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OUSSEINE, Ahamada UFP Lic 08 REPUBLIQUE DE MADAGASCAR Tanindrazana – Fahafahana – Fandrosoana --------------------- MINISTERE DE L’EDUCATION NATIONALE ---------------- UNIVERSITE DE MAHAJANGA ---------------------------- LA CULTURE DE FACULTE DES SCIENCES L’EXCELLENCE ------------------------ LE SAVOIR FAIRE AU SERVICE DE Unité de Formation Professionnalisante (UFP) Mémoire de Fin d’ Etudes en Vue de l’ Obtention du Diplôme de Licence ES - Sciences Option : Agriculture Année : 2008 N° :......... LES ITINERAIRES TECHNIQUES DU MANGUIER (STATION MANGATSA – MAHAJANGA) Présenté et soutenu publiquement Le 17 / 12 / 2008 Par Monsieur OUSSEINE Ahamada TEL : 033 14 401 76 [email protected] REPUBLIQUE DE MADAGASCAR Tanindrazana – Fahafahana – Fandrosoana --------------------- MINISTERE DE L’EDUCATION NATIONALE ---------------- LA CULTURE DE UNIVERSITE DE MAHAJANGA L’ EXCELLENCE ---------------------------- FACULTE DES SCIENCES ------------------------ LE SAVOIR FAIRE AU SERVICE DE L’ECONOMIE. Unité de Formation Professionnalisante (UFP) Mémoire de Fin d’ Etudes en Vue de l’ Obtention du Diplôme de Licence ES - Sciences Option : Agriculture Année : 2008 N° :......... LES ITINERAIRES TECHNIQUES DU MANGUIER (STATION MANGATSA – MAHAJANGA) Présenté et soutenu publiquement Le 17 / 12 / 2008 Par Monsieur OUSSEINE Ahamada TEL : 033 14 401 76 [email protected] Membre de Jury : Président : Dr RANJAKASON Juge : Madame RAZAFINDRAVOLA Jeanne Virginie Rapporteur : Monsieur TSITOMOTRA Arsène Les itinéraires techniques du manguier Remerciements Tous les louanges et les remerciements infinis appartiennent au tout puissant qui par sa bonté et son vouloir, nous a donné la force et le courage lors de la réalisation de ce travail. Je tiens à présenter ici ma sincère gratitude à tous ceux qui par leurs conseils, leur gentillesse ont contribué à la bonne marche et au déroulement de mon stage. Grâce à vous, j’ai pu arriver au terme de mon projet. J’adresse plus particulièrement mes sincères et vifs remerciements à : - Monsieur le Président de l’Université de Mahajanga, le professeur RALISON Andrianarivo. - A Monsieur le Doyen de la faculté de Science Docteur RANDRIANODIASANA, pour avoir tout fait pour la sortie de cette promotion. - A Madame le Professeur Directeur de l’unité de formation professionnalisant FIARASOLO Paul Aimé - A Monsieur l’Ingénieur RATSIMBAZAFY , responsable de l’option agriculture ; - A Monsieur l’Ingénieur TSITOMOTRA Arsène encadreur Scientifique et Pédagogique qui a beaucoup fait pour la réalisation de ce travail. - A tout les corps professionnels de l’UFP qui n’a pas ménagé leurs efforts et leurs temps pour nous faire des techniciens en agriculture. - A tout le personnel administratif et le technicien de l’université de Mahajanga ; - A Monsieur l’Ingénieur, Directeur de la FOFIFA ZEINAIVO Armande ; - A Monsieur le responsable financier de la FOFIFA ; - A Monsieur l’Ingénieur de la FOFIFA Monsieur Jacques ; - A Monsieur le Spécialiste de la FOFIFA Simon. Je remercie également tous ceux qui ont participé de près et de loin à la réalisation de ce travail, sur tout ma famille qui m’a soutenue dans mes études moralement et financièrement. Je n’oublie pas à remercier tous les amis Malgaches et Comoriens durant la vie Université à Mahajanga. Veuillez recevoir, Mesdames, Messieurs, le témoignage de ma reconnaissance et de mon profond respect. SOMMAIRE I. ITRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….1 I - 1 – Présentation du site ……………………………………………………………..2 I –1-1- Historique de la station de Mangatsa ……………………………………..……2 I – 1-2 – Situation géographique de la station………………………………………….3 I – 1-3 – Le Climat de Mangatsa..………………………………………………………3 I – 2 – Organigramme de la FO.FI.FA…………………………………………………3 II. RAPPEL BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE II-1- La Taxonomie du manguier ………………………………………………………4 II-2- Morphologie et Biologie du manguier ……………………………………………4 II-2-1- Description du manguier ……………………………………………………….5 II-2-2- Le système Racinaire……………………………………………………………6 II-2-3- Le tronc………………………………………………………………………… 6 II-2-4- Les feuilles ……………………………………………………………………...6 II-2-5- Les fleurs ………………………………………………………………………..6 II-2-6- Les fruits ………………………………………………………………………..7 II-2-7- Cycle du manguier ……………………………………………………………...7 II-2-8- Les trois âges du manguier…………………………………………………..….8 II-3- Botanique de la plante …………………………………………………………….8 II-4- Les variétés du manguier …………………………………………………….........9 II-5- Exigence écologique ……………………………………………………………..10 II-6-Multiplication du manguier…………………………………………………….....11 II-7- Maladies et Ennemies du manguier…………………………………………........12 II-7-1- Maladies du manguier …………………………………………………………12 II-7-2- Ennemies du manguier ………………………………………………………..12 II-8 –Traitement phytosanitaire……………………………………………………….12 III. MATERIELS ET METHODES III – 1 – Matériels du travail……………………………………………………………13 III – 2 –Méthodes de travail……………………………………………………………13 III – 2 –1- Mise en germoir ……………………………………………………………13 III – 2 –2- Multiplication par greffage ……………………………………………14 à 17 III – 2 –3- Multiplication par bouturage………………………………………………..18 III – 2 – 4 – Le Marcottage……………………………………………………………..18 III – 2 – 5– Culture du manguier..………………………………………… …………..18 1 - Choix du terrain de la culture ……………………………………………..18 2 – Préparation de trous ………………………………………………………19 3 – Transplantation ...…………………………………………………………19 4 - Plantation ………………………………………………………………….19 III – 2 –6 – Entretiens culturaux……………………………………………………20 à 22 IV. RESULTATS IV - 1 - Germination……..……………………………………….……………………...23 IV - 1 – 1- Etude de la graine dans le germoir …………………………………………. 23 IV – 2 – Jeunes pousses dans le germoir ...………………………………………………24 V. Discussion V – 1 – Généralisation de levée…………………………………………………………..25 V – 2 - Etude embryonnaire..……………………………………………………..……...26 V – 3 – Etude comparative …………………………………………………………..…..26 V - 3 – 1 - Diagramme …………………………………………………………………...27 V - 3 – 2 - Histogramme ………………………………………………………………...28 VI. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….29 Résume Bibliographies ANNEXE INTRODUCTION 1 I – INTRODUCTION On appelle « itinéraires techniques du manguier », l’ensemble des techniques qu’on applique aux arbres du manguier pour la production des fruits. La station de Mangatsa est un lieu de production de pépinières des manguiers et des mangues commercialisables. Cette station compte 46 variétés dont 4 sont des variétés locales qui servent de porte- greffe et 42 sont des variétés venant de différents pays: Floride, Mali, Cameroun et France. Ce sont des fruits commerciaux et certains d’eux sont plus valeureux comme les variétés : valencia, Springlfiels, Eldon, Irwin Bewerley, Keitt, Kent ; toutes ces variétés sont des variétés améliorées en provenance de l’étranger. L’ensemble des variétés se distingue en trois catégories : les variétés améliorées qui sont les plus commercialisables ; les variétés semi-améliorées et les variétés locales qui donnent de bonnes graines pour le semis. Les variétés améliorées ne produisent pas de graines de semences et les variétés semi- améliorées ne donnent pas aussi de bonne semence sauf très rarement : ce sont les variétés améliorées et semi améliorées qui sont cultivées pour la commercialisation. L’itinéraire technique débute dès la sélection des fruits bien mûrs pour la collection des graines ou des semences issues des variétés locales pour les semer dans le germoir. C’est vers le début des pluies jusqu’à la fin de saison de pluie que ce travail doit être effectué. Dès la deuxième moitié de la saison de pluie, on commence les travaux de pépinière. Et le travail commence, une fois que les graines sont mises en germoir. Le greffage, les entretiens et les traitements phytosanitaires sont les techniques qui dominent le travail. La gestion d’une pépinière est fondamentale et elle a pour but d’aboutir à la plantation des jeunes plants pour une durée déterminée d’au moins deux ans après la mise en pépinière. Les manguiers sont des arbres ligneux pérennes, ou sont cultivés pour ses fruits dans un arrangement spécial temporel économique Photo n°1 : Le portail 2 I – 1- Présentation du site I-1-1 Historique de la station de Mangatsa La station était créé par l’institut Français de la Recherche fruitière outre Mer – IF AC dont le siège est « 6 rue de General Clergence 75 Paris 16 ème » en 1966. Les activités menées dans la station étaient des activités de formations et des stages en Agriculture pour les élèves des Collèges Agricoles. Les principales cultures de la station depuis sa création étaient la culture d’anacardes et la culture de mangues. La culture d’anacarde était mise en place en 1966 avec divers essais sur 40 pieds au total. Deux ans plus tard en 1968, l’installation de la culture de mangues a commencé par la création de collection de mangues. Diverses variétés de mangues ont été introduites mais avant cela, IFAC a formé plusieurs personnes sur la technique de greffage en plaquage, en couronne, par approche, en écusson. Plus tard, de la culture de mangue installée a été greffée par différentes variétés introduites. La station d’arboriculture fruitière de Mangatsa compte une superficie de 100 ha divisée en deux parties : la première partie est occupée par des anacardes clôturée, concernant la partie des mangues est non clôturée et par le biais de la FOFIFA, l’Etat Malagasy a pris en main la gestion de la station jusqu’à présent. I – 1-2- Situation géographique de la station 3 La station d’arboriculture de Mangatsa est située à 15 km de la ville de Mahajanga derrière l’aéroport d’Amborovy ; une route non goudronnée qui mène de la digue en passant par le lac sacré donc on découvre la station
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