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Impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Gezira Groundwater, Sudan

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Impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Gezira Groundwater, Sudan Impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Gezira Groundwater, Sudan Abbas M. Sharaky, Hossam Eliwa, and Alaa Kassem Contents 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 2.2 Stable Isotope Analysis 3 Climate Conditions 3.1 Precipitation 3.2 Temperature 3.3 Relative Humidity 4 Geological Setting 4.1 Basement Complex 4.2 Nubian Sandstone Formation 4.3 Gezira Formation 4.4 Recent Superficial Deposits 5 Hydrology and Hydrogeology 5.1 Surface Water 5.2 Groundwater Occurrence 6 Piezometric Characteristics of the Aquifer System 7 Physicochemical Parameters of Groundwater 7.1 Temperature (T) 7.2 pH Value 7.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 7.4 Total Hardness 7.5 Major Cations 7.6 Major Anions + 7.7 Ammonium (NH4 ) 7.8 Heavy Metals 7.9 Suitability of Groundwater for Different Purposes 7.10 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) 7.11 Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) A.M. Sharaky (*) and A. Kassem Department of Natural Resources, Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] H. Eliwa National Authority for Remote Sensing & Space Sciences, Cairo, Egypt A.M. Negm and S. Abdel-Fattah (eds.), Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Versus Aswan High Dam, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2017_187, © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 1 A.M. Sharaky et al. 8 Impact of Land Use/Land Cover Changes on the Water Quality 8.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 8.2 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) Classification 9 Stable Isotopes of δ2H and δ18O 10 Summary and Conclusions 11 Recommendations References Abstract The Gezira area has one of the most massive agricultural projects in the world. Groundwater is one of the most critical water resources in Sudan. About 80% of the people in Sudan depend mainly on groundwater. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is under construction on the Blue Nile at 15 km from the Sudan’s border, creating a reservoir of 74 km3. The environmental studies of the GERD effect on Egypt and Sudan are vague. The present paper deals with the assessment of groundwater in Gezira using geochemical analysis, stable isotopes, remote sensing, and GIS. The impact of land use/land cover on groundwater quality was studied using supervised classification techniques of multidates (multitemporal) satellite images. Also, it covers the investigation of water interaction between the surface water and Gezira groundwater aquifer. The surface water includes the White Nile and the Blue Nile that will be controlled entirely by the GERD. If there is a direct recharge from the Blue Nile, the GERD will increase the recharge because it will keep the water in the Blue Nile always at a high level all year, resulting in increasing the seepage to the aquifer. The agriculture will also be all over the year, so water infiltration to groundwater will be increased. The major ions, nitrate, ammo- nium, heavy metals, and stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) were measured to achieve these goals. The results of hydrochemical data were mapped using ArcGIS 10.3 and Aquachem software. The results indicated that there are no any evidence for the groundwater pollution resulted from the anthropogenic activities in the study area. Although agricultural projects have been started with full capacity, since 1960, the pollution traces were not detected. The stable isotopes of the 2H and 18O confirmed that the groundwater of the Nubian aquifer in the study area is recharged from the Blue Nile through the Gezira aquifer. Moreover, away from the Blue Nile, the influence of recharge is negligible, but the water of the Nubian aquifer still mixed with water of heavy isotopic composition. The chemical and physical characteristics of groundwater indicate that the GERD will increase the recharge because it will keep the water in the Blue Nile always at a high level all year, resulting in increasing the seepage to the aquifer. The agriculture in Sudan will also be all over the year, so water infiltration to groundwater will be increased. Keywords GERD, Gezira, Groundwater, Hydrochemistry, Nile, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Renaissance Dam, Stable isotopes 2 Impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Gezira... 1 Introduction In April 2nd, 2011, Ethiopia began the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile at 475 km northwest of Addis Ababa and 15 km from Sudan’s border (see Fig. 1). The GERD will be the largest dam in Ethiopia: 1,800 m long, 155 m high, and with a total volume of 74 km3 [2, 3]. The dam is located in an area dominated by the Precambrian basement rocks containing granite and metamorphic rocks [3]. The GERD was known as Border Dam in the US Bureau of Reclamation study (1958–1964). The name was changed to “X- Project” in March 2011, and in 2 weeks it was renamed to the “Millennium Dam,” and then the Council of Ministers in April 2011 renamed it for the fourth time to Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. There are some advantages of the GERD for Sudan including management of Blue Nile sediments, flood control, providing water flow all over the year, and increasing the efficiency of the electricity produc- tion from the Sudanese dams [4]. Currently, there are 2.4 billion people worldwide, who do not use improved sanitation. According to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation, “at least 1.8 billion people world-wide are estimated to drink water that is faecally contaminated” [5]. Groundwater is significant as a source of water for the people in Gezira State, where they depend on about 85% of groundwater for domestic purposes [6]. Gezira area is located between two Niles: the Blue Nile to the east and White Nile to the west. It is bordered by the railway of Sennar-Kosti in the south. Gezira area is triangular in shape and covers an area of about 27,160 km2. The area is occupied by large agricultural projects, which are called Gezira and El Manaqil Schemes. Although the Gezira area is bordered and restricted from the east by the Blue Nile and from the west by the White Nile, it depends on the groundwater as the primary source for domestic purposes. The groundwater in Gezira is stored in metal boxes before distribution via tubes to the public, which are checked periodically to meet the standards of water quality and to prevent any health hazards. Also, the higher salinity, especially in the central Gezira at El Manaqil and its neighborhoods, was recorded. Moreover, the absence of observation wells which allow more control and management for the aquifers in the study area is a big problem. This is because of the higher costs of drilling observation and production wells as a consequence of the critical economic situa- tion of the country. The Gezira occupies most of the Gezira State at the west side of the Blue Nile and a small part of Sennar State in the Gezira area in central Sudan. It is bounded to the east by the Blue Nile. It extends between latitudes 13 580 21.5600 and 14 510 14.5900 N and longitudes 32 470 35.6500 and 33 400 4.4400 E, with an area of about 6,100 km2. The Gezira has the significant agro-economic projects in Sudan since 1925. From this point of view, evaluation for groundwater and assessment of the relation between surface and groundwater for sustainable development are strongly 3 A.M. Sharaky et al. Study area GERD Groundwater recharge rate (mm/yr) Fig. 1 Location of the study area and Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) [1] 4 Impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Gezira... recommended to protect the main sources of water from pollution resulting from agriculture and other activities. The present work deals with the following: 1. Geology and physiography of central Sudan (Gezira) 2. Hydrology and hydrogeology of Gezira 3. Hydrochemical properties of the surface and groundwater 4. Suitability and evaluation of groundwater quality for different purposes 5. Evaluation of the effect of land use on the groundwater quality 6. Finding the interactions between the Blue Nile and groundwater in the Gezira area The Gezira area, central Sudan had been investigated and studied by many researchers in the fields of structure, geology, hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, and physiography; among them are Tothill [7, 8], Shukri [9], Abdel Salam [10], Kheirallah [11], Williams and Adamson [12], Salama [13, 14], Farwa [15], Adamson et al. [16], Omer [17], Schull [18], Magboul [19], Jodat [20], Mohamed [21], Omer [22], Zeinelabdein et al. [23], and Elkrail and Omer [24]. Magboul [19] studied the hydrogeology of the northern Gezira area, central Sudan. He concluded that the transmissivity values of the lower Gezira and Nubian aquifers are 210 and 836.5 m2/day, respectively. Also, the groundwater quality of the Nubian aquifer is excellent for all purposes, while the groundwater of the Gezira aquifer is suitable for irrigation purposes except in the areas of the higher salinity. Jodat [20] studied the groundwater assessment of the area between Wad Madani and Sennar. She concluded that the hydraulic conductivities in east Wad Madani have the same average for Alatshan and Nubian aquifers. The groundwater quality and hydraulic properties of the aquifers in the area between Wad Madani and Sennar are good. Elzein [25] concluded that “the water quality of the Nubian and Gezira Forma- tions are saline in some areas, but in other areas, it is of good quality for different purposes”. Zeinelabdein et al. [23] detected possible causes of earthquakes in central Sudan using the integrated GIS approach.
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