Karst Management Philip E. van Beynen Editor Karst Management Editor Philip E. van Beynen Department of Geography Environment and Planning University of South Florida Tampa, Florida USA [email protected] ISBN 978-94-007-1206-5 e-ISBN 978-94-007-1207-2 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1207-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011931896 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: A sinkhole covers a street intersection downtown Guatemala City, Wednesday June 2, 2010. Authorities blamed heavy rains caused by tropical storm Agatha as the cause of the crater that swallowed a three-story building but now say they will be conducting further studies to determine the cause. (AP Photo/Moises Castillo) (100602043877) Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To Kaya, Merik and Siena Acknowledgments The production of this book has been 2 years in the making and has been a rewarding experience. It would not have come to fruition without the contributors listed below, who spared their busy schedules to produce the chapters for this book. Consequently, I am greatly indebted to Michel Bakalowicz, Barry Beck, Robert Brinkmann, Catherine Coxon, Michael Day, Erik Spencer Fleury, Daniel Fong, Derek Ford, Sandra Jo Garren, David Gillieson, William Humphreys, Mikhail Leonenko, Petar Milanovic, Diana Northup, Mario Parise, Philip Reeder, Vladimir Tolmachev, Kaya van Beynen, George Veni, Paul Williams, Stephen Worthington and Wanfang Zhou. It has been a pleasure to work with you over this time and I hope to do again in the near future. In addition, each chapter was improved through the diligent efforts of the review- ers who provided thorough and timely reviews. Hence, I would like to thank Calvin Alexander and his karst class, Patricia Beddows, Guy Beresford, Andrew Boulton, Doug Boyer, Bob Brinkmann, Mick Day, Jo de Waele, Yongli Gao, Alexandra Gemitzi, Tobias Geyer, David Gillieson, Paul Griffths, Francisco Gutiérrez, Elery Hamiton Smith, Andrej Kranjc, Alexander Klimchouk, Bogdan Onac, Armstrong Osborne, Mario Parise, Natasa Ravbar, Steffi Schwabe, Pat Seiser, Chris Siart, Matt Struebig, Arzyana Sunkar, Kaya van Beynen, Tony Waltham, Christian Wells, Carol Wicks, Paul Wood, Charles Yonge, Wanfang Zhou and Ed Zisman. I would like to thank the editorial staff at Springer Publishing: Editor Robert Doe for accepting the proposal for this book, Robert van Gameren and Nina Bennink for their kind and helpful assistance. You all have been a pleasure to work with during this process, enduring my many questions and making the submission of this book as simple as possible. I greatly appreciate your help. Finally, I would like to thank my loving family, Kaya, Merik and Siena, for their patience during this process, and for allowing me to take time away when I needed it most. Last but not least, I must acknowledge my parents, Johanna and Martin, whose support over the years has been invaluable. vii Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Philip E. van Beynen Part I Management of Surface Karst 2 Engineering Issues on Karst .................................................................. 9 Wanfang Zhou and Barry F. Beck 3 Dams and Reservoirs in Karst ............................................................... 47 Petar Milanović 4 Experience in Collapse Risk Assessment of Building on Covered Karst Landscapes in Russia ............................................... 75 Vladimir Tolmachev and Mikhail Leonenko 5 Agriculture and Karst ............................................................................ 103 Catherine Coxon Part II Management of Subterranean Karst 6 Management of Caves ............................................................................. 141 David Shaw Gillieson 7 Some Considerations on Show Cave Management Issues in Southern Italy .......................................................................... 159 Mario Parise 8 Geoarchaeology and Karst: A New Perspective ................................... 169 Philip Reeder 9 Management of Subterranean Fauna in Karst .................................... 201 Daniel W. Fong ix x Contents 10 Managing Microbial Communities in Caves ........................................ 225 Diana E. Northup Part III Management of Karst Aquifers 11 Management of Carbonate Aquifers ..................................................... 243 Stephen R.H. Worthington 12 Management of Karst Groundwater Resources................................... 263 Michel Bakalowicz 13 Management of Groundwater Species in Karst Environments .......... 283 William F. Humphreys Part IV Management of Karst Regions as Integrated Units 14 National Karst Research Institutes: Their Roles in Cave and Karst Management .......................................................................... 321 George Veni 15 Using Public Policy to Affect Human Behavior on Karst Landscapes in the United States ............................................ 349 Erik Spencer Fleury 16 Karst and Sustainability ......................................................................... 361 Robert Brinkmann and Sandra Jo Garren 17 Human Disturbance of Karst Environments ........................................ 379 Philip E. van Beynen and Kaya M. van Beynen 18 The Cockpit Country, Jamaica: Boundary Issues in Assessing Disturbance and Using a Karst Disturbance Index in Protected Areas Planning ........................................................ 399 Michael Day, Alan Halfen, and Sean Chenoweth 19 Expanding South Nahanni National Park, Northwest Territories, Canada, to Include and Manage Some Remarkable Sub-Arctic/Arctic Karst Terranes ................................... 415 Derek Ford 20 Protection of Karst Landscapes in the Developing World: Lessons from Central America, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia .................................................................................. 439 Michael Day 21 Karst in UNESCO World Heritage Sites .............................................. 459 Paul W. Williams Index ................................................................................................................. 481 Contributors Michel Bakalowicz HydroSciences, Université Montpellier 2, cc MSE, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France, [email protected] Barry F. Beck P.E. LaMoreaux & Associates, Inc., 106 Administration Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA, [email protected] Robert Brinkmann Department of Geography, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, NES 107, Tampa, FL 33620, USA, [email protected] Sean Chenoweth Department of Geosciences, University of Louisiana, 324 Hanna Hall, Monroe, LA 71209, USA, [email protected] Catherine Coxon Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland, [email protected] Michael Day Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA, [email protected] Erik Spencer Fleury 645 11th Avenue North, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA, [email protected] Daniel W. Fong Department of Biology, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20016–8007, USA, [email protected] Derek Ford School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1 ON, Canada, [email protected] David Shaw Gillieson School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia, [email protected] Alan Halfen Department of Geography, University of Kansas, 1475 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045–7613, USA, [email protected] William F. Humphreys Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia, [email protected] xi xii Contributors Sandra Jo Garren Department of Geography, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, NES 107, Tampa, FL 33620, USA, [email protected] Mikhail Leonenko Antikarst and Shore Protection, 10 Gastello Street, 606019 Dzerzhinsk, Russia, [email protected] Petar Milanović Strumicka 19, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected] Diana E. Northup Biology Department, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2020, 87131 Albuquerque, NM, USA, [email protected] Mario Parise CNR-IRPI, Via Amendola 122-I, 70126 Bari, Italy, m.parise@ba. irpi.cnr.it Philip Reeder Department of Geography, Environment and Planning, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, NES 107, Tampa, FL 33620, USA, [email protected] Vladimir Tolmachev Antikarst and Shore Protections, 10 Gastello Street, 606019 Dzerzhinsk, Russia, [email protected] Kaya M. van Beynen Nelson Poynter Memorial Library, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA, [email protected] Philip E. van Beynen Department of Geography, Environment and Planning, University of South Florida, 4202 E, Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA, [email protected] George Veni National Cave and Karst Research Institute, 1400 Commerce Drive, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA, [email protected] Paul W. Williams School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, PB 92019