibouti independent people with a strong commitment to working together for the good of the country. The coopera- tion between the diverse ethnic peoples Addis Ababa that add to a total of about 3,800,000 is unusual. ETHIOPIA, which lies at the heart of the Horn of Africa, is a fertile mountain plateau surround- ed by the blazing coastal and inland deserts of Somalia, Kenya and Sudan. Ethiopia has a rich Christian heritage; it was one of the first Christian nations and is mentioned in the Bible more than 60 SUDAN, Africa’s largest country, stretches more than Mogadishu times. The rise of Islam in the 7th century led to 1,200 miles from Egypt in the north to Kenya, conflict with the previously well established Coptic Uganda and Congo in the south in which approxi- Church, now called the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. In mately 32,570,000 people live. Chaos and war, largely 1974 Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown, and a along ethnic and religious lines, have characterized Marxist regime ruled the nation until 1991. During the Sudan since its independence in 1956 from Egypt and Marxist years Christians were severely persecuted. A Britain. A military coup in 1989 led to the establish- series of droughts in the 1970s and 1980s killed tens ment of a hard-line Islamic government. Sudan is of thousands of people, leaving vast stretches of the home to more than 140 ethnic groups, and there is a Ethiopian countryside barren, and the people impov- sharp social, religious and economic division between erished. Ethiopia, with its 58,733,000 people, is still in the militantly Muslim north and the agrarian south, a state of shock from death, famine, and war. It which is predominately Christian or animistic. The seems the nation has lost its sense of identity and government has done everything in its power to elim- purpose, leaving it divided on regional and ethnic inate Christianity through the implementation of lines. Through all these difficulties, the church has Islamic law and violent persecution. More than one continued to grow and flourish. million people have died due to starvation, martyr- dom, and the fighting. However, the church has con- Somalia, which forms the very tip of the Horn of tinued to grow despite such repression. Africa, is an arid coastal plain along the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean with about 6,870,000 people. “Cush will stretch her handsto God” — Psalm 68:31 The Horn of Africa, aptly named for its resemblance to a rhinoceros horn, includes the countries of Ethiopia, Sudan, The biblical region of Cush Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea. The Horn has closer cultural includes modern Ethiopia, Sudan and all of the Horn of ties with Arabia, across the Red Sea, than with its neighbors Africa. in eastern Africa. The plow has long been an important aid to cultivation in the Horn, and the one-humped Arabian camel — the dromedary — is an ancient domestic animal there. Most of the people of the Horn have facial features similar to Mediterranean Europeans, but with darker complexions while those of Sudan and East Africa are Black African. The history of the Horn of Africa has largely been dom- inated by Ethiopia, which has almost 60% of the population of the entire region. Ethiopia’s history has been character- ized by struggles between Muslim and other herdsmen and the largely Christian farmers for resources and living space. The population of Ethiopia, more than 57 million in 1999, is expected to overtake that of Egypt and, by 2050, may even supplant Nigeria as the most populous country on the con- tinent of Africa. The Christians of Ethiopia speak mostly Semitic languages and the Muslims Cushitic tongues. Although these languages were derived from the same Afro-Asiatic stock, the more apparent differences between the peoples often were excuses for war. By the end of the 20th century, the battles were waged under the banners of nationalism and Marxism-Leninism. Sudan poses a significant threat to the stability of the region, with profound security ramifications for all of north- eastern Africa as well Uganda and Congo in Central Africa. Ongoing persecution, war, and hunger make Sudan the country facing the greatest calamity in the world today. Sudanese Christians are living out their faith and the churches are growing in the face of intense and often vio- lent persecution. A Word From the International Director Does the Horn of Africa bring any images to mind? For The spiritual need of many parts of the region is less many westerners the names of Ethiopia, Sudan, or Somalia apparent, but just as real. Most of the people have little or evoke harsh images of vast desert wastes, starving people, no access to the Gospel. Low literacy rates, lack of infra- and brutal civil war. We vaguely remember Band-Aid, trou- structure, harsh living conditions, remoteness, and religious bled efforts to feed thousands of Somalis, and frightening persecution all conspire to keep the people of the Horn recent headlines concerning Sudan. from knowing the Savior. As in the rest of the 10/40 Window*, living and working in the Horn has been extremely Some of the saddest words in any language — famine, difficult for Christian workers. The Horn of Africa repre- drought, war, genocide, and poverty — paint the most sents a unique challenge to the Evangelical Church. accurate picture of this corner of northeastern Africa. “Need” may be the defining characteristic of this hard, But even the most inhospitable desert is not entirely unforgiving land. Overwhelming physical need sits like a devoid of life — or hope. God has done a miraculous work in dark cloud on the people of the region; they are among the this barren, rocky land we call the Horn of Africa. poorest in the world. Most subsist on the meager produce Miraculous spiritual harvest fields are flourishing in many of tired land that has been farmed or grazed for millennia. unlikely places under the watchful care of the Master They live a single harvest away from starvation, without Farmer. Today the Horn is truly a land of great opportunity. access to the most basic medical care. Even that precari- The seeds of this revival have taken decades to sprout. ous existence is constantly threatened by war and intereth- The work that began early in the twentieth century has nic struggle. progressed slowly but steadily. In some areas, the Evangelical Church has been refined through the fires of hardship and persecution. In Ethiopia, for example, believ- ing Christians were forced underground from 1974 until 1991 by the repressive Communist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam. Although the Communists were intent on stamping out the Evangelical Church, it flourished. When the Evangelical Church reemerged into the light in 1991 it had grown tenfold and had been purified. God’s fields have begun to bear a tremendous harvest. The Ethiopian Evangelical Church has grown from 200,000 in 1960 to more than 8,000,000 today. In recent months I have met with Christian leaders of the Horn of Africa, participated in the launch of a coun- trywide initiative in Sudan, and spoken in churches throughout the region. Rarely if ever have I seen such vision, dedication, sacrifice and faith as here. Luis Bush International Director — AD2000 & Beyond Movement * The 10/40 Window is the region between 10 and 40 degrees north latitude, extending from North Africa through East Asia.