Evaluating End Gang Life: a Provincial Anti-Gang Initiative
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Evaluating End Gang Life: A Provincial Anti-Gang Initiative by Ashley A. Pritchard M.A., Simon Fraser University, 2014 B.A. (Hons.), University of British Columbia, 2010 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Ashley A. Pritchard 2019 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2019 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Ashley A. Pritchard Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Evaluating End Gang Life: A Provincial Anti-Gang Initiative Examining Committee: Chair: Robert Ley Associate Professor Kevin Douglas Senior Supervisor Professor Jodi Viljoen Supervisor Associate Professor Nathalie Gagnon Supervisor Faculty Member Department of Criminology Kwantlen Polytechnic University Martin Bouchard Internal Examiner Professor School of Criminology Irwin Cohen External Examiner Associate Professor School of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of the Fraser Valley Date Defended/Approved: April 12, 2019 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract End Gang Life is a provincial anti-gang initiative developed by the Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia (CFSEU-BC). Goals of the initiative include promoting gang awareness, education, and prevention, including disseminating information via public service announcements (PSAs) and presentations in the community. This evaluation examined study participants’ reactions to PSAs and seminars presented by the End Gang Life initiative in three studies. In the Undergraduate Study, participants were exposed to one of 15 PSAs (six videos, six posters, three radio ads) and then completed self-report questionnaires. The questionnaires addressed participants’ opinions about the PSA and participants’ level of antisociality as measured by self-reported offending and psychopathic features. This sample consisted of undergraduate students from Simon Fraser University who completed the study online. The Community Study used a similar design, but was conducted with participants that were recruited from the community. In the High School Study, the sample consisted of high school students in British Columbia. Students completed paper self-report measures following a presentation by the CFSEU-BC. Results showed that undergraduate students and community members were more likely to perceive the PSAs as effective when negative emotions (e.g., sadness) were elicited, the content was perceived to be realistic, and greater sensations were perceived. Generally, these results were seen regardless of the degree of participants’ psychopathic traits, suggesting that PSAs may be of comparable effectiveness regardless of the presence of such traits. Of the three groups, the high school students reported the highest perceived sensations in response to the End Gang Life seminars. Further, the high school students were receptive to the seminars. Findings of this evaluation will help improve the existing initiative and will inform future anti-gang initiatives. Keywords: anti-gang; police; public service announcements; perceived effectiveness; perceived message sensation value; prevention iv Dedication I would like to dedicate my dissertation to my parents for their endless support. v Acknowledgements I would like to first express my gratitude to my senior supervisor, Dr. Kevin Douglas, for his invaluable mentorship over the past ten years. I am truly thankful for the countless opportunities and imparted knowledge he provided, which greatly contributed to my professional development. Additionally, I thank him for the time he dedicated to this dissertation. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Jodi Viljoen and Dr. Nathalie Gagnon, for their time and indispensable feedback. Their expertise was an asset to the project. A special thank you should be given to Staff Sergeant Lindsey Houghton and Mr. Peter Vatic of the Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia for their research collaboration. I would also like to thank my research assistants for their contributions. In addition, I am grateful for the funding provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Finally, and just as importantly, I wish to thank my family and friends from near and far. I am deeply appreciative of their moral support, especially Duncan Greig for his continuous encouragement. vi Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................ ii Ethics Statement ...............................................................................................................iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iv Dedication ......................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents .............................................................................................................vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... x List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1. General Introduction ................................................................................. 1 1.1. What is a Gang? ..................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1. Gang membership ........................................................................................... 2 1.1.2. Gangs in Canada ............................................................................................ 4 1.1.3. Gang control strategies ................................................................................... 6 1.2. Anti-Gang Mass Media Initiatives ............................................................................ 6 1.2.1. Before End Gang Life ...................................................................................... 6 1.2.2. The End Gang Life initiative ............................................................................ 7 PSAs .......................................................................................................................... 8 Myths and Realities video modules ........................................................................... 8 Seminars .................................................................................................................... 8 Program Logic Model ................................................................................................. 9 1.3. Mass Media Campaigns .......................................................................................... 9 1.3.1. Perceived message sensation value ............................................................. 10 1.3.2. Perceived effectiveness ................................................................................ 11 1.3.3. Mode of information transfer ......................................................................... 11 1.3.4. What works in mass media campaigns ......................................................... 12 1.3.5. Theories ........................................................................................................ 12 Activation theory of information exposure ................................................................ 13 Elaboration likelihood theory .................................................................................... 13 Theory of reasoned action ....................................................................................... 14 1.4. Study Objectives ................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2. Undergraduate Study .............................................................................. 18 2.1. Overview ............................................................................................................... 18 2.2. Method .................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.1. Participants ................................................................................................... 18 2.2.2. Procedure ...................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3. Measures ...................................................................................................... 19 Public Service Announcement Questionnaire ......................................................... 19 PMSV Scale ............................................................................................................. 20 Self-Report of Offending .......................................................................................... 20 vii Gang Attitudes Scale ............................................................................................... 21 Triarchic Psychopathy Measure .............................................................................. 21 Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality Self-Report