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wo wo 21 ~ ;k!, . .... .... Yt W:j . 2: mamew~ ,jrýk, msolkw Olm. oo r. mix~ p 4 la going W, 11 ill M Ii. immel hell .1m"dmgdmgdmdwmawaw . ... ... ...... ..... im ljniffi alibi: Nwalm, Offi . ..... Offi Offi 1160.1 00 i Wi 001.1 Ni .......... iw ........... .... ~New~ .1mall 0 111 all . ........ ....... AP AÅL- A SURVEY OF RACE RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA 1964 Compiled by MURIEL HORRELL Research Officer South African Institute of Race Relations SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS P.O. Box 97 JOHANNESBURG 1965 ACKNOWLEDGEM ENTS Again Dr. Ellen Hellmann checked the manuscript of this Survey, made invaluable suggestions for its improvement, contributed material to fill various gaps, and gave constant encouragement. Dr. Hellmann's help was appreciated more than ever this year because the writer had been overseas for five months and out of close touch with the South African scene. During this period Miss Mary Draper of the Institute's staff spent a great deal of time collecting material for the Survey, analysing legislation, and summarizing official documents. She was assisted by Miss Lesley Cawood and Miss Brenda Adams. Very sincere appreciation is expressed to them for their contributions. Mr. Quintin Whyte and Mr. F. J. van Wyk kindly checked certain sections of the manuscript. Mr. Stanley Osler generously allowed the writer to make use of educational material he had obtained. Numerous Government and Provincial Departments furnished information. The writer is indebted, too, to Mrs. Merle Stoltenkamp and Mrs. M. Dickson, who did the typing; to Mr. L. Hotz and Mrs. A. Honeywill, who saw the manuscript through the Press; to the staff of the Institute's library; and to the printers, The Natal Witness (Pty.) Ltd. NOTES Period covered This Survey is stated to be for the year 1964. As it was wished to have it published early in 1965, however, it was impossible to include mention of certain events that occurred during the closing weeks of the year. This will be done in the next issue. Dates All dates mentioned refer to the year 1964 unless otherwise stated. Printed In South Africa by The Natal Witness (Pty) Ltd., Pietermarltzburg. iii CONTENTS Political Parties Page N ationalist Party .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... 1 U nited Party .... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... 3 Progressive Party ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... 4 Liberal Party ............. ........................ 6 Conservative Republican Party ... .... ... ... ....... ... ... 7 Coloured and Indian organizations ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 African organizations ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... 8 Organizations Concerned with Race Relations The Churches: A nglican Church ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 Ecumenical conversations ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... 10 Presbyterian Church ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... 11 M ethodist Church ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... 11 Catholic Church ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... 11 Christian Council ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... 11 Christian Institute ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... 12 Attacks on Mr. Naud6 and Mr. Engelbrecht ............. 13 Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk ....................... 14 African Moderator of N.G. Missionary Church ......... 15 Conference of World Alliance of Reformed Churches ...... 15 M indolo consultation ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... 16 Inter-denominational service in Grahamstown ............ 17 Publication on the Churches and Race Relations ......... 17 Religions of the population, 1960 ... ... .... ... ... ... 17 S.A. Institute of Race Relations: 1964 Council meeting ...... 18 S.A. Bureau of Racial Affairs ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... 19 Black Sash ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... 20 Rotary Club ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... 20 Afrikaner Broederbond ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... 20 Attacks on liberalism and communism ................... 22 African Foundation ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... 24 Organizations Involved in Sabotage Organizations operating in 1963 ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... 25 Subsequent information on Yu Chi Chan Club ............ 25 iv A SURVEY OF RACE Spear of the Nation: Organization and aims (26), Operation Mayibuye (27), Alleged link with the S.A. Communist Party (28), Involvement of the A.N.C. (29), Military training (29), Crushing of the Spear (30). African Resistance Movement ............................ 30 Acts of sabotage in 1964 ... .... ....... .... ...... ... ... 31 Security measures Further strengthening of Defence Force ..................... 34 Division of Emergency Planning ........................ 34 Police Reserve . .. .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... 35 Protected places .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... 35 Provisions of the General Law Amendment Act of 1964: Recalcitrant witnesses (36), Evidence of accomplices (36), Training in sabotage (38), Detention for twelve days (38). Control of entry into African areas ........................ 39 Control of publications, and the S.A. Broadcasting Corporation Banning of publications: Legislation .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... ... 40 Publications which have been banned ................. 40 The Press: Press Code of the S.A. Newspaper Press Union .......... 42 Report of the Press Commission ..................... 43 Comments by Sir de Villiers Graaff ..................... 44 Comments by the S.A. Press Association ................. 45 Possible legislation for control of the Press .............. 46 Circulation of newspapers .... ... .... ....... ....... ... 46 Action taken against certain journals ................. 47 Certain Press Gallery reporters ....... .... ... .... ... ... 48 Award to Mr. Gandar ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ....... 48 S.A. Broadcasting Corporation .... ... .... ... .... ....... ... 48 Control of persons Travel documents: Passports (50), Permanent exit permits (51), Visas (51), Residence permits (52), Prohibited immigrants (52). "Listed" persons: Reasons for "listing" (52), Numbers involved (52), Named communists in the educational profession (53), And in the legal profession (53). Banning orders: Types of orders (54), Numbers of orders served (54), House arrest (55), Prosecutions for failure to comply with the terms of banning orders (55), Definition of a social gathering (55). Continued detention of Mr. Sobukwe ..................... 56 RELATIONS: 1964 v Banishment of Africans .... ... .... ... .... ....... ... ... 57 Detention under emergency regulations for the Transkei ...... 57 Detention for Interrogation Provisions of the law: The Act of 1963 (59), Statements by detained persons (59), Extension of provisions of Section 17 (60). Decisions relating to the operation of Section 17: Legality of re-arrest after 90 days (60), Statements by legal practitioners (61), Reading matter and writing materials may be forbidden (61), Access of detainees to courts of law is debarred (62), Interference with the processes of the courts (63), Responsibility for decision to detain persons (63), Regulations relating to detainees, and places of detention (63), Purpose of detention (64). Numbers detained .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... ... 64 Conditions of detention .... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 66 Families of detainees .... .... ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... 67 Alleged assaults on detainees: Statements by the Minister ....... .... ... .... ....... ... 68 Examples of complaints: Mothopeng case (69), Schermbrucker case (69), Levy, Trewhela, and Gazides (70), Application to the Supreme Court (70), Brooks and Kemp (71), Maharaj (71), Lewin (71). Mental and psychological effects of detention .............. 71 Protests during the year .... .... ... .... ... .... ....... ... 74 Suspension of 90-day clause ....... .... ... ... .... ... ... 74 Refugees from South Africa Num bers .... ... .... .... ... .... ... ... ... Prominent persons who escaped before 1964 ... Refugees in Swaziland .... ... .... ... ... ... Refugees in Basutoland ...... Refugees escaping via Bechuanaland ...... Prominent persons who escaped in 164 ...... Escapes via the Rhodesias (Miss Sy.- nii3-'on and Alleged vigilante group outside Scuth Africa ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mr. Higgs) ... ... ... ... ... Trials for Political Offences Total numbers accused and s:ntenzzd ............... Successful appeals ....... .......... Notes on certain persons c'harge I in 1963 Trials of alleged member3 cf t'e YCCC ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... vi A SURVEY OF RACE Rivonia trial: Arrests (87), Opening of trial (87), Charges laid (87), Notes on evidence led (88), Responsibility for acts of sabotage mentioned in indictment (88), Verdict and sentences (89). Other "Spear" cases: Mkwayi and others (89), Nair and others (90), Mashaba and others (90), Matsemela case (91), Mrs. Moodley and others (91). African Resistance Movement (or National Committee for Liberation) cases: Hirson and others (92), Evans and Laredo (92), Daniels and de Keller (93), Brooks and others (93), Harris (93). Notes on cases involving alleged members of African Resistance M ovem ent ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 95 Other cases of sabotage: Schoon and others (95), Isaacs and others (95). Alleged members of S.A. Communist Party ................. 96 Membership of other banned organizations ................. 97 Voluntary assistance given to political prisoners .............