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Home , Philadelphus lewisii, Pollinator, Pollinator Partnership

Selecting

Plants

for

Pollinators

A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and In the

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province

Including the states of: and and NAPPC Table of CONTENTS

Why Support Pollinators? 4

Getting Started 5

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 6

Meet the Pollinators 8

Plant Traits 10

Developing Plantings 12

Farms 13

Public Lands 14

Home Landscapes 15

Bloom Periods 16

Plants That Attract Pollinators 18

Habitat Hints 20

This is one of several guides for Checklist 22 different regions in the United States. We welcome your feedback to assist us in making the future Resources and Feedback 23 guides useful. Please contact us at [email protected]

Cover photo by Julie Baker

2 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators

A Regional Guide for

Farmers, Land Managers,

and Gardeners

In the

Ecological Region of the

PacificLowland

Mixed Forest Province

Including the states of:

Oregon

and

Washington

a nappc and Pollinator Partnership™ Publication

This guide was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the C.S. Fund, the Conservation Alliance, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership™ (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org).

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 3 Why support pollinators?

In t h e i r 1996 b o o k , Th e Fo r g o t t e n Po l l i n a t o r s , Buchmann and Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction Farming feeds of 90% of flowering plants and one third of human food . Each of us “ depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems the world, and that helps sustain our quality of life.

Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve set we must remember and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases production per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife food sources increase. that pollinators Pumpkins, broccoli, squash, and cabbage are some of the crops raised in the Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province that rely on and native bees for . Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately are a critical $10 billion worth of crops in the U.S. each year.

Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss, link in our food disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of . The loss of commercial bees to (CCD) has highlighted how severe the issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused systems. by disease, use, insufficient , and transportation practices. ” Currently, the pollination services that the commercial industry -- Paul Growald, provides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources. Co-Founder, The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help us understand other pollinators and their roles in the environment as well. Pollinator partnership

It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators’ need for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the natural world.

Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them.

Laurie Davies Adams Executive Director Pollinator Partnership

4 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Getting Started

Th i s r e g i o n a l g u i d e i s just one States Forest Service, is a system This province is characterized in a series of plant selection tools created as a management tool primarily by dense coniferous designed to provide information and is used to predict responses forests including western red cedar, on how individuals can influence to land management practices western hemlock, Douglas fir. pollinator populations through throughout large areas. This guide Interior valleys are often comprised choices they make when they farm addresses pollinator-friendly land of conifers and such a plot of ground, manage large management practices in what is as big- maple, Oregon ash, and tracts of public land, or plant a known as the Pacific Lowland black cottonwood. garden. Each of us can have a Mixed Forest Province. Long before there were homes positive impact by providing the Portions of Oregon and Washington and farms in this area, the original, essential habitat requirements for make up the 14,9000 square miles natural vegetation provided pollinators including food, water, of this province with elevations continuous cover and adjacent shelter, and enough space to allow ranging from sea level to 1,500 feeding opportunities for wildlife, pollinators to raise their young. feet. The topography includes two including pollinators. In choosing Pollinators travel through the valleys: the Willamette Valley, with plants, aim to create habitat for landscape without regard to gently sloping floodplains bordered pollinators that allow adequate food, property ownership or state by dissected high terraces and shelter, and water sources. Most boundaries. We’ve chosen to use hills, and the Puget Sound Valley, pollinators have very small home R.G. Bailey’s classification system a moderately dissected tableland ranges. You can make a difference to identify the geographic focus covered by glacial till. Average by understanding the vegetation of this guide and to underscore annual temperatures range from 48° patterns on the farm, forest, or the connections between climate to 55°F. neighbor’s yard adjacent to yours and vegetation types that affect This province receives moderate and by making planting choices the diversity of pollinators in the precipitation (15-60 inches that support the pollinators’ need environment. annually), which peaks in winter. for food and shelter as they move through the landscape. Bailey’s Ecoregions of the United Fog makes up for some of the lack States, developed by the United of rain during the summer months.

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 5 Understanding the Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province

n This region is designated number 242 in the Baileys’ Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to: www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/ecoreg1_provinces.html

n Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help.

n 14,900 square miles within 2 states.

n Nearly flat to sloping floodplains bordered by hills and dissected high terraces, often covered by glacial till.

n Elevations ranging from sea level to 1,500 feet.

n Average annual temperature range from 48° to 55°F.

n Average year-round precipitation between 30-45 inches.

n USDA Hardiness Zones 7-8b (1990 version).

Characteristics

n Dominated by dense coniferous forests including western red cedar, western hemlock, Douglas fir.

n Interior valleys are often comprised of conifers and deciduous trees such as big-leaf maple, Oregon ash, and black cottonwood.

n Areas of prairies punctuated by groves of oaks, Douglas firs, andother trees.

n Swamps and bogs also commonly occur in poorly drained sites.

6 Selecting Plants for Pollinators The Pacific Lowland Mixed “ Adding native plantings in riparian areas Forest Province includes: Washington to improve pollinator habitat makes Oregon sense in advancing our family farm’s

conservation and economic objectives,

enhancing beneficial wildlife and

improving pollination in our orchard and garden.”

--Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President, National Association of Conservation Districts

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 7 Meet the Pollinators Who are the Solitary bees include carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.), which nest in ; pollinators? digger, or polyester bees (Colletes spp.), which nest underground; Bees leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.), Bees are well documented which prefer dead trees or branches pollinators in the natural and for their nest sites; and mason bees agricultural systems of the Pacific (Osmia spp.), which utilize cavities Lowland Mixed Forest Province. that they find in stems and dead A wide range of crops including wood. bees (Diadasia spp.) pumpkins, squash, broccoli, and are also solitary ground nesters. cabbage are just a few plants that benefit from bee pollinators. Most of us are familiar with the Gardeners have been attracting colonies of honey bees that have butterflies to their gardens for been the workhorses of agricultural some time. These insects tend to pollination for years in the United be eye-catching, as are the States. They were imported from that attract them. Position flowering Europe almost 400 years ago. plants where they have full sun and There are nearly 4000 species of are protected from the wind. Also, native ground and twig nesting bees you will need to provide open areas in the U.S. Some form colonies (e.g. bare earth, large stones) where , also known as , while others live and work a solitary butterflies may bask, and moist soil mimic the appearance of bees or wasps life. Native bees currently pollinate from which they may get needed and feed on and like bees, many crops and can be encouraged minerals. By providing a safe place but are classified as flies. to do more to support agricultural to eat and nest, gardeners can also endeavors if their needs for nesting support the pollination role that habitat are met and if suitable butterflies play in the landscape. It sources of nectar, pollen, and water might mean accepting slight damage are provided. Bees have tongues of to the plants, known as host plants, Western Tiger Swallowtail feeding on varying lengths that help determine that provide food for the larval stage nectar in Olympia, Washington. which flowers they can obtain nectar of the . and pollen from. A diverse group of butterflies The bumble bee (Bombus spp.) forms are present in garden areas and small colonies, usually underground. woodland edges that provide bright They are generalists, feeding on a flowers, water sources, and specific wide range of plant material from host plants. Numerous trees, , February to November and are and herbaceous plants support important pollinators of tomatoes. butterfly populations. The sweat bee (family ) Butterflies are in the Order nests underground. Various species . Some of the species in are solitary while others form loose the Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest colonies. are Brush-footed, Gossamer-winged,

8 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Swallowtail, Parnassian, Skipper, do play a role in pollination. members of the carrot family like White, Sulphur and Milkweed Some have a bad reputation Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota). butterflies. They usually look for because they can leave a mess flowers that provide a good landing behind, damaging plant parts that platform. they eat. Beetles are not as efficient Birds as some pollinators. They wander are the primary Wet mud areas provide butterflies between different species, often birds which play a role in with both the moisture and dropping pollen as they go. pollination in North America. Their minerals they need to stay healthy. long beaks and tongues draw nectar Butterflies eat rotten fruit and even pollinated plants tend to be from tubular flowers. Pollen is dung, so don’t clean up all the large, strong scented flowers with carried on both the beaks and messes in your garden! their sexual organs exposed. They feathers of different hummingbirds. are known to pollinate , The regions closer to the tropics, sweetshrub (Calycanthus), paw with warmer climates, boast the paws, and yellow pond lilies. largest number of Moths are most easily distinguished species and the greatest number of from butterflies by their antennae. native plants to support the bird’s Butterfly antennae are simple with a Flies need for food. White-winged doves swelling at the end. antennae It may be hard to imagine why one (Zenaida asiatica) are also pollinators differ from simple to featherlike, would want to attract flies to the of the cactus (Carnegeia but never have a swelling at the garden. However, like beetles, the gigantea) in the south central United tip. In addition, butterflies typically number of species and the fact States. are active during the day; moths at that flies are generalist pollinators night. Butterfly bodies are not very (visit many species of plants), Bright colored tubular flowers hairy, while moth bodies are quite should encourage us all to leave attract hummingbirds to gardens hairy and more stout. those flies alone and let them do throughout the United States. their job as pollinators. Hummingbirds can see the color Moths, generally less colorful red; bees cannot. Many tropical than butterflies, also play a role Recent research indicates that flies flowers, grown as annuals in the in pollination. They are attracted primarily pollinate small flowers Pacific Lowland, along with native to flowers that are strongly sweet that bloom under shade and in woodland edge plants, attract smelling, open in late afternoon or seasonally moist habitats. The hummingbirds. night, and are typically white or National Research Council’s Status pale colored. of Pollinators in North America study states that flies are economically important as pollinators for a range Though bats in the Pacific Lowland Beetles of annual and bulbous ornamental Mixed Forest are not pollinators, Over 30,000 species of beetles flowers. bats play an important role in are found in the United States Plants pollinated by the fly pollination in the southwest where and many of them can be found include the American pawpaw they feed on agave and cactus. The on flower heads. Gardeners have ( triloba), dead horse arum long-nosed bats’ head shape and yet to intentionally draw beetles ( muscivorus), skunk long tongue allows it to delve into to their gardens, possibly because cabbage (), flower blossoms and extract both beetle watching isn’t as inspiring goldenrod (Solidago spp.), and pollen and nectar. as butterfly or bird watching. Yet

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 9 Plant Traits and the Pollinators they Attract Pollinator Plant Bats Bees Beetles Birds Butterflies Flies Moths Wind Which Flowers Trait Do the Pale and dull to Dull green, brown, or Pollinators Bright white, Scarlet, , Dull white, green Dull white or Bright, including dark brown or purple; Pale and dull red, colorless; prefer? yellow, red Color or purple green red and purple flecked with translucent purple, pink or white absent blue, or UV or white No t a l l p o l l i n a t o r s a r e found patches or reduced in each North American province, and some are more important in different parts of the United Nectar States. Use this page as a resource Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent to understand the plants and guides pollinators where you live. Strong musty; Fresh, mild, None to strongly Strong sweet; Plants can be grouped together None Faint but fresh Putrid None based on the similar characteristics emitted at night pleasant fruity or fetid emitted at night of their flowers. These floral characteristics can be useful to Abundant; Sometimes predict the type of pollination Ample; deeply Ample; deeply Ample; deeply method or animal that is most somewhat Usually present present; Usually absent None Nectar hidden hidden hidden effective for that group of plants. hidden not hidden This association between floral characteristics and pollination Limited; often method is called a pollination Abundant; small, syndrome. Ample sticky Ample Modest Limited Modest in amount Limited Pollen smooth, and not sticky and scented The interactions of animal pollinators and plants have influenced the evolution of both groups of organisms. A mutualistic Regular; bowl Shallow; have Large funnel Narrow tube with Large bowl-like, Shallow; funnel like or Regular; tubular Regular; small and relationship between the pollinator Flower shaped – closed landing platform; like; cups, strong spur; wide Magnolia complex and trap-like without a lip stigmas exerted and the plant species helps the Shape during day tubular perch support landing pad pollinator find necessary pollen and nectar sources and helps the plant reproduce by ensuring that pollen is carried from one flower to another. This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml

10 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Plant Traits and the Pollinators they Attract Pollinator Plant Trait Bats Bees Beetles Birds Butterflies Flies Moths Wind

Pale and dull to Dull green, brown, or Bright white, Scarlet, orange, Dull white, green Dull white or Bright, including dark brown or purple; Pale and dull red, colorless; yellow, red Color or purple green red and purple flecked with translucent purple, pink or white petals absent blue, or UV or white patches or reduced

Nectar Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absent guides

Strong musty; Fresh, mild, None to strongly Strong sweet; None Faint but fresh Putrid None Odor emitted at night pleasant fruity or fetid emitted at night

Abundant; Sometimes Ample; deeply Ample; deeply Ample; deeply somewhat Usually present present; Usually absent None Nectar hidden hidden hidden hidden not hidden

Limited; often Abundant; small, Ample sticky Ample Modest Limited Modest in amount Limited Pollen smooth, and not sticky and scented

Regular; bowl Shallow; have Large funnel Narrow tube with Large bowl-like, Shallow; funnel like or Regular; tubular Regular; small and Flower shaped – closed landing platform; like; cups, strong spur; wide Magnolia complex and trap-like without a lip stigmas exerted Shape during day tubular perch support landing pad

This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 11 Developing landscape plantings that provide pollinator habitat

Wh e t h e r y o u a r e a f a r m e r not native, are very good for by butterflies during their larval of many acres, land manager of a pollinators. Mint, oregano, garlic, development. large tract of land, or a , parsley and lavender are with a small lot, you can increase just a few herbs that can be planted. Water: the number of pollinators in your Old fashioned zinnias, cosmos, and A clean, reliable source of water is area by making conscious choices to single sunflowers support bees and essential to pollinators. include plants that provide essential butterflies. • Natural and human-made water habitat for bees, butterflies, moths, • Recognize weeds that might be a features such as running water, beetles, hummingbirds and other good source of food. For example, pools, ponds, and small containers pollinators. dandelions provide nectar in the of water provide drinking and early spring before other flowers bathing opportunities for pollinators. Food: open. Plantain is alternate host for • Ensure the water sources have the Baltimore Checkerspot. Flowers provide nectar (high in a shallow or sloping side so the • Learn and utilize Integrated Pest and necessary amino acids) pollinators can easily approach the Management (IPM) practices to and pollen (high in ) to water without drowning. address pest concerns. Minimize or pollinators. eliminate the use of pesticides. Fermenting fallen also provide Your current landscape probably food for bees, beetles and butterflies. includes many of these elements. Specific plants, known as host Observe wildlife activity in your farm plants, are eaten by the larvae of Shelter: fields, woodlands, and gardens to pollinators such as butterflies. Pollinators need protection from determine what actions you can take • Plant in groups to increase severe weather and from predators to encourage other pollinators to feed pollination efficiency. If a pollinator as well as sites for nesting and and nest. Evaluate the placement of can visit the same type of flower roosting. individual plants and water sources over and over, it doesn’t have to • Incorporate different canopy and use your knowledge of specific relearn how to enter the flower layers in the landscape by planting pollinator needs to guide your choice and can transfer pollen to the same trees, shrubs, and different-sized and placement of additional plants species, instead of squandering the perennial plants. and other habitat elements. Minor pollen on unreceptive flowers. • Leave dead snags for nesting sites changes by many individuals can • Plant with bloom season in mind, of bees, and other dead plants and positively impact the pollinator providing food from early spring to leaf litter for shelter. populations in your area. Watch late fall. (see Bloom Periods pp.16-17) • Build bee boxes to encourage for - and enjoy - the changes in your • Plant a diversity of plants to solitary, non-aggressive bees to nest landscape! support a variety of pollinators. on your property. Flowers of different color, • Leave some areas of soil uncovered • CAUTION: Remember that fragrance, and season of bloom to provide ground nesting insects pesticides are largely toxic to on plants of different heights will easy access to underground tunnels. pollinators. Extreme caution is attract different pollinator species • Group plantings so that pollinators warranted if you choose to use and provide pollen and nectar can move safely through the any pesticide. Strategically apply throughout the seasons. landscape protected from predators. pesticides only for problematic • Many herbs and annuals, although • Include plants that are needed target species.

12 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Farms

Broccoli, cabbage, pumpkins, and weeds can provide needed food for squash are a few of the food crops pollinators. “ food supplies for in the Pacific Lowland Mixed • Minimize tillage to protect ground Forest Province that will benefit nesting pollinators. from strong native bee populations • Ensure water sources are scattered bees are critical that boost pollination efficiency. throughout the landscape. Incorporate different plants • Choose a variety of native plants to throughout the farm that provide act as windbreaks, riparian buffers, food for native populations when and field borders throughout the to maintaining targeted crops are not in flower. farm. • Plant unused areas of the farm Farmers have many opportunities with temporary cover crops that strong hives to incorporate pollinator-friendly can provide food or with a variety land management practices on their of trees, shrubs, and flowers that land which will benefit the farmer provide both food and shelter for for almond in achieving his or her production pollinators. goals: • Check with your local Natural • Manage the use of pesticides Re­sources Conservation Service to reduce the impact on native (NRCS) office to see what technical pollination pollinators. Spray when bees aren’t and financial support might be active (just after dawn) and choose available to assist you in your effort to targeted ingredients. provide nectar, pollen, and larval food the following • Carefully consider the use of sources for pollinators on your farm. herbicides. Perhaps the targeted winter.” -- Dan Cummings, Chico, almond grower. Illustrations by Carolyn Vibbert

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 13 Public Lands

“ From

hummingbirds

to beetles, to

butterflies,

nature’s

pollinators help

keep Midewin’s

Tallgrass prairie Public lands are maintained for In an effort to increase populations restorations specific reasons ranging from high of pollinators the land manager can: impact recreation to conservation. • Inventory and become full of diverse In the Pacific Lowland Mixed knowledgeable of local pollinators. Forest, forests have been cut to • Provide connectivity between allow for roads, buildings, open vegetation areas by creating flowering lawn areas, boat ramps, and vistas. corridors of perennials, shrubs, and Less disturbed natural areas can be trees that provide pollinators shelter plants. Insect augmented with plantings of native and food as they move through the plant species. Existing plantings landscape. monitoring around buildings and parking areas • Maintain a minimum of lawn areas should be evaluated to determine that support recreational needs. provides a key if pollinator-friendly plants can • Restrict the use of pesticides and be substituted or added to attract herbicides. and support pollinators. Public • Provide water sources in large measure of our land managers have a unique open areas. opportunity to use their plantings • Maintain natural meadows and success.” as an education tool to help others openings that provide habitats for understand the importance of sun-loving wildflowers and grasses. -- Logan Lee pollinators in the environment • Remove invasive species and Prairie Supervisor, Midewin through signs, brochures, and public encroaching shrubs and trees. National Tallgrass Prairie programs.

14 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Home Landscapes

Gardeners have a wide array of The scale of your plantings will vary “ A garden is plants to use in their gardens. but it is important to remember Native plants, plants introduced that you are trying to provide only as rich and from years of plant exploration connectivity to the landscape from around the world, and plants adjacent to your property. Don’t beautiful as the developed by professional and just look within your property amateur breeders can be found in boundaries. If your neighbor’s integral health garden centers, in catalogs, and property provides an essential on web-sites. Use your knowledge element, such as water, which can of pollinator needs to guide your be utilized by pollinators visiting of the system; choices. your land, you may be able to • Choose a variety of plants that devote more space to habitat pollinators will provide nectar and pollen elements that are missing nearby. throughout the growing season. It is best to use native plants which are essential to • Resist the urge to have a totally have evolved to support the needs manicured lawn and garden. Leave of specific native pollinators. Some the system - make bare ground for ground nesting pollinators, however, are generalists bees. Leave areas of dead wood and and visit many different plants, both your home their leaf litter for other insects. native and non-native. Be sure that • Strive to eliminate the use of all any non-native plants you choose home. pesticides. to use are not invasive. Remember ” • Find local resources to help you that specialized sometimes -- Derry MacBride in your efforts. Contact your local aren’t used by pollinators. Flowers National Affairs and county extension agent or native that have been drastically altered, legislation Chairwoman, plant society. Visit your regional such as those that are double or botanic gardens and arboreta. a completely different color than garden club of America the wild species, often prevent pollinators from finding and feeding on the flowers. In addition, some altered plants don’t contain the same nectar and pollen resources that attract pollinators to the wild types.

• CAUTION: Take time to evaluate the source of your plant material. You want to ensure you get plants that are healthy and correctly identified. Your local native plant society can help you make informed decisions when searching for plants.

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 15 BLOOM PERIODS FOR THE Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest PROVINCE

The following chart lists plants and the time they are in bloom throughout the growing seasons. Choose a variety of flower colors and make sure something is blooming at all times! Note for all charts: When more than one species of the same genus is useful, the genus name is followed by “spp.”

Botanical Name Common Name Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Trees & Shrubs Acer circinatum maple red red red red

greenish greenish greenish greenish Acer macrophyllum big-leaf maple white white white white Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry white white white white

Arbutus menziesii madrone white white

Berberis aquifolium tall Oregon grape yellow yellow yellow

Berberis nervosa dwarf Oregon grape yellow yellow yellow yellow

Castanopsis chrysophylla chinquapin yellow yellow yellow

Ceanothus cuneatus common buckbrush white white white

white to Ceanothus integerrimus deerbrush white to blue white to blue blue Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood white white white Corylus cornuta var. California hazelnut yellow yellow yellow californica

Crataegus douglasii black hawthorn white white

white to Gaultheria shallon salal white to pink white to pink pink Holodiscus discolor ocean-spray white white white

greenish greenish Osmaronia cerasiformis Indian plum white white lewisii mock orange white white white

Quercus garryana Oregon white oak yellow yellow yellow

Quercus kelloggii California black oak yellow yellow yellow

Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip pink pink

Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry white white white

Symporicarpos alba snowberry pink pink

Vaccinium parviflolium red huckleberry pale pink pale pink pale pink Perennial Flowers Adenocaulon bicolor American trailplant white white white white

Anemone deltoidea Columbian windflower white white

Balsamorhiza deltoidea deltoid balsamroot yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow

violet- Brodiaea elegans harvest brodiaea violet-purple purple

16 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Common Name Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept

white to white to Calochortus tolmiei Tolmie star-tulip purple or purple or rose rose Dichelostemma ookow bluish-purple bluish-purple congestum

Dodecatheon hendersonii shooting star pink pink pink white/ white/ white/yellow Erythronium oregonum giant fawnlily yellow yellow base base base Fragaria vesca ssp. white to white to pink white to pink woodland strawberry brachteata pink tinged tinged tinged tenax Oregon iris purple purple purple

Ligusticum apiifolium celeryleaf licorice- white white white

Lupinus albifrons silver lupine bluish bluish bluish

Ranunculus occidentatlis western buttercup yellow yellow yellow

white to Satureja douglasii yerba buena white to pink pink Synthyris reniformis snowqueen blue blue blue greenish greenish greenish greenish Tellima grandiflora fringecup white to white to white to white to reddish reddish reddish reddish white to white to white to white to Trillium albidum trillium purple purple purple purple white to white to white to white to Trillium ovatum trillium purple purple purple purple yellowish yellowish yellowish Triteleia hendersonii Henderson’s triteleia with purple with purple with purple vein vein vein Triteleia hyacinthina white brodiaea white white white white

Viola sempervirens redwoods violet yellow yellow yellow yellow

white to white to white to white to white to Zigadenus venenosus meadow deathcamas cream cream cream cream cream pink, pink, pink, Lonicera hispidula hairy yellowish yellowish yellowish pink pink pink Rubus ursinus trailing white white white white white

Whipplea modesta whipple vine white white white

References: Franklin, J. F. and Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW 8. USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR, 417p. Hitchcock, C. L. and Cronquist, A. 1973. of the . University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, 730p. Peck, M. 1961. A Manual of higher plants of Oregon. Binfords & Mort Publishers, Portland, OR, 936 p. USDA Natural Resouces Conservation Service. 2007. Plants database. http://plants.usda.gov/index.html

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 17 Plants that attract pollinators in THE Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest PROVINCE The following chart lists plants that attract pollinators. It is not exhaustive, but provides guidance on where to start. Annuals, herbs, weeds, and cover crops provide food and shelter for pollinators, too.

Flower Visitation by lso a host Botanical Name Common Name Color Height Sun Soil plant. See Season Pollinators pgs 20-21 Trees & Shrubs greenish March sun to partial moist, well Acer maple white to < 30 bees X - June shade drained red Amelanchier April sun to partial serviceberry white 1 - 5 moist to dry bees, flies X alnifolia - July shade April sun to partial Arbutus menziesii madrone white 6 - 30 dry bees - May shade April sun to partial dry, well Arctostaphylos manzanita white 0.1 - 4 hummingbirds - July shade drained March Berberis Oregon grape yellow 0.1 - 1 sun to shade dry to moist bees - June April moist, well bees, beetles, flies, Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood white 1 - 30 shade - June drained butterflies greeenish currants/ white, March moist to dry, Ribes 1 - 3 sun to shade hummingbirds gooseberrys white, - June well drained pink, red white to May sun to partial moist to dry, Sambucus elderberry 1 - 6 bees creamy - July shade well drained May moist, well Symporicarpos snowberry pink 0.5 -2 sun to shade bees X - August drained April sun to partial moist to dry, Vaccinium huckleberry pink 0.1 - 3 bees - August shade well drained Perennial Flowers Achillea April - sun to partial yarrow white 0.2 - 1 dry bees X millefolium October shade May partial shade hummingbirds, formosa Cascade columbine red 0.1 - 1 moist - August to shade bees blue, purple, July sun to partial Aster daisy 0.1 - 1 moist to dry bees pink to - Sept shade white white to April sun to partial larkspur 0.1 - 0.5 dry bees blue - July shade blue, purple, June sun to partial bees, butterflies, Erigeron fleabane 0.1 - 0.7 moist to dry pink to - August shade moths white white to May dry, well Eriogonum 0.1 - 0.5 sun bees yellow - August drained

18 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Flower Visitation by lso a host Botanical Name Common Name Color Height Sun Soil plant. See Season Pollinators pgs 20-21 Perennial Flowers continued white, March Erythronium fawnlily pink, 0.1 - 0.3 sun to shade bees - August yellow Eschscholzia yellow to May dry, well California poppy 0.1 - 0.5 sun bees californica orange - Sept drained white, April Hydrophyllum waterleaf blue, 0.2 - 0.8 sun to shade moist bees - July purple white, April sun to partial Iris iris yellow to 0.1 - 0.4 bees - July shade purple white to June sun to partial Lilium lily pinkish, 0.2 - 1 moist hummingbirds - July shade orange blue to April sun to partial Lupinus lupine 0.1 - 1 dry to moist bees X purple - August shade white to July sun to partial Mentha mint pink or 0.2 - 0.8 moist bees - Sept shade purpleq white to May sun to partial dry, well Penstemon penstemon purple or 0.1 - 0.6 bees X - August shade drained red May dry, well Phacelia scorpion weed white 0.2 - 1 sun bees - August drained white, May dry, well Sedum stonecrop pink, 0.1 - 0.3 sun bees X - August drained yellow July - sun to partial bees, butterflies, Solidago goldenrod yellow 0.3 - 2 moist X October shade beetles, wasps white to March partial shade Trillium trillium 0.1 - 0.3 beetles, flies, bees purple - June to shade Vines pink, June partial shade Lonicera hispidula hairy honeysuckle yellowish < 6 dry to moist hummingbirds - August to shade pink

Compiled by Russ Holmes, U.S. Forest Service, Portland, OR, Dec 6, 2007 [email protected] 503-808-2150

References Franklin, J. F. and Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW 8. USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR, 417p. Hitchcock, C. L. and Cronquist, A. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, 730p. North American Pollinator Protection Campaign and the Institute. 2007. Hummers. http://www.pollinator.org/Resources/Hummers.pdf Peck, M. 1961. A Manual of higher plants of Oregon. Binfords & Mort Publishers, Portland, OR, 936 p. Rose, R.; Chachulski, C. E. C.; Haase, D. L. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest native plants. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR, 246p. USDA Natural Resouces Conservation Service. 2007. Plants database. http://plants.usda.gov/index.html Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 2007. . http://www.xerces.org/Pollinator_Insect_Conservation/Xerces_butterfly_gardening_fact_sheet.pdf Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 2007. Plants for bees in the Pacific Northwest. http://www.xerces.org/Pollinator_Insect_Conservation/Xerces_PNW_plants_fact_sheet.pdf

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 19 Habitat Hints FOR THE Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest PROVINCE

HABITAT REQUIREMENTS FOR BEE-POLLINATED GARDEN FLOWERS AND CROPS Lg Sm Squash/ Yellow- Bumble Digger Leafcutter Mason Sweat Plasterer Andrenid Carpenter Carpenter Gourd faced Flowers Catalpa x Catnip x x x Clover x x Columbine x Cow parsley x Goldenrod x x x x Impatiens x Irises x x Lavender x x x x Milkwort x Morning glory x Penstemon x x x Passion flowers x Phacelia x x x x x x x x Potentilla x Rose x x x x x x x x x x Saxifrages x x Sorrel x Sunflowers x x x x x x x x Violet x x Wild Mustard x x Willow catkins x x Crops Almond x x x x Blueberry x x x Cherry x x Eggplant x x x Gooseberry x x Legumes x x x x Water melon x x Squash/ Pumpkins/ x x Gourds Tomatoes x x x x Thyme x x x x x

20 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Habitat and Nesting requirements:

Bumble Bees: Abandoned mouse nests, other burrows, upside down flower pots, under boards, and other human-made cavities. Colonies are founded by a queen in the spring and don’t die out in the fall. New queens mate then and overwinter in a sort of hibernation. Bumble bees are usually active during the morning hours and forage at colder temperatures than honey bees, even flying in light rain.

Large carpenter bees: Soft dead wood, poplar, cottonwood or willow trunks and limbs, structural timbers including redwood. Depending on the species, there may be one or two brood cycles per year. These bees can be active all day even in the hottest weather.

Digger bees: Sandy soil, compacted soils, bank sides. Anthophorid bees (now in the ) are usually active in the morning hours, but can be seen at other times.

Small carpenter bees: Pithy stems including and blackberry canes. These bees are more active in the morning but can be found at other times. “ MONARCH Squash and Gourd bees: Sandy soil, may nest in gardens (where pumpkins, squash and gourds are grown) or BUTTERFLIES pathways. These bees are early risers and can be found in pumpkin patches before dawn. Males often sleep in the wilted flowers. NEVER FAIL TO Leafcutter bees: Pre-existing circular tunnels of various diameters in dead but sound wood created by emerging beetles, some nest in the ground. Leave dead limbs and trees to support not CATCH THE just pollinators but other wildlife. Leafcutter bees can be seen foraging throughout the day even in hot weather. VISITOR’S EYE Mason bees: Pre-existing tunnels, various diameters in dead wood made by emerging beetles, or AND ALWAYS human-made nesting substrates, drilled wood boards, paper soda straws inserted into cans attached to buildings. Mason bees are generally more active in the morning hours. LEAD TO Sweat bees: Bare ground, compacted soil, sunny areas not covered by vegetation. Like most bees, sweat bees forage for pollen earlier in the morning and then for nectar later. A TEACHABLE

Plasterer or cellophane bees: Bare ground, banks or cliffs. Colletid bees can be active in the morning or later in the day. MOMENT.” Yellow-faced bees: -- LOGAN LEE, In dead stems. These bees are more active during morning hours. PRAIRIE SUPERVISOR Andrenid bees: Sunny, bare ground, sand soil, under leaf litter or in soil in banksides and cliffs. These MIDEWIN NATIONAL generally spring-active bees are most commonly seen on flowers during the morning when pollen and nectar resources are abundant. TALLGRASS PRAIRIE

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 21 A Basic Checklist

Become familiar with pollinators in your landscape.

n Watch for activity throughout the day and the seasons. n Keep a simple notebook of when and what comes to your garden. NOTE: It is not necessary to identify each species when you first get started. Simply note if it is a bee that likes the yellow flower that blooms in the fall. n Consult a local field guide or web site when you are ready to learn more details.

Add native plants to attract more native pollinators.

n List the plants you currently have in your landscape. n Determine when you need additional flowers to provide nectar and pollen throughout the growing season. n Add plants that provide additional seasons of bloom, create variable heights for shelter, and attract the types of pollinators you want. n Don’t forget to include host plants that provide food and shelter for larval development. n Contact your local native plant society or extension agent for more help.

Use pollinator friendly landscape practices to support the pollinators you attract.

n Use Integrated Pest Management Practices to address pest concerns. n Tolerate a little mess – leave dead snags and leaf litter, keep areas bare for ground nesting insects, and leave some weeds that provide food for pollinators. n Provide safe access to clean water.

Notice the changes that you have helped to create!

22 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Resources

Many books, websites, and people were consulted to gather information Native Plants Butterflies and Moths for this guide. Use this list as a Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Plant Conservation Alliance starting point to learn more about Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, www.nps.gov/plants pollinators and plants in your area. coordinators. 2006. Butterflies and of Success Moths of North America. Bozeman, Bailey’s Ecoregion Maps www.nps.gov/plants/sos MT: NBII Mountain Prairie Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Information Node. USDA Forest Service Center www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ www.wildflower.org/plants/ (Version 07192007) ecosysmgmt/ecoreg1_home.html USDA Map Pyle, Robert Michael. 1981. National www.usna.usda/Hardzone/ Audubon Society Field Guide to Pollination/Pollinators U.S. National Arboretum Butterflies. Alfred A. Knopf: New www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ York, NY. Pollinator Partnership ushzmap.html North American Buterfly www.pollinator.org Association USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS www.naba.org Coevolution Institute Database www.coevolution.org www.plants.usda.gov, 19 July, 2007 Natural Resources National Plant Data Center, Feedback Conservation Service Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA www.nrcs.usda.gov We need your help to create better North American Pollinator guides for other parts of North Protection Campaign Native Bees America. Please e-mail your input www.nappc.org to [email protected] USDA Forest Service National Sustainable Information or fax to 415-362-3070. www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/ Service Wild Farm Alliance “Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees” n How will you use this guide? www.wildfarmalliance.org by Lane Greer, NCAT Agriculture Specialist, Published 1999, ATTRA n Do you find the directions The Xerces Society Publication #IP126 clear? If not, please tell us www.xerces.org www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/ what is unclear. Natural History Survey nativebee.html www.inhs.uiuc.edu n Is there any information you Agriculture Research Service feel is missing from the guide? Buchmann, S.L. and G.P. Nabhan. Plants Attractive to Native Bees table 1997. The Forgotten Pollinators www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs. n Island Press: Washington, DC. htm?docid=12052 Any other comments?

Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America. 2007. Thank you Status of Pollinators in North America for taking The National Academies Press: Washington, DC. the time to help!

Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province 23 Research and Writing: Elizabeth L. Ley Stephen Buchmann, Ph.D. NAPPC Katherine McGuire Russell Holmes

Editorial: Laurie Davies Adams and Larry Stritch, Ph.D.

Production Supervision: Katherine McGuire

Design: Marguerite Meyer

Plant Conservation Alliance Concept review: American Farm Bureau Federation, Ron Gaskell Bureau of Land Management, Peggy Olwell, Carol Spurrier, Mary Byrne, Mary Tisdale, Elizabeth Wooster National Garden Association, Susanne DeJohn Plant Conservation Alliance – Edward Fletcher, Jean Giblette, Mary Ann Lawler, Ron Smith Smithsonian Institute, Department of , Gary Krupnick, Ph.D. USDA - CSREES, Greg Crosby, Ph.D., Leslie Gilbert, Ph.D. USDA - Forest Service, David Pivorunas, Larry Stritch, Ph.D. USDA - Natural Resource Conservation Service, Doug Holy, Hilda Diaz-Soltero USDOI - US Fish and Wildlife Service, Karen Anderson, Don MacLean, Patricia DeAngelis, Ph.D. USGS - Steve Hilburger, Elizabeth Sellers

Photo Contributers: Julie Baker

Illustrations: Carolyn Vibbert

For a copy of this brochure, or for another region, visit www.pollinator.org The Pollinator Partnership™/North American Pollinator Protection Campaign 423 Washington St., 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94111 – 415-362-1137

24 www.pollinator.org d www.nappc.org Selecting Plants for Pollinators