Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Flavouring Substances Via Consumption of Flavoured Teas

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Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Flavouring Substances Via Consumption of Flavoured Teas TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Flavouring Substances via Consumption of Flavoured Teas Anne-Marie Orth Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wilfried Schwab Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Engel 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Peter Schieberle Die Dissertation wurde am 04.03.2016 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 05.07.2016 angenommen. ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY EXPOSURE TO FLAVOURING SUBSTANCES VIA CONSUMPTION OF FLAVOURED TEAS Anne-Marie Orth This thesis was embedded in the 7 th framework EU-funded project FACET (Flavourings, Additives and Food Contact Materials Exposure Task ; Theme 2: Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, and Biotechnology, KBBE -211686). DANKSAGUNG Meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Engel danke ich herzlich für die Überlassung des Themas im Rahmen des EU-Projektes FACET, das mir die Möglichkeit bot einen Einblick in ein internationales Umfeld zu gewinnen und dort arbeiten zu dürfen. Besonders bedanke ich mich für die zahlreichen anregenden Diskussionen und die fortwährende Hilfe bei fachlichen Fragestellungen. Darüber hinaus gilt mein Dank meinen ehemaligen Kolleginnen und Kollegen des Lehrstuhls für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, die mich nicht nur jederzeit in jeglicher Hinsicht unterstützten, sondern mich vor allem als Mitglied eines großartigen Teams in ihre Mitte aufnahmen: Bastian Reichardt, Birgit Scholz, Rebecca Esche, Alexandra Wenzel, Andreas Barnsteiner, Tim Lubinus, Richard Röhlig, Thomas Frank, Walter Weiss, Kriskamol Na Jom, Florian Luber, Anja Demmel, Svenja Nörenberg, Claudia Steinmetz, Gerda Röske und Ludwig Ziegler. Mein Dank gilt weiterhin Oxana Fastowski und Iulia Poplacean für die tatkräftige Unterstützung bei den praktischen Laborarbeiten und vor allem für ihre Geduld und Nachsicht, jegliche Variationen von Tee nach meinen (zu) genauen Anweisungen aufzuarbeiten, außerdem Lu Yu, Laura Krikkay und Johanna Spanner für die erfolgreiche Mitarbeit im Rahmen ihrer Bachelorarbeiten. Ganz besonders möchte ich Katrin Schrade für ihre langjährige Begleitung seit Studienzeiten danken, die nicht zugelassen hat, dass ich (mich) in schwierigen Zeiten aufgebe, und mir nicht nur als Kollegin, sondern vor allem als Freundin stets zur Seite stand. Weiterhin möchte ich mich bei den Mitarbeitern des INRAN Institutes für die hervoragende Zusammenarbeit zwischen Freising und Rom bedanken, vor allem bei Catherine Leclerq, Antonio Raffo und Lorenza Mistura. Für seine geduldige Hilfestellung und Beratung zu statistischen Auswertungen danke ich Herrn Hannes Petermeier sehr. Mein großer Dank gilt meiner gesamten Familie, vor allem meinen Eltern, meinen Schwestern und meinem Opa, die immer an mich glaubten und mich stets motivierten. TABLE OF CONTENTS I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES .....................................................................1 2 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................3 2.1 Dietary exposure assessment ......................................................................................... 3 2.2 Risk assessment of flavouring substances ...................................................................... 3 2.2.1 Models for dietary exposure estimations .................................................................. 5 2.2.2 The FACET Project .................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Tea.................................................................................................................................. 7 2.3.1 Black tea .................................................................................................................. 7 2.3.1.1 Manufacturing of black tea ................................................................................... 7 2.3.1.2 Flavouring substances in black tea ...................................................................... 8 2.3.2 Flavoured tea ........................................................................................................... 8 2.3.2.1 Earl Grey tea ....................................................................................................... 8 2.3.2.2 Fruit tea ............................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Bergamot – a unique citrus fruit ..................................................................................... 10 2.4.1 Botanical classification, history and application ...................................................... 10 2.4.2 Production of citrus peel oils ................................................................................... 11 2.4.3 Composition of bergamot essential oil .................................................................... 13 2.4.4 Impact factors on bergamot oil composition ............................................................ 14 2.4.4.1 Harvest time ...................................................................................................... 14 2.4.4.2 Harvest season .................................................................................................. 16 2.4.4.3 Origin ................................................................................................................. 17 2.4.4.4 Cultivars............................................................................................................. 18 2.4.4.5 Latitude .............................................................................................................. 18 2.4.4.6 Storage .............................................................................................................. 19 2.4.4.7 Type of processing ............................................................................................ 19 2.4.4.8 Rootstock ........................................................................................................... 20 2.4.4.9 Treatment options .............................................................................................. 20 2.4.5 Enantiomeric distributions of flavouring substances in bergamot oil ....................... 21 2.4.6 Enantiomeric distributions of linalool from other natural sources ............................ 22 2.4.7 Sensory evaluation of bergamot oil ........................................................................ 22 2.4.8 Authenticity assessment of bergamot oil ................................................................ 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS II 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................ 25 3.1 Materials ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.1 Sample material ..................................................................................................... 25 3.1.2 Chemicals .............................................................................................................. 26 3.1.3 Synthesis of reference compounds......................................................................... 28 3.2 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 29 3.2.1 Isolation of flavouring substances ........................................................................... 29 3.2.1.1 Tea leaves ......................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1.2 Tea infusions ..................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1.3 Residual tea material ......................................................................................... 31 3.2.1.4 Storage .............................................................................................................. 31 3.2.1.5 Water / tea infusion stability of linalyl acetate ..................................................... 31 3.2.1.6 ‘Forest fruit’ tea and ‘forest fruit’ tea infusions .................................................... 31 3.2.2 Identification of flavouring substances .................................................................... 34 3.2.2.1 Determination of linear retention indices ............................................................ 34 3.2.3 Quantifications ....................................................................................................... 35 3.2.3.1 Tea leaves ......................................................................................................... 35 3.2.3.2 Tea infusions and residual tea material .............................................................. 35 3.2.3.3 Water / tea infusion stability of linalyl acetate ..................................................... 35 3.2.3.4 Fruit tea material and fruit tea infusions ............................................................. 36 3.2.3.5 Enantiomeric distributions .................................................................................. 37 3.2.3.6 Determination of recovery
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