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HS-SPME and Microdistillation Isolation Methods for the Volatile Compounds of Bergamot Fruits Cultivated in Turkey
Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2019; 6(4): 21-25 Ağalar et al. RESEARCH ARTICLE HS-SPME and microdistillation isolation methods for the volatile compounds of bergamot fruits cultivated in Turkey Hale Gamze Ağalar1,*, Burak Temiz2 and Betül Demirci1 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Tepebasi, Eskisehir, TURKEY 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, 26470, Tepebasi, Eskisehir, TURKEY *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract Bergamot fruits are important for cosmetic, perfumery, food and drug industries. Bergamot essential oil is well characterized and is used extensively in many flavours and fragrances. In the present study, the bergamot fruits cultivated in Adana were collected for the isolation of the volatiles in the peels, by microdistillation and headspace-solid phase microextraction (SP-SPME) techniques. The fresh peels of the fruits subjected to microdistillation were analysed by GC and GC-MS systems, simultaneously. In the same time, to trap volatile compounds in the fresh peels HS-SPME technique was employed. As result, limonene (32.9, 36.8%), linalool (37.3, 16.6%) and linalyl acetate (7.8, 30.2%) were identified as the major compounds comparable in the peels obtained by microdistillation and HS-SPME, respectively. Keywords: Citrus x bergamia, bergamot, microdistillation, HS-SPME, volatiles Introduction Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit. belonging to the Rutaceae family is defined as a hybrid between a sour orange (C. aurantium L.) and lemon (C. limon L. Burm. f.) or formed as a mutation of the latter. In the same time, bergamot is thought to be a hybrid between a sour orange and lime (Navarra et al., 2015). -
Bergamot Essential Oil Attenuates Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Rats
molecules Article Bergamot Essential Oil Attenuates Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Rats Laura Rombolà 1, Laura Tridico 1, Damiana Scuteri 1, Tsukasa Sakurada 2, Shinobu Sakurada 3, Hirokazu Mizoguchi 3, Pinarosa Avato 4, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti 5, Giacinto Bagetta 1 and Luigi Antonio Morrone 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (L.T.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (G.B.) 2 First Department of Pharmacology, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 815-8511 Fukuoka, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 981-8558 Sendai, Japan; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (H.M.) 4 Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, IT-70125 Bari, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0984-493-054; Fax: +39-0984-493-107 Academic Editor: Olga Tzakou Received: 15 March 2017; Accepted: 9 April 2017; Published: 11 April 2017 Abstract: Preclinical studies have recently highlighted that bergamot essential oil (BEO) is endowed with remarkable neurobiolological effects. BEO can affect synaptic transmission, modulate electroencephalographic activity and it showed neuroprotective and analgesic properties. The phytocomplex, along with other essential oils, is also widely used in aromatherapy to minimize symptoms of stress-induced anxiety and mild mood disorders. However, only limited preclinical evidences are actually available. -
Neuroprotective Potential of Limonene and Limonene Containing Natural Products
molecules Review Neuroprotective Potential of Limonene and Limonene Containing Natural Products Lujain Bader Eddin 1 , Niraj Kumar Jha 2 , M. F. Nagoor Meeran 1 , Kavindra Kumar Kesari 3,4 , Rami Beiram 1 and Shreesh Ojha 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] (L.B.E.); [email protected] (M.F.N.M.); [email protected] (R.B.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland; kavindra.kesari@aalto.fi 4 Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Limonene is a monoterpene confined to the family of Rutaceae, showing several biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antinociceptive and gastroprotective characteristics. Recently, there is notable interest in investigating the pharmacological effects of limonene in various chronic diseases due to its mitigating effect on oxidative stress and inflam- mation and regulating apoptotic cell death. There are several available studies demonstrating the neuroprotective role of limonene in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Citation: Eddin, L.B.; Jha, N.K.; multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, anxiety, and stroke. The high abundance of limonene in nature, its Meeran, M.F.N.; Kesari, K.K.; Beiram, safety profile, and various mechanisms of action make this monoterpene a favorable molecule to R.; Ojha, S. -
1D3fc8bde9f6b59ed96a39c48a1
Molecules 2013, 18, 10639-10647; doi:10.3390/molecules180910639 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Communication Volatile Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Peel, Flowers and Leaf Oils of Citrus aurantium L. Growing in Greece Eirini Sarrou 1,*, Paschalina Chatzopoulou 2, Kortessa Dimassi-Theriou 1 and Ioannis Therios 1 1 Laboratory of Pomology, School of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-Mails: [email protected] (K.D.-T.); [email protected] (I.T.) 2 Hellenic Agricultural Organization - Demeter (former NAGREF), Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-2310-998-603; Fax: +30-2310-472-497. Received: 24 June 2013; in revised form: 23 August 2013 / Accepted: 28 August 2013 / Published: 2 September 2013 Abstract: The volatile constituents of the essential oils of the peel, flower (neroli) and leaves (petitgrain) of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) growing in Greece were studied by GC-MS. The analytical procedures enabled the quantitative determination of 31 components. More specifically, the components of the essential oils identified were: twelve in the peel, twenty-six in the flowers, and twenty and sixteen in old and young leaves, respectively. The major constituents of the different parts of Citrus aurantium L. essential oils were: β-pinene (0.62%–19.08%), limonene (0.53%–94.67%), trans-β-ocimene (3.11%–6.06%), linalool (0.76%–58.21%), and α-terpineol (0.13%–12.89%). The DPPH test demonstrated that the essential oils in the old leaves had the maximum antioxidant activity, followed by the flowers, young leaves and the peel in that order. -
FEMA GRAS Assessment of Natural Flavor Complexes Citrus-Derived
Food and Chemical Toxicology 124 (2019) 192–218 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food and Chemical Toxicology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Citrus-derived T flavoring ingredients Samuel M. Cohena, Gerhard Eisenbrandb, Shoji Fukushimac, Nigel J. Gooderhamd, F. Peter Guengeriche, Stephen S. Hechtf, Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjensg, Maria Bastakih, ∗ Jeanne M. Davidsenh, Christie L. Harmanh, Margaret McGowenh, Sean V. Taylori, a Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198- 3135, USA b Food Chemistry & Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany c Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan d Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom e Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA f Masonic Cancer Center, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA g Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands h Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, NW Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA i Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, NW Suite 700, Washington, DC,20036,USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation Citrus of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients. This publication isthe Natural flavor complex first in a series and summarizes the evaluation of54 Citrus-derived NFCs using the procedure outlined in Smith Botanical et al. -
Safety Assessment of Citrus Flower- and Leaf-Derived Ingredients As Used in Cosmetics
Safety Assessment of Citrus Flower- and Leaf-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics Status: Final Report Release Date: January 18, 2017 Panel Meeting Date: December 5-6, 2016 The 2016 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chairman, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Director is Lillian J. Gill, DPA. This safety assessment was prepared by Christina L. Burnett, Scientific Analyst/Writer and Bart Heldreth, Ph.D., Chemist CIR. © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1620 L St NW, Suite 1200◊ Washington, DC 20036-4702 ◊ ph 202.331.0651 ◊fax 202.331.0088 ◊ [email protected] ABSTRACT The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 33 Citrus flower- and leaf-derived ingredients, which are most frequently reported to function in cosmetics as fragrances and/or skin conditioning agents. The Panel reviewed the available data to determine the safety of these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing similar constituents of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and to avoid reaching levels that may be hazardous to consumers. With Citrus flower- and leaf-derived ingredients, the Panel was concerned about the presence of the hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool in cosmetics. Industry should use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities that could be present in botanical ingredients. -
Pup & Pony Approved Essential Oils
PUP PONY By Plant Therapy Pup & Pony Approved Essential Oils SINGLES Balsam Fir Elemi Lavender Fine Peppermint Bergamot Eucalyptus Globulus Lemon* Peppermint Western US Black Pepper Eucalyptus Radiata Lemon Essence Peru Balsam* Blood Orange Fennel Sweet Lemon Eucalyptus Petitgrain Caraway Seed CO2 Fir Needle Lemon SD Rosalina Cardamom Frankincense Carteri CO2 Lemongrass* Rose Absolute* Carrot Seed Frankincense Carteri Lime* Rose Otto* Catnip** Frankincense Frereana Lime SD Rosemary 1,8-Cineole Cedarwood Atlas Frankincense Serrata Mandarin Sandalwood Australian Cedarwood Himalayan Frankincense Serrata CO2 Mandarin Green Essence Sandalwood Indian Cedarwood Texas Geranium Bourbon Marjoram Sweet Spearmint* Cedarwood Virginian Geranium Egyptian May Chang* Sweet Orange Chamomile German CO2 Ginger Root CO2 Melissa* Tangerine Chamomile German Grapefruit Pink* Myrrh Thyme Linalool Chamomile Roman Helichrysum italicum Neroli Vetiver Citronella* Jasmine Absolute* Niaouli ct 1,8-cineole Ylang Ylang Complete* Clary Sage Juniper Berry Nutmeg Ylang Ylang Extra* Copaiba Oleoresin Kumquat Orange Essence Coriander Seed Lavandin Palmarosa Cypress Lavender Patchouli BLENDS Anti Age Defender Joyful Creation Silky Soft Study Time Balance Energy PoopEase Skin Restore Tranquil Blues Buster Happy Place Relax Skin Soother Tension Tamer Calming The Child Higher Connection Ripple Reducer Soothe Worry Free Citrus Burst Hocus Focus Sensual Sore No More Zit Fighter Clear Again Invigor Aid Shield Me Spring Blossoms Disclaimer: The essential oils available on this list are generally considered safe for use with dogs and horses when diluted or diffused according to Plant Therapy's Pup & Pony guidelines. It is important to remember that animals are sensitive to strong scents and some may not withstand the use of essential oils. If your animal experiences any kind of adverse reaction to the essential oils on this list please discontinue use immediately and contact your vet. -
Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology
Entry Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology Marco Valussi 1,* , Davide Donelli 2 , Fabio Firenzuoli 3 and Michele Antonelli 2 1 Herbal and Traditional Medicine Practitioners Association (EHTPA), Norwich NR3 1HG, UK 2 AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia RE, Italy; [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (M.A.) 3 CERFIT, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Firenze FI, Italy; fabio.firenzuoli@unifi.it * Correspondence: [email protected] Definition: Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is the result of the mechanical manipulation (cold pressing) of the exocarp (flavedo) of the hesperidium of Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Bergamot Group (synonym Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.), resulting in the bursting of the oil cavities embedded in the flavedo and the release of their contents. It is chemically dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene), but with significant percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e., linalyl acetate) and of non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic compounds (i.e., bergapten). Keywords: bergamot; citrus; essential oil; production; review 1. Introduction The taxonomy, and consequently the nomenclature, of the genus Citrus, is particularly complicated and has been rapidly changing in recent years (see Table1). For over 400 years, the centre of origin and biodiversity, along with the evolution and phylogeny of the Citrus species, have all been puzzling problems for botanists and the confusing and changing Citation: Valussi, M.; Donelli, D.; nomenclature of this taxon over the years can reflect intrinsic reproductive features of Firenzuoli, F.; Antonelli, M. Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, the species included in this genus, the cultural and geographical issues, and the rapidly Pharmacology. Encyclopedia 2021, 1, evolving techniques used to clarify its phylogeny [1]. -
The Fascinating History of Bergamot (Citrus Bergamia Risso & Poiteau
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A 6 (2017) 22-30 doi:10.17265/2162-5298/2017.01.003 D DAVID PUBLISHING The Fascinating History of Bergamot (Citrus Bergamia Risso & Poiteau), the Exclusive Essence of Calabria: A Review Gina Maruca1, Gaetano Laghetti1, Rocco Mafrica2, Domenico Turiano3 and Karl Hammer4 1. Institute of Bioscience and Bioresouces, National Council of Research, Bari 70126, Italy 2. Institute of Agronomy, Department of Agrarian, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria 89122, Italy 3. Sperimental Demonstrative Centre of the Straits of Messina, Regional Administration for the Development of the Calabrian Agriculture, Reggio Calabria 89100, Italy 4. Former Agrobiodiversity, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen D-37213, Germany Abstract: The bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau), a citrus fruit growing almost exclusively in the South Italy, is considered the “prince of citrus” for its storical role in the perfume industry due to its essential oil, a product in great demand of a pleasant and refreshing scent. Recently, analgesic, anxiolytic, neuroprotective consistent effects have been ascribed to bergamot essential oil when it is used in aromatherapy, for the relief of pain and symptoms associated with stress-induced anxiety and depression. Moreover, today, bergamot fruit due to a considerable abundance and variety of nutraceutical compounds which are present in its juice, is becoming increasingly important also in the food, pharmaceutical and confectionery industries. In this review, it is discussed that the literature on C. bergamia, focusing on the several studies performed with the experimental data, and recently accumulated, may form the rational basis for further development. Key words: Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso & Poiteau), essential oil. -
Dōterra Neroli Touch Citrus X Aurantium 10 Ml Roll-On PRODUCT INFORMATION PAGE
dōTERRA Neroli Touch Citrus x aurantium 10 mL Roll-on PRODUCT INFORMATION PAGE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Neroli essential oil is derived from the flowers of the bitter orange tree; in fact, there are three oils derived from this same tree—Orange is derived from the orange peels, Petitgrain from the leaves and twigs, and Neroli from the flower. Much research has been conducted regarding the aroma of Neroli essential oil. According to research, Neroli instills relaxation, uplifts mood, reduces feelings of anxiousness, and promotes overall well-being. Applied topically, Neroli can be used to soothe skin and reduce the appearance of blemishes. USES • Apply topically to help soothe the skin. • Combine Neroli, Lavender, Ylang Ylang, and Marjoram essential oils for a relaxing and aromatic massage experience. Application: • Apply to pulse points throughout the day to uplift mood. Ingredients: Fractionated Coconut Oil, Neroli Flower • Use when experiencing anxious feelings. Aromatic Description: Sweet, floral, citrusy, fresh Main Chemical Components: Linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, nerolidol, terpineol, terpinyl DIRECTIONS FOR USE acetate Topical use: Apply one to two drops to desired area. See additional precautions below. PRIMARY BENEFITS CAUTIONS • Creates an uplifting atmosphere Possible skin sensitivity. Keep out of reach of children. If you are pregnant, nursing, or under a doctor’s care, • May help reduce feelings of anxiousness consult your physician. Avoid contact with eyes, inner ears, • Soothes skin and sensitive areas. • Encourages relaxation dōTERRA Neroli Touch Citrus x aurantium 10 mL Roll-on Part Number: 60201817 Wholesale: $47.00 Retail: $62.67 PV: 47 All words with trademark or registered trademark symbols are trademarks or registered trademarks of dōTERRA Holdings, LLC ©2018 dōTERRA Holdings, LLC Neroli Touch PIP US 012621. -
Evoil Spa Bergamot
EVOIL® SPA BERGAMOT PRODUCT DATA SHEET EVOIL® SPA BERGAMOT is a composition of vegetable oils and bergamot essential oil in order to create a multi- functional oil. Plants elaborate essential oils with the purpose of protecting themselves from diseases, drive away predator insects or attract beneficial insects. Essential oils act, among other ways, by stimulating the sense of smell, harmonizing the psychic and emotional states since smell is directly connected to the zone of the brain where the center of emotions is located. Essential oils by themselves are very powerful concentrates, and unless indicated otherwise, should not be directly applied to the skin or irritation can result. EVOIL® SPA BERGAMOT is formulated in natural vegetable oils: Sweet Almond, Jojoba, Grape seed and Sunflower oils, all of them renowned for their excellent emollient properties. DESCRIPTION OF INGREDIENTS BERGAMOT OIL is the essential oil obtained by steam- distillation from Citrus bergamia, a South East Asia native plant, but then introduced to Europe, and particularly Italy. Its aroma is described as citric, fruity and sweet. Historically, BERGAMOT OIL has been an ingredient in Italian folk remedies for fevers and worms for centuries. BERGAMOT OIL contains about 300 active constituents. This may explain its many beneficial uses. The main active components are -pinene, myrcene, limonene and -bergaptene. The high content in -bergaptene may cause increased photosensitivity when the skin is exposed to sunlight. Another property of BERGAMOT ESSENTIAL OIL is that it has superb antiseptic qualities that are useful for skin disorders, such as acne, oily skin conditions and eczema and it can also be used on cold sores and wounds. -
Neroli N10105
GC/MS BATCH NUMBER: N10105 ESSENTIAL OIL: NEROLI BOTANICAL NAME: CITRUS X AURANTIUM ORIGIN: MOROCCO KEY CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN THIS BATCH OF % NEROLI OIL LINALOOL 38.9 LIMONENE 13.9 β-PINENE 10.6 trans-β-OCIMENE 6.3 α-TERPINEOL 4.1 (E)-NEROLIDOL 3.5 GERANYL ACETATE 3.1 LINALYL ACETATE 3.4 GERANIOL 2.6 MYRCENE 2.0 (2E,6E)-FARNESOL 1.7 NERYL ACETATE 1.6 Comments from Robert Tisserand: Exquisite, green-fresh, floral odor quality. All seventeen ISO standards are within range for Moroccan Neroli oil. 510 2nd St S. Twin Falls, ID 83301 * 800-917-6577 * planttherapy.com facebook.com/PlantTherapy * planttherapy.com/blog Date : January 10, 2018 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION Internal code : 18A04-PTH5-1-CC Customer identification : Neroli - Morroco - N1010576R Type : Essential oil Source : Citrus aurantium ssp. amara Customer : Plant Therapy ANALYSIS Method : PC-PA-001-15E06, "Analysis of the composition of a liquid essential oil by GC-FID" (in French). Identifications double-checked by GC-MS Analyst : Sylvain Mercier, M. Sc., chimiste Analysis date : 2018-01-10 Checked and approved by : Alexis St-Gelais, M. Sc., chimiste 2013-174 Note: This report may not be published, including online, without the written consent from Laboratoire PhytoChemia. This report is digitally signed, it is only considered valid if the digital signature is intact. Page 1 of 5 Essential oil, Citrus aurantium ssp. amara Customer Identification: Report prepared for Internal Code: 18A04-PTH5-1-CC Neroli - Morroco - N1010576R Plant Therapy IDENTIFIED COMPOUNDS Column: BP5 Column: WAX Identification Molecular Class R.T. R.I. % % R.I.