TROPICAL DRYLANDS Volume 1, Number 1, June 2017 E-ISSN: 2580-2828 Pages: 43-49 DOI: 10.13057/tropdrylands/t010107

Acclimatization of collection from Moyo Island Forest, West Nusa Tenggara, at Purwodadi Botanic Garden

TRIMANTO, APRIYONO RAHADIANTORO Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI). Jl. Raya Surabaya-Malang Km 65, Pasuruan 67163, East , Indonesia. Tel. +62-343-615033, Fax. +62-343-615033, ♥ email: [email protected]

Manuscript received: 3 February 2017. Revision accepted: 24 April 2017.

Abstract. Trimanto, Rahadiantoro A. 2017. Acclimatization of plant collection from Moyo Island Forest, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia at Purwodadi Botanic Garden. Trop Drylands 1: 43-49. A number of plant accessions were collected from Moyo Island forest, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia consisted of 123 accession numbers of general collection and 17 accession numbers of orchid collection. These plant materials were acclimatized at a nursery in Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. Acclimatization was aimed to determine successfully adapting from the forest, which are expected to survive and can be used as plants collection in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. The objective of this research was to identify the plant species of Moyo Island that can adapt in Purwodadi Botanic Garden and analyze the mechanism of their adaptation. The study was conducted at a nursery unit in 2013, with an observational method. The results show that 75% plant species collected from Moyo Island could adapt in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. We found 96 accessions of the general collection and nine accessions of the orchid collection that could adapt. The orchid collection was harder to adapt as compared to the general plant collection.

Keywords: Acclimatization, Moyo Island, Purwodadi Botanic Garden

INTRODUCTION to survive in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. Acclimatization process will determine to what extent the plants can adapt Exploration is an activity that supports conservation since the native species need a suitable climate to be able to programs. This activity aimed to collect the plant from the grow in a new environment. A proper acclimatization is forest, especially the rare and endemic species and these required to be ready for plant collection in our garden to conserved at Purwodadi Botanic Garden. During the last facilitate adaptation of the newly collected plants. This few years, the researchers have chosen Nusa Tenggara as a research aimed to observe acclimatization by nursery unit location for exploration because of its biogeography that is and to find out the adaptability of plants from Moyo Island, located in the Wallacea region. This biogeographical West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, after being collected at the condition has led to a very diverse flora and fauna (Monk Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. et al. 2007). Until 2013, there were 44 accessions of The results of this research are expected to provide input to general plant (Lestarini et al. 2013) and eight accessions of the future acclimatization process at nursery unit in orchid (Lestarini et al. 2009) from Nusa Tenggara that were Purwodadi Botanic Garden. conserved in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. In 2013, an exploration was conducted in West Nusa Tenggara, especially on Moyo Island, to add more plants to the MATERIALS AND METHODS Purwodadi Botanic Gardens’ collection Moyo Island is located in Sumbawa Besar, Labuan This research was conducted in a greenhouse nursery Padas District, West Nusa Tenggara (8o9'36"-8o23'19" S from April to December 2013. The plant samples included latitude and 117o27'45"-117o35'42" E longitude). In 1972, 140 accession numbers from Moyo Island Forest, West Moyo Island was designated as a conservation area with a Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. An observation method was regional boundary of the forest area of 18.765 ha and used to determine the acclimatization process and geography states in lowland with a maximum altitude of determine the number of non-adapting plants in Purwodadi 600 m a.s.l. This area consists of a Mediterranean soil type Botanic Garden, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. Observed with sandy soil texture, poor soil nutrient content due to temperature, humidity, medium pH, and light intensity rapid soil permeability and soil leaching. The Moyo Island were used to determine and compare the environmental climate type is similar to that of Botanic Purwodadi Garden factors in the nursery unit. with dry lowland areas, and also related environmental Acclimatization process was divided into two groups, factors such as rainfall, temperature, soil pH, humidity and the general collection (non-orchids) and the orchid light intensity (Trimanto et al. 2013). collection (Trimanto 2013). General treatment steps of Acclimatization is intended to make a plant condition in plant materials from exploration (seedlings, plant cuttings such a way that enables the plants from forest exploration and seeds) in the nursery of Purwodadi Botanic Garden 44 TROPICAL DRYLANDS 1 (1): 43-49, June 2017 included: (i) Reducing the leaves of plant materials to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION minimize evaporation and wrapping the roots with moss to maintain moisture content, (ii) Dipping the plant materials The present study results showed that the majority of in a plant growth regulator (Rootone-F) with a Moyo Island forest’s plants were able to adapt well at concentration of 100 mg L-1, (iii) Putting of the plant Purwodadi Botanic Garden. There are 78 accession materials in a plastic bag, blowing and covering tightly to numbers of general collection (non-orchid) and 12 keep the plant fresh, (iv) Growing the plant materials on accession numbers of orchid that can survive in Purwodadi pure sand, (v) Covering the plant materials with plastic Botanic Garden (Table 1). Only 22% of the general until the plants grow well (the appearance of leaf buds), collection of plants (non-orchid) and 29% of orchid (vi) Planting the transplants on polybag media with a collection from Moyo Island were unable to adapt at mixture of soil, compost, sand and rice husk of 1:1:1:1/2 Purwodadi Botanic Garden until December 2013. The plant ratio, (vii) Maintaining the plant in paranet house including materials from Moyo Island were adapting well in the watering, adding media and pest control. For orchid Botanic Garden. During April 2013 to February 2014, the collection, the treatment step of plant materials included vegetative growth was very good in the nursery unit. The planting of the orchid collection in the orchid greenhouse. same was true for the terrestrial orchid collection. Planting medium for epiphytic orchids was tree fern fiber There are three most important environmental factors (or sphagnum moss) and that for the terrestrial orchid was a that influence the plant growth, namely the temperature, mixture of compost, soil, and sand medium in a ratio of water (precipitation), and light (Liwellin 2001). 1:1:1 (Figure 1). Documenting the environmental factors in the nursery unit

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Figure 1. General treatments steps of collected plant materials in the nursery of Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. A. Reducing leaves and wrapping the seedlings’roots with moss, B. Dipping the seedling materials into a root one solution, C. Covering the plant materials with plastic immediately after they arrived in the nursery, and D. Growing the plant materials in pure sand, E-F. Covering the plant materials with plastic, G. The growth performance of plant materials, H. Transplanting the growing plants into polybags and maintaining them in paranet house, I. Treatment of epiphytic orchid in field

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of Purwodadi Botanic Garden is needed to know the Table 1. Survival percentage of plant collection from Moyo Island condition of acclimatization. Environmental conditions of Plant collection acclimatization in the nursery such as temperature, Category humidity, and pH were favorable for the plants to survive General Orchid when compared to those of Moyo Island Forest (Table 2). Total accession number 123 17 The survival rate of the plant collection from Moyo Island Survival accession number 96 12 was equal to that of Waru-waru coast, Sempu Island, East Survival percentage 78% 71% Java but was higher than those of Egon forest and Mutis Mountain, East Nusa Tenggara. This similar survival rate is supported by environmental factors of Purwodadi Botanic Table 2. Environmental factors condition of acclimatization in Garden that are similar to those of Moyo Island and Sempu Purwodadi Botanic Garden and Moyo Island Island. In addition, evidence from acclimatization of plants originating from East Nusa Tenggara (Egon Forest and Environmental factors Location Temp. Hum. Light intensity Mutis Mountain) with different environmental conditions 0 pH ( C) (%) (Lux) (altitudes above 800 m asl) indicated lower adaptation rates Greenhouse (sand media)- 27-28 72-88 6.2 500-8.820 of the collected plants from these locations, where only half Purwodadi Botanic the collected plants were able to adapt in Purwodadi Garden Botanic Garden. Based on the previous findings (Trimanto Paranet house (polybag 26-29 76-82 6.0 180-3.800 2013; Permatasari and Rahadiantoro 2015), it can be seen media)-Purwodadi Botanic that the exploration site altitude affects the number of Garden living collections. Orchids house-Purwodadi 28-29 76-82 6.4 820-17.500 In their native habitat, the plants can grow well in low Botanic Garden rainfall and dryland conditions. The altitude of the native Moyo Island Forest 29-31 70-90 4.8-6.2 4.300-131.000 habitat is not higher than 600 m a.s.l., which is similar with that of Purwodadi Botanic Garden. Overall, the climatic Table 3. List of plant collection that were not able to adapt in condition in Purwodadi Botanic Garden is similar with that Purwodadi Botanic Garden of Moyo Island so that many plants collected in Moyo Island could survive in Purwodadi Botanic Garden, List of accession plant Category Family although several of the collected plants could not survive at (species) Purwodadi Botanic Garden (Table 3). General Abrus precatorius Fabaceae Since 2006, the nursery at Purwodadi Botanic Garden collection Aglaia lawii Meliaceae had developed methods to adapt plant material from Alstonia macrophylla Apocynaceae various locations in Indonesia. Every plant material needs a Bambusa sp. Poaceae different way to survive in Purwodadi Botanic Garden Barringtonia racemosa, Lecythidaceae because of their different original climate type. In 2013, the Barringtonia sp. Bauhinia purpurea Fabaceae majority of plant materials from Moyo Island forest were Buchanania arborescens Anacardiaceae able to survive since the climatic condition of this place is Casearia grewiifolia Samydaceae almost the same with that of their natural habitat. The Clausena excavata Rutaceae results of observation of plant materials from East Nusa Clerodendrum paniculatum, Verbenaceae Tenggara (Egon Forest, Mutis, and Camplong Park) in the Clerodendrum sp. nursery unit since 2011-2012 show that only 50% plants Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscoreaceae survive in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. In 2013, there were Dioscorea sp. 78% the general plant collection (non-orchid) and 71% of Diospyros malabarica Ebenaceae the orchid material collection from Moyo Island, West Elatostema rostratum Urticaceae Ficus sp. Moraceae Nusa Tenggara than could survive implying that Gigantochloa atter Poaceae acclimatization by the current nursery unit is better than Memecylon edule Melastomataceae that of East Nusa Tenggara plants collected in 2011 Palaquium rostratum Sapotaceae (Trimanto 2013). Piper retrofractum Piperaceae Pittosporum moluccanum Pittosporaceae Acclimatization of general collection (non-orchid) Sandoricum koetjape Meliaceae The acclimatization provided a favorable condition for Schoutenia ovata Tiliaceae the successful adaptation of the tested plants. Our research Syzygium gracilis, Myrtaceae Syzygium sp. results revealed that most of the acclimated plant materials Uvaria javana Annonaceae grew well in the sand growing media; especially those received the first treatment. The majority of plant materials Orchid Corymborchis sp. included in this study was seedling materials, most of collection Eria sp. Orchidaceae Pteroceras javanica Orchidaceae which were able to survive in the sand growing media. The sp. Orchidaceae successfully adapting seedling materials included Alstonia Habenaria sp. Orchidaceae spectabilis R.Br. Adenanthera microsperma Teijsm, Aglaia Phreatia sp. Orchidaceae

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Figure 2. Several plants from Moyo Island that survived in Purwodadi Botanic Garden nursery. A. Tacca palmata, B. Amorphophallus paenofolious, C. Polyalthia sp., D. Dioscorea hispida, E. Adenanthera sp., F. Aglaia argentea, G. Clerodendrum chinense, H. Tacca leontopetaloides, I. Cissus javana, J. Begonia sp., K. Platycerium bifurcatum, L. Gymnema sp., M. Barringtonia racemosa, N. Tetrameles nudifora, O. Hymenodictyon excelsum, P. Abelmoschus moschatus, Q. Schefflera elliptica, R. Clausena excavata

argentea Blume, Antiaris toxicaria Lesch., Hymenodictyon Lygodium flexuosum and species from genus Asplenium. excelsum (Roxb) Schefflera elliptica Blume Harms, The use of moss and potting soil made the epiphytic fern Buchanania arborescens (Blume), Amphineuron fresh. Tuber plant materials gave a successful marginatum Roxb D.J. Midleton, Uvaria littoralis Blume, acclimatization. Five species of tuber plant could grow in etc. The plastic used to cover the sand media protected the nursery, i.e. Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea pentaphylla, plants from high evapotranspiration rate so that the Tacca palmata, Tacca leontopetaloides, and humidity was preserved. The plant materials prepared in Amorphophallus paeoniifolius. Two tuber plant species form of cuttings were not successfully adapt, i.e. none of planted in the garden, i.e., Dioscorea pentaphylla, Tacca 10 specimens/cuttings of Piper retrofractum could grow leontopetaloides needed a long time (4 months) to grow. while only one of 10 Pleomele angustifolia cutting Bulbil planting materials of Dioscorea pentaphylla were materials were able to grow in sand media. Two species of also collected, and they took about six months to Bamboo (genus Gigantochloa, Bambusa) survived only for germinate. In Moyo forest habitat, tuber plant can grow one month in sand media. The percentage of surviving of well in dryland. Araliaceae family such as Schefflera elliptica including the We found in the present study that many plants died group of plants with a good survival ability in Bogor after being transferred to polybags. Transfer of plants into Botanic Garden could reach 80% (Wawangningrum and polybags caused the plants’ roots to adapt again with the Puspitaningtyas 2008). Benlate fungicide solution was new growing media; therefore, there is an urgent need for successfully used to reduce the decay of the cutting appropriate techniques to grow the plants without changing materials (Danthu et al. 2002). When the stem cuttings the growing media/polybag very oftenly. The planting were set in a convenient situation for rooting, the first materials should be first planted in polybag media to adventitious roots appeared from callus became the reduce the stress condition. Growing media consisted of primary roots for cuttings. Callus contains a high amount of soil: rice husk with a ratio of 1:1/2 could make a successful auxin. IBA (indole butyric acid) was found to increase the acclimatization. Growing media can be added to compost percentage of rooting in stem cuttings (Saffari 2012). to supply nutrition for the plant. A good growing media is Several seed materials could grow in sand media. the one with good water holding capacity, good aeration, Abelmoschus moschatus and species from genus good drainage, a pH corresponding to the type of plant, and Polyalthia, Ervatamia, Mucuna also germinated and grew contains nutrients to support the plant growth. A suitable in sand media as well. Abelmoschus moschatus, Polyalthia composition of growing media is needed for a plant to and Mucuna seeds sprouted one month after planting. More thrive. Dewi (2005) reported that the planting medium with than 50 specimens of Polyalthia were able to germinate. a mixture of sand, cattle dung, and soil in a ratio of 1:1:2 Species from genus Ervatamia could grow only after three was the best for total plant height and length of shoots in months. As with other species, seeds of Amorphophallus mango nurseries. Susilawati (2007) reported that the media paeoniifolius also well germinated. The seeds from herb composition of husk charcoal media, soil, and compost in such as species from genus Passiflora and Ficus were 1:2:1 ratio best influenced the vegetative and generative decaying and could not grow in the nursery. It is important growths of Helichrysum bracteatum. Experiments on the to prevent seed from rotting in the field. Seed from the field mixture of appropriate growing media are required to must be clean and dry to make them prevented from determine a suitable growing media in the process of decaying processed during in the field. Seeds that are not acclimatization in the Purwodadi Botanic Garden. The capable of germinating can be overcome by addition of addition of fertilizer or compost in the growing media is PGR (Plant Growth Regulators). Several researchers have required to support the plant growth. Several researchers shown the PGR effect on seed germination. The PGR was found that addition of fertilizer provided significant effect found to speed up the seed germination but gave no effect on the growth of a plant. Applying organic-N fertilizer on the height, diameter and the total number of leaves of gave the vigorous plants expressed as plant height, leaves the plant (Suparwoto et al. 2006). The effect of growth size as well as dry weight (Karanatsidis and Berova 2009), regulator on seed germination has been previously and growth and flowering (Bi et al. 2010). observed by Kumaran (1994), and that on herb seeds were Endemic and rare species are important to be collected found by Dhoran and Gudadhe (2012). in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. Several plants can survive in We found in the present study that epiphytic plants Purwodadi Botanic Garden based on IUCN (International could survive and adapt in the nursery. The native habitat Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List of Threatened in Moyo Island is dry and low rainfall. Epipremnum Species. Canarium littorale Blume, Aglaia argentea pinnatum, Hoya verticillata, Hoya elliptica and Fern grew Blume, Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kunze, Calophyllum well in the nursery. The same was true for Drynaria soulattri Burm f, Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex G.Don are quercifolia, Adiantum caudatum, Platycerium bifurcatum, the least concern status in IUCN. Status of Cycas rumphii

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Miq is close to threatened. Cycas is only one of the orchids’ acclimatization. Vanda limbata Blume and Vanda Gymnospermae in Moyo forest. The study about sp. survived well in the nursery, but the leaves grew poorly. acclimatization is needed to make plant material from Several species of orchid such as Dendrobium and Eria forest to survive in Purwodadi Botanic Garden so that adapted well in tree-fern media. The sprout of this plant many plant species can be conserved. Several plants from grew slowly. The condition of several specimens of Eria the forest are identified as new species after being collected and Dendrobium were dry and decaying. We found no by Purwodadi Botanic Garden. pests and diseases in this plant species, presumably due to its malnourished state. Endemic species collected from Acclimatization of orchid collection Moyo Island was Pteroceras javanica. This Orchid has a There are 17 accession numbers of the orchid particular host plant as it was only found in Schleichera collection. The diversity of orchid in this forest is low. We oleosa. This species survived only for two months in found more terrestrial orchid than epiphytic orchid in the Purwodadi Botanic Garden. We collected this species is forest. The low diversity of orchid might have been caused several times, but none of them was able to survive, by the dry and low rainfall conditions in the forest. probably due to its need for particular growing media. Acclimatization of orchid proved that 12 orchids collection Tree-fern media has weaknesses such as low water holding could survive. We found five accession numbers of orchid capacity, etc. The combination of tree fern with moss may that were not able to adapt in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. provide water and keep humidity for a longer time, which The terrestrial orchid bulbs took about four months to makes it suitable for an epiphytic orchid. germinate as seen in its morphological growth in Figure 3. The accessions of terrestrial orchids looked so fresh, The orchid from Moyo Island adapted well to Purwodadi probably due to the availability of nutrients in the soil. Botanic Garden climate, although several orchids could not Orchids need nutrients to support its growth. The addition survive in the greenhouse. of fertilizer is required to satisfy the nutrient needs within Some orchids were found to have dried up, especially the soil. Inorganic and organic fertilizers can support the the epiphytic type. Epiphytic orchid was acclimatized with orchid plant development (Jenny et al. 2009). The addition fern media watered using sprinkling water without any of fertilizers can be done by spraying on the leaves or addition of nutrients. Epiphytic orchids need additional directly applied on the medium. The combination of nutrients to grow properly because in their habitat these growing media in a mixture of compost, soil, and sand in a orchids obtain nutrient from humus in their medium. Tirta ratio of 1:1:1 provides a suitable growing condition. The (2006) reported that a mixture of ferns and kadaka media sand makes the media aeration well; the medium pH was (1:1) plus 2.5 mL of fertilizer inabio L-1 provided a good normal (6-7) and is free from diseases. The good medium growth on Dendrobium. Micronutrients are given through made the bulb of Nervilia aragoana Gaodich grew well. the leaf by spraying or watering the plants, so it can be Malaxis latifolia Blume and triplicata (Willemet) absorbed to cover the nutrition requirements for growth and Ames also grew well in this media. This species could development. Watering is a major factor for epiphytic grow and flower after nine months in the greenhouse.

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Figure 3. Orchid from Moyo Island in the nursery at Purwodadi Botanic Garden. A. Pteroceras javanica only survive for two months. B. Malaxis latifolia, C. Nervilia aragoana, D. Calanthe triplicata, E. Vanda limbata

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There are species of terrestrial orchid that are hard to adapt Dhoran VS, Gudadhe SP. 2012. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on such as Corymborchis. Although being acclimatized the Seed Germination and Seedling Vigour in Asparagus sprengeri Regelin. I Res J Biological Sci 1 (7): 6-10. Corymborchis could not survive. Corybas ensiformis, an Fiqa AP, Askan, Santoso W, Goni A, Subekti D. 2011. Flora Exploration endemic and terrestrial orchid collected from Egon, East Report on Mount Egon, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Nusa Tenggara (Fiqa et al. 2011) was found hard to adapt Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Pasuruan. [Indonesian] in the greenhouse of Purwodadi Botanic Garden. Hartini S. 2006. Ferns in Sago Malintang Nature Reserve, West and their acclimatization in Bogor Botanical Garden. Biodiversitas 7 Several terrestrial orchids need to interact with (3): 230-236. [Indonesian] mycorrhizae fungi to survive. The mycorrhizas are fungi Jenny J, Rondonuwu, Pioh DD. 2009. Nutritional needs of ornamental associations required for the survival of orchids that live plants orchids. Soil Environ 7 (1): 73-79. [Indonesian] naturally in ecosystems since this group of plants depends Karatnasidis G, Berova M. 2009. Effect of organic-N fertilizer on growth and some physiological parameters in pepper plants (Capsicum on the fungi to germinate, as well as for their establishment annum). Biotechnol Biotechnol Eq 23: 254-257. (Victor 2013). Terrestrial orchids were taken along with Kumaran K, Palani M, Jerlin R, Surendram C. 1994. Effect of growth soil from its native habitat to anticipate mycorrhizae regulators on seeds germination and seedling growth of neem presence in their possible interaction. (Azadirachta indica). J Trop For Sci 6 (4): 529-532. Lestarini W, Matrani, Sulasmi, Trimanto, Fauziah, Fiqa AP. 2013. An To conclude, the present study results showed that 75% Alphabetical List of Plant Species Cultivated in Purwodadi Botanic of plants collected in Moyo Island plants were able to Garden. Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Pasuruan. survive in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. 96 accession Lestarini W, Tarmudji, Matrani, Santoso W, Supriantono. 2009. An numbers of the general collection and nine accession Alphabetical List of Orchid Species Cultivated in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Pasuruan. numbers of the orchid collection were found to be able to Liwellin LM. 2001. Range Plant Growth and Development Are Affected survive. Many of the general plant collection were dead by Environmental Factors. Annual Report Grassland Section. after transplantation. The orchid collection was harder to Dickinson Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University. adapt. Monk KA, de Freter V, Reksodihardjo-Lilley G. 1997. The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Mollucas (The Ecology of Indonesia Series Volume V). Periplus Edition. Singapore. Permatasari I, Rahadiantoro A. 2015. Acclimatization and Monitoring of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Plant from Sempu Island Exploration: Waru-Waru region on Purwodadi Botanic Garden. The Proceedings of National Seminar on Biology/Science and Learning. Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang. This study was fully funded by DIPA Thematic [Indonesian] Research of Purwodadi Botanic Garden-Indonesian Saffari M, Saffari VR. 2012. Effects of media and indole butyric acid Institute of Sciences. We also thank the exploration team (IBA) concentrations on hopbush (Dodoneae viscosa L.) cuttings in greenhouse. Ann For Res 55 (1): 61-68. members of Purwodadi Botanic Garden, i.e. Setyawan Suparwoto, Waluyo, Jumakir. 2006. The effect of atonic on duku seed Agung Danarto, Suhartono, Saropah, Eko Budi Pujo S. for germination. Jurnal Agronomi 10 (2): 77-79. 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