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Bulgar Dili Ve Edebiyati) Anabilim Dali TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ BATI DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI (BULGAR DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI) ANABİLİM DALI BULGAR EDEBİYATI İSTANBUL’DA – İSTANBUL BULGAR EDEBİYATINDA Doktora Tezi Hüseyin MEVSİM Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Zeynep GÜNAL Ankara, 2005 İçindekiler Önsöz ..................................................................................................................... V Giriş ........................................................................................................................ 1 I. BULGARLAR ve İSTANBUL .......................................................................... 9 II. BULGAR EDEBİYATI İSTANBUL’DA ........................................................ 20 II.1. Eski Bulgar Edebiyatı İstanbul’da .................................................................. 20 II.1.1. Eski Bulgar Edebiyatı .................................................................................. 20 II.1.2. Magnaura Yüksek Okulu ............................................................................. 28 II.1.3. Studion Manastırı ........................................................................................ 34 II.1.4. Diğer Kurumlar ............................................................................................ 36 II.2. Yeni Bulgar Edebiyatı İstanbul’da .................................................................. 38 II.2.1. Bulgar Uyanış Çağı ve Edebiyatı ................................................................. 38 II.2.2. Uyanış Çağı Bulgar Kültür Merkezleri ........................................................ 44 II.2.3. Uyanış Çağı Bulgar Kültür Merkezi Olarak İstanbul .................................. 50 II.2.3.1. İstanbul’da Bulgar Kültür ve Eğitim Kurumları ....................................... 56 II.2.4. İstanbul’da Bulgarların Eğitim Gördüğü Yabancı Okullar .......................... 64 II.2.5. İstanbul’da Bulgar Matbaacılığı ve Kitap Yayıncılığı ................................. 72 II.2.6. İstanbul Bulgar Basını .................................................................................. 74 II.2.6.1. Gazeteler ................................................................................................... 76 II.2.6.2. Dergiler ..................................................................................................... 101 II.2.6.3. İstanbul Bulgar Basınının Genel Değerlendirilmesi ................................. 108 II.2.6.4. İstanbul Bulgar Basınında Edebiyat Sorunları .......................................... 113 II III. İSTANBUL BULGAR EDEBİYATINDA ..................................................... 122 III.1. ‘’Burası’’nın Karşıtı ‘’Orası’’ Olarak İstanbul .............................................. 123 III.1.1. Sofroniy Vraçanski (1739–1813) ............................................................... 124 III.1.1.1. Sofroniy Vraçanski – Yaşamı ve Yaratıcılığı .......................................... 124 III.1.1.2. Sofroniy Vraçanski ve İstanbul ............................................................... 125 III.1.2. Petko Slaveykov (1827–1895) .................................................................... 127 III.1.2.1. Petko Slaveykov – Yaşamı ve Yaratıcılığı .............................................. 127 III.1.2.2. Petko Slaveykov ve İstanbul .................................................................... 132 III.1.2.3. ‘’Ak Baldırlının Çeşmesi’’ ...................................................................... 134 III.1.2.3.1. Yapıtın Yaratılışı, Konu ve Yapısı ....................................................... 134 III.1.2.3.2. Yapıt Üzerine Yapılan Yorumlar ......................................................... 142 III.1.2.3.3. ‘’Ak Baldırlının Çeşmesi’’nde İstanbul ................................................ 144 III.2. Gözlerin Doyamadığı Büyülü Şehir .............................................................. 151 III.2.1. Petko Slaveykov (1827–1895) .................................................................... 152 III.2.2. Konstantin Veliçkov (1855–1907) ............................................................. 161 III.2.2.1. Konstantin Veliçkov – Yaşamı ve Yaratıcılığı ........................................ 161 III.2.2.2. Konstantin Veliçkov ve İstanbul ............................................................. 163 III.2.2.3. ‘’İstanbul Soneleri’’ ................................................................................. 165 III.2.2.3.1. ‘’İstanbul Soneleri’’nde İstanbul .......................................................... 168 III.2.3. İvan Vazov (1850–1921) ............................................................................ 173 III.2.3.1. İvan Vazov – Yaşamı ve Yaratıcılığı ....................................................... 173 III.2.3.2. İvan Vazov ve İstanbul ............................................................................ 176 III.2.4. Elisaveta Bagryana (1893–1991) ................................................................ 179 III.2.4.1. Elisaveta Bagryana – Yaşamı ve Yaratıcılığı .......................................... 179 III III.2.4.2. Elisaveta Bagryana ve İstanbul ............................................................... 180 III.2.5. Atanas Dalçev (1904–1978) ....................................................................... 185 III.2.5.1. Atanas Dalçev – Yaşamı ve Yaratıcılığı .................................................. 185 III.2.5.2. Atanas Dalçev ve İstanbul ....................................................................... 187 III.3. Gerçekleştirilememiş Bir Ülkü Olarak İstanbul ............................................ 189 III.3.1. Rayko Jinzifov (1839–1877) ...................................................................... 189 III.3.1.1. Rayko Jinzifov – Yaşamı ve Yaratıcılığı ................................................. 189 III.3.2. Konstantin Veliçkov (1855–1907) ............................................................. 194 III.3.3. Evgeniya Mars (1877–1945) ...................................................................... 195 III.3.3.1. Evgeniya Mars – Yaşamı ve Yaratıcılığı ................................................. 195 III.3.3.2. Evgeniya Mars ve İstanbul ...................................................................... 196 III.4. Hüzünlü Şehir İstanbul .................................................................................. 197 III.4.1. Petko Slaveykov (1827–1895) .................................................................... 198 III.4.2. İvan Vazov (1850–1921) ............................................................................ 198 III.4.3. Konstantin Veliçkov (1855–1907) ............................................................. 201 III.4.4. Evgeniya Mars (1877–1945) ...................................................................... 203 III.4.5. Atanas Dalçev (1904–1978) ....................................................................... 204 Sonuç ...................................................................................................................... 206 Özet (Türkçe) .......................................................................................................... 210 Özet (İngilizce) ....................................................................................................... 212 Kaynakça ................................................................................................................ 214 IV ÖNSÖZ Bulgaristan Trakya’sını ikiye ayıran Meriç’in kıyısında kurulu yedi tepeli Filibe’nin Paisiy Hilendarski’nin adını taşıyan üniversitesinin büyülü dersliklerinde geçirdiğim gençlik yıllarımda, o zaman hayal kadar uzakta ve erişilmez olan yedi tepeli başka bir şehrin uzamından Magnaura Okulu, Studion Manastırı, Balkapanı Hanı, Galatasaray Lisesi, Heybeliada, Fener, Altın Boynuz, Çamlıca gibi Bulgar edebiyatıyla yakından ilgili kurum ve yerlerin adları sıkça yankılanırdı. Değerli hocalarımızın canlı anlatımlarına rağmen, o yıllarda bizler için pek bir şey ifade etmediklerinden dersliklerin boşluklarında soyutça uçuşan bu adları, yazgının rüzgarıyla çok geçmeden somutlaştırma ayrıcalığına erişeceğim pek aklımdan geçmiyordu. Sanırım on bir yüzyıllık yazılı Bulgar edebiyatının İstanbul macerasını araştırma tasarımın kökleri o yıllara kadar uzanır. Aslında bu, bizleri ilgilendiren bileşik ve kapsamlı sorunsalın sadece bir yüzünü oluşturuyordu – ayna yöntemini uygulayarak, bir dünya şehri olan İstanbul’un da Bulgar edebiyatı sayfalarında yansımasını görmek gerekirdi. ‘’Bulgar Edebiyatı İstanbul’da – İstanbul Bulgar Edebiyatında’’ konulu doktora tezi çalışmamızın her aşamasında yakın ilgi ve desteklerini esirgemeyen Anabilim Dalı Başkanlarım Prof. Dr. Leman Ergenç, Prof. Dr. Altan Aykut, Yard. Doç. Dr. Melahat Pars, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü hocalarım Doç. Dr. Zeynep Zafer, Doç. Dr. Ayla Kaşoğlu ve özellikle danışmanım Doç. Dr. Zeynep Günal’a, ayrıca engin anlayış ve fedakarlıklarından dolayı sevgili eşim, kızım ve oğluma en içten teşekkürlerimi sunmayı bir borç bilirim. Hüseyin Mevsim V GİRİŞ 681 yılında Slav ve Protobulgarların Balkan Yarımadası’nın yerli unsuru Traklarla birleşmesi sonucunda kurulan Bulgar Devleti’nin tarih sahnesinde Bizans’ın komşusu olarak yerini alması, varlığını koruyabilmesini zorlaştırırken, diğer yandan dünyanın en gelişmiş ve güçlü İmparatorluğunun kültürel ve dinsel etkisi alanında gelişme olanağını da sunar. Bulgarlar kendi benlik, kimlik ve devletlerini
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