Kesalahan Bacaan Al-Quran Dalam Tilawah Al-Quran Dan Kriteria Evaluasi

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Kesalahan Bacaan Al-Quran Dalam Tilawah Al-Quran Dan Kriteria Evaluasi KESALAHAN BACAAN AL-QURAN DALAM TILAWAH AL-QURAN DAN KRITERIA EVALUASI Najmiah Binti Omar Nor Hafizi bin Yusof Fatimah Zaharah Ismail Wan Fajrulhisyam bin Wan Abdullah Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia Abstrak: Secara umumnya, kesalahan dalam tilawah al-Quran terbagi kepada dua bahagian yaitu kesalahan Jaliyy atau nyata dan kesalahan Khafiyy atau tersembunyi. Kedua-dua kesalahan ini bisa merusak bacaan, mengurangkan kesempurnaan bacaan, tiada ketartilan dalam bacaan al-Quran dan membawa kepada pengurangan markah dalam majelis tilawah al- Quran. Kesalahan dalam bacaan al-Quran melibatkan aspek fasahah, suara, tarannum, dan tajwid. Oleh itu, bacaan al-Quran yang sempurna adalah bacaan yang kurang kesalahan daripada ciri-ciri yang disebutkan tadi. Dengan mengenal pasti kesalahan tersebut dapat dijadikan garis panduan secara khusus bagi qari dan qariah yang hendak membaca al-Quran. Kata Kunci: bacaan, Al-Quran, tilawah 115 Jurnal TAMADDUN – FAI UMG. Vol. XXI. No.1 / Januari 2020 PENDAHULUAN Quran Peringkat Kebangsaan Ke-59 Tahun Pengertian Kesalahan Jaliyy dan 2016”, menjelaskan tentang dua jenis Kesalahan Khafiyy kesalahan yang terdapat dalam bacaan al- Quran yaitu Kesalahan Jaliy dan Kesalahan alam ilmu tajwid, kesalahan Khafiy. Kesalahan dalam bacaan al-Quran dalam membaca al Quran ada atau dalam bahasa Arab disebut al-Lahn dua jenis yaitu yang disebut D adalah kesalahan yang berlaku pada i’rab dengan ‘Lahn Jaliyy’ dan ‘Lahn Khafiyy’. dan berlawanan dengan wajah yang betul Lahn Jaliyy adalah kesalahan yang besar pada nahu, manakala dalam ilmu tajwid, al- manakala kesalahan Khafiyy adalah kesa- Lahn merupakan kesalahan pada bacaan dan lahan yang ringan. Kesalahan Jaliyy adalah terpesong dari yang betul. kesalahan yang jika dilakukan oleh pembaca al-Quran bahkan kesengajaannya menjeru- Artikel ini juga memuatkan contoh- muskannya pada amaliah yang haram seperti contoh kesalahan jaliy dan khafiy. Bagi tertukarnya huruf-huruf yang dibaca, baris kesalahan jaliy, samada menyebabkan perubahan makna atau tidak, ia dikira atau harakat yang berubah karena kurangnya sikap ketelitian pembaca. Sedangkan Lahn sebagai kesalahan yang berat dan boleh Khafiyy adalah kesalahan yang tergolong membawa kepada dosa ke atas pembaca al- ringan seperti tidak menyempurnakan Quran sekiranya dia mampu untuk belajar. kaidah panjang sebagaimana yang diminta Kesalahan Khafiy pula adalah kesalahan atau tidak menahan dengungan ‘ghunnah’ yang dilakukan oleh pembaca al-Quran pada sebagaimana kaidahnya. Kesalahan ini hukum-hukum tajwid seperti menghilang- walaupun tergolong ringan, tetapi telah kan sebuah ghunnah atau mad atau idgham. mencemari keindahan al Quran dari segi Kesalahan ini mempunyai pelbagai bacaannya jika tidak diindahkan oleh para peringkat antaranya peringkat yang ringan pembacanya. Dengan mempelajari tahsin al dan peringkat yang lebih ringan umpama Quran, maka setiap pembaca telah mem- kesalahan sebahagian kecil dari tajwid bangun kepedulian untuk mengenali jenis- seperti mengurangkan derajat ghunnah yaitu jenis kesalahan ini dan menghindarinya, dengung atau meringankan dari hadnya. maka selamatlah ia dari kesalahan tersebut. Hukum kesalahan ini adalah makruh, ada Sebuah artikel kertas kerja daripada juga pendapat yang lemah mengatakan Muhammad Syafiee Salihin dan rekan-rekan hukumnya haram karena menjelaskan yang berjudul “Kesalahan Jali Dalam bacaan yang sahih. Kesalahan Khafiy ini Kalangan Peserta Majelis Tilawah al- dibagi kepada dua peringkat yaitu pertama: 116 Najmiah Binti Omar, dkk– Kesalahan Bacaan Al-Qur’an... Sekiranya kesalahan tersebut meng- Utusan Malaysia bertarikh 10 Jan 1995 ( The hilangkan hukum yang zahir maka Online Jurnal of Islamic Education, July hukumnya adalah haram. Kedua: Sekiranya 2015, Vol.3 Issue 2) menyatakan: “ Hampir kesalahan tersebut hanya menghilangkan 60% pelajar Islam kini tidak boleh membaca hukum yang kecil maka hukumnya adalah al-Quran”. Hal ini menunjukkan masalah makruh berbeda dengan kesalahan Jaliy lemah membaca al-Quran juga sering karena hukumnya adalah haram secara qat’i. diperkatakan oleh guru-guru dan pengkaji- pengkaji dalam bidang pendidikan Islam. Muhammad Azhar mendapati bentuk- Kesalahan dalam Tahsin al-Quran Di bentuk kesalahan yang berlaku adalah Kalangan Qari kesalahan-kesalahan dalam implementasi Kesalahan dalam tilawah al-Quran makhraj dan sifat huruf seperti kesalahan boleh merusakkan bacaan dan mencacat- dalam implementasi dengung atau tidak kannya. Selain itu, terdapat qari atau qariah dengung, implementasi tebal atau nipis melakukan kesalahan yang berulang ketika dalam bacaan, kesalahan dalam bacaan membaca al-Quran berdasarkan rekod panjang atau pendek, kesalahan dalam peserta yang menyertai majelis tilawah al- menunaikan baris atau huruf yang betul dan Quran (MAIDAM,2014). Oleh itu, kesa- kesalahan dalam berhenti dan memulakan lahan yang berlaku boleh mengurangkan ayat pemarkahan dalam majelis tilawah al-Quran Berdasarkan kajian terdahulu, terdapat (MTQ). Pengerusi Jemaah Hakim, Dato’ karya-karya dalam bentuk buku kurang Haji Othman bin Mustapha dalam majelis memfokuskan kepada kesalahan-kesalahan penutup Majelis Tilawah al-Quran 2015 dalam bacaan al-Quran. Selain itu, kajian menjelaskan terdapat kesalahan bacaan Qari mereka berkisarkan kepada penjelasan dan Qariah berkaitan hukum Tajwid dan mengenai biodata qari atau qariah dan Fasohah seperti tertukar baris dan tertukar kemenangan mereka. Begitu juga, sorotan huruf. Selain itu juga, terdapat juga peserta kajian lampau kurang memperinci aspek- yang tidak dapat membedakan sifat tebal aspek kesalahan yang berlaku. Data yang nipis dan sifat isti’la dan istifal suatu huruf ( terdapat masih dalam bentuk dokumentasi Muhammad Syafiee Salihin dll, kertas kerja yang perlu dibuat kajian dan dianalisis untuk seminar, 2016:467). memberi manfaat kepada masyarakat. Selain itu, Muhammad Azhar Zailani Namun begitu, terdapat kajian mutakhir memetik ucapan Zainal Abidin Ahmad, exco yang mengkaji tentang kesalahan-kesalahan kerajaan negeri Selangor dalam akhbar 117 Jurnal TAMADDUN – FAI UMG. Vol. XXI. No.1 / Januari 2020 dalam bacaan tetapi memfokuskan kepada sifat inhiraf, kesalahan sifat Lin, kesalahan pelajar di IPT. Kajian yang berkaitan dengan sifat ghunnah dan kesalahan sifat khafa’. Majelis Tilawah al-Quran (MTQ) pernah dijalankan pada tahun 2016, tetapi hanya 2. Bentuk-bentuk kesalahan pada menyentuh aspek tajwid dan fasahah sahaja sebutan dengung dan tak dengung dan tidak membincangkan aspek suara dan tarannum. Oleh itu, kajian yang akan Antara bentuk kesalahan yang biasa dijalankan ini memfokuskan kepada empat dilakukan seperti tidak mengikhfa’kan nun aspek utama yaitu tajwid, Fasohah, suara pada Ikhfa’ Haqiqi, tidak mendengungkan dan tarannum dan lebih terkini karena Nun bersabdu dengan dua harakat, tidak melibatkan peserta qari dan qariah dalam mendengungkan Ikhfa’ haqiqi dengan dua MTQ pada tahun 2019. harakat, tidak tetap dalam menunaikan hukum hakam dengung, tidak mendengungkan mim bersabdu dengan dua Bentuk-bentuk Kesalahan Bacaan al- harakat, menipiskan dengung ketika nun Quran Pelajar Di Sebuah IPTA bertemu huruf isti’la’, mendengungkan yang Dalam sebuah artikel jurnal oleh tidak dengung, tidak mengikhfa’kan mim Muhammad Azhar Zailani memuatkan pada ikhfa’ syafawi, tidak mendengungkan bentuk-bentuk kesalahan bacaan al-Quran idhgam ma’al ghunnah dengan dua harakat, dalam kalangan pelajar di salah sebuah tidak mendengungkan ikhfa’ syafawi IPTA di Malaysia. Beliau mendapati antara dengan dua harakat, tidak menggabungkan bentuk-bentuk kesalahan yang paling tinggi suara pada idgham ma’al ghunnah, dan sering dilakukan pelajar ialah : menebalkan dengung ketika Nun bertemu huruf Istifal, Tidak mengikhfa’kan mim pada Iqlab (Ikhfa’ Majazi), tidak 1. Bentuk-bentuk kesalahan pada mendengungkan iqlab dengan dua harakat, sebutan Makhraj dan Sifat mendengungkan lebih dari dua harakat, Kesalahan pada sebutan huruf-huruf tidak menggabungkan suara pada Idgham bi Hijaiah, kesalahan sifat Hams atau jahr, la ghunnah. kesalahan sifat Syiddah, tawassut dan rakhawah, kesalahan sifat itbaq, atau infitah, kesalahan sifat qalqalah, kesalahan sifat sofir, kesalahan sifat istitolah, kesalahan 118 Najmiah Binti Omar, dkk– Kesalahan Bacaan Al-Qur’an... 3. Bentuk-bentuk Kesalahan pada 5. Bentuk-bentuk Kesalahan Huruf sebutan Tebal dan Tipis (tarqiq/ dan baris dalam Bacaan al-Quran Tafkhim) Antara kesalahan ialah kesalahan Seperti menebalkan huruf Istifal, fathah, kasrah, dhommah, sukun dan menipiskan huruf isti’la’, menebalkan bersabdu, kesalahan mengurangkan huruf, sebutan ro’ tipis, menipiskan sebutan ro’ kesalahan menambah huruf dan kesalahan tebal dan menipiskan Lam jalalah tebal. menukar huruf. 4. Bentuk-bentuk kesalahan pada 6. Bentuk-bentuk kesalahan dalam bacaan panjang dan pendek berhenti dan memulakan bacaan Antara bentuk kesalahan ialah (Waqf/ Ibtida’) memanjangkan dengan kadar yang lebih dari Antara bentuk kesalahan ialah berhenti sepatutnya, memanjangkan huruf yang tidak atau mengulang semula bacaan dengan sepatutnya panjang, Mad Lazim Kalimi menarik nafas, memulakan bacaan pada Muthaqqal tidak dipanjangkan 6 harakat, perkataan yang merusakkan struktur bahasa, tidak menyamakan kadar panjang antara berhenti pada perkataan yang merusakkan mad-mad, mad munfasil tidak dipanjang 4 struktur tata bahasa, berhenti pada perkataan atau 5 harakat, Mad Muttasil tidak dipanjang yang merusakkan maksud sebenar, berhenti 4 atau 5 harakat, memendekkan huruf yang dengan membariskan huruf akhir dan sepatutnya panjang, Mad Lazim Harfi memulakan bacaan
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