Doctorat Paristech T H È S E L'école Nationale Supérieure Des Mines De
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N°: !! 2009 !ENAM !XXXX ! ! !! École doctorale n° 396 : Économie, Organisations, Société Doctorat ParisTech T H È S E pour obtenir le grade de docteur préparée dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre l’École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris et Copenhagen Business School Spécialité : “ Socio-économie de l’innovation ” présentée et soutenue publiquement par Trine PALLESEN ! Le 17 juin 2013 ! ! ! Assembling Markets for Wind Power ! ! An !Inquiry !into !the !Making !of !Market !Devices ! ! ! ! Directeur de thèse : Peter KARNØE et Michel CALLON ! ! Co-encadrement de la thèse : Paul DU GAY ! ! ! T Jury Mme Lise JUSTESEN , Associate professor, Copenhagen Business School Présidente H M. Fabian Muniesa , Chargé de recherche, MINES ParisTech Examinateur M. Petter HOLM , Professor, University of Tromsø Rapporteur È M. Thomas REVERDY , Associate professor, Grenoble INP Rapporteur S E MINES ParisTech Centre de Sociologie de l’Innovation 60, bd Saint Michel, 75006 Paris ! ! ! Assembling !Markets !for !Wind !Power ! !An !Inquiry !into !the !Making !of !Market !Devices !! ! ! ! Trine !Pallesen ! ! ! Supervisors: Peter Karnøe (Aalborg University) Paul du Gay (Copenhagen Business School) Michel Callon (Mines ParisTech) Doctoral School of Organisation and Management Studies Copenhagen Business School ! ! 2 Thesis submitted at Department of Organization, Copenhagen Business School, and Centre de Sociologie de l’Innovation, Mines ParisTech, 15 th of April 2013 3 4 ON VALUATION &LOCATION BILL: I know this is a ridiculous question before I ask it, but you haven't by any chance kept up with your swordplay? BUDD: Hell, I pawned that years ago. BILL: You hawked a Hattori Hanzo sword!?!? BUDD: Yep. BILL: It was priceless. BUDD: Well, not in El Paso it ain't. In El Paso I got me 250 dollars for it. (Q UENTIN TARANTINO :KILL BILL VOL . 2, 2004) 5 6 THANK !YOU …! To the Department of Organization and Centre de Sociologie de l’Innovation for being great hosts over the few last years. To my supervisor Peter Karnøe for keeping me on track despite my many detours and retours and for constructive readings and encouragement throughout the process. And to my supervisor Paul du Gay for always being inspiring, encouraging, and asking the right questions. To Jan Mouritsen and Kjell Tryggestad for ‘energizing’ the last phase of the process with their constructive and insightful critique during my work-in-progress seminar. To all the people whom I have engaged with during my fieldwork: politicians, economists, bureaucrats, engineers; their commitment and willingness to share and exchange views on energy, grids, landscapes, and French bureaucracy inform this dissertation. To fellow PhD-students at IOA for chats and talks on the big and the small; lunch and coffee were never boring in your company. In particular, thank you to Rasmus Ploug Jenle, Kirstine Zink Pedersen, and Satu Reijonen for all the discussions on the process, concepts, and life in general. To Lena and Jens for all the support and childcare and for the never ending moral support. To Susan Pallesen and Maria Rylander Schroeder for being wise, caring, and always supportive; and for providing technical support in the last hours of this project. And finally, thank you to Cherif, Noah, and Aksel, who are great company in life, and who also kept me company on many fieldtrips in Northern France. And Ines and Sirius who joined 7 our family along the way. You might have prolonged the process of writing this dissertation, but as a pivotal force of life, the five of you stand unmatched. 8 TABLE !OF !CONTENTS ! 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 15 ! 1.1 Insights From the Conception of an Economic Good .................................................... 15 ! 1.2 Connecting to a Field ..................................................................................................... 17 ! 1.3 ‘Free’ and ‘Regulated’ Markets ..................................................................................... 18 ! 1.4 Reconfiguring the Market Figure – and Markets in the Making .................................... 21 ! 1.5 Wind Power Markets: Making Assemblages and a Research Question ........................ 24 ! 1.6 The Devices at Stake ...................................................................................................... 25 ! 1.6.1 Feed-in Tariffs ......................................................................................................... 25 ! 1.6.2 Wind Power Development Zones (ZDE) ................................................................ 26 ! 1.6.3 The Status of the Devices ........................................................................................ 26 ! 1.7 Brief Description of the French Electricity Sector ......................................................... 27 ! 1.8 Outline of the Thesis ...................................................................................................... 30 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................... 33 ! 2.1 New Economic Sociology and its Market(s) .................................................................. 34 ! 2.1.1 The Embeddedness of Economic Action ................................................................ 34 ! 2.1.2 Markets as Fields and Structures: Markets as Politics ............................................ 37 ! 2.2 Markets as Constructed – Towards Socio-technical Assemblages ................................ 41 ! 2.2.1 Calculative Agency ................................................................................................. 43 ! 2.2.2 Market Devices ....................................................................................................... 44 ! 2.2.3 The Performativity Programme ............................................................................... 46 ! 2.3 Marketization ................................................................................................................. 47 ! 2.3.1 Marketization as Five Types of Framing ................................................................ 48 ! 2.4 Hot and Cold; Politicizing and Economizing ................................................................. 51 9 3. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................ 57 ! 3.1 Towards an Object for Research .................................................................................... 58 ! 3.2 The Market Device as an Object of Study ..................................................................... 61 ! 3.3 Assembling Market Devices .......................................................................................... 62 ! 3.3.1 Devices as Performed .............................................................................................. 65 ! 3.3.2 CdC du Pays de la Serre .......................................................................................... 67 ! 3.3.3 Case Studies – Multi-sited and Multi-temporal ...................................................... 68 ! 3.4 Gathering Field Materials ............................................................................................... 70! 3.4.1 Interviews ................................................................................................................ 70 ! 3.4.2 Documents and Maps .............................................................................................. 72 ! 3.4.3 From Fieldwork to Analysis and Texts ................................................................... 73 ! 3.4.4 On Being Lost in Translation .................................................................................. 74 ! 3.5 And So What? ................................................................................................................ 75 4. ASSEMBLING VALUE – OR VALUABLE ASSEMBLAGES ....................................................... 78 ! 4.1 Images of a Number ....................................................................................................... 79 ! 4.2 From ‘Calls to Tender’ Towards ‘Feed-in Tariffs’ – Devices at Play ........................... 81 ! 4.3 Price and Value(s) .......................................................................................................... 82 ! 4.4 Qualification and Disqualifications of the Tariff – Tracing Controversies ................... 86 ! 4.4.1 Cochet – Framing the Forum for Valuation ............................................................ 87 ! 4.4.2 Chabot – Making Fairness and Efficiency Calculable ............................................ 93 ! 4.4.3 CRE – Disassociation and Displacement ................................................................ 98 ! 4.4.4 Chrupek, DGEMP – Stabilization as Black-Boxing? ........................................... 105 ! 4.4.5 Poignant – Defying Calculation ............................................................................ 109 ! 4.5 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 113 ! 4.5.1 Figures of Values in the Process of Valuation ...................................................... 114 ! 4.5.2 The Device, Value, and ‘Fairness’ ........................................................................ 118 ! 4.5.3 Tinkering or Calculation? .....................................................................................