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Energetic Efficiency Evaluation of the Lunar Roving Vehicles Using Computer Simulation

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Energetic Efficiency Evaluation of the Lunar Roving Vehicles Using Computer Simulation TEM Journal. Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 937-943, ISSN 2217-8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM74-35, November 2018. Energetic Efficiency Evaluation of the Lunar Roving Vehicles Using Computer Simulation Calin Doru Iclodean 1, Calin Dan Iclodean 2 1Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2 Estaca Ecole d’Ingénieurs, Saint-Quentin-e n-Yvelines, France Abstract – This paper studies the energetic 1. Introduction performance of a Lunar Roving Vehicle using computer simulation with the AVL Cruise software. The Moon is the celestial body which has The simulation tasks include an energy consumption fascinated mankind during millennia. Since ancient calculation over the determined extra vehicular times, people have tried to uncover the Moon’s activity and based on the simulation results, a mysteries, and many dreamt of treading the lunar comparative analysis is performed between the AVL grounds long before the emergence of the modern Cruise simulation results and the NASA recordings of technology that made this journey possible. This the energy balance resulting from computer technology has come to fruition in the years 1950- simulations made in 1971, as well as the real results recorded by the crew of astronauts during the Apollo 1970 with the Russians space exploration missions 15 mission. The purpose of this paper is to design a (launch of the first Earth orbiting satellite Sputnik virtual Lunar Roving Vehicle and to simulate its and the first manned space capsule Vostok with operation in the lunar environment. The architecture Russian astronaut Yuri Gagarin [1]) and the of the Lunar Roving Vehicle will be based on the American Apollo program (Apollo 11 Moon landing original NASA LRV design, but using current and Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the Moon [2]). technology for the battery pack. Finally, the rovers will Being the celestial body located closest to Earth, the be simulated using the AVL Cruise software by Moon will logically be the first one to be fully implementing the digitized paths of the rovers during exploited by mankind. Due to a change in political the Apollo 15 missions. The purpose of this simulation agendas, high costs and low Earth orbit mission is to extract operating data of the old and the new rovers and compare their performances. This will priorities (satellite launch and International Space allow us to highlight the technological advances made Station exploitation), no one has returned to the in the last 40 years and to have an idea of the new Moon since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. However, rover’s capabilities should it be used during a future in recent years there has been a change in global lunar mission. policy coupled with important technological Keywords – Lunar Roving Vehicle, lunar missions, advances and a willingness to explore the solar computer simulation, energy efficiency. system that makes a new journey to the Moon relevant once again. The voyage to the Moon and the exploration of the lunar environment can be used as a training ground for a future mission to Mars [3]. DOI: 10.18421/TEM74-35 There have even been talks about setting a permanent https://dx.doi.org/10.18421/TEM74-35 outpost on the Moon that could be used as a scientific research facility, training center and even a launching Corresponding author: Calin Doru Iclodean, post for the Mars mission. One of the key parameters Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania of operating such an outpost and exploring the Moon, Email: [email protected] is the ability to move around freely. Indeed, it is paramount for any mission on the lunar surface to Received: 25 September 2018. have a vehicle that will increase the astronauts’ range Accepted: 08 November 2018. of action and allow them to transport any payload Published: 26 November 2018. they might require [4]. © 2018 Calin Doru Iclodean, Calin Dan The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is the first Iclodean; published by UIKTEN. This work is licensed modern electric vehicle that was used by American under the Creative Commons Attribution- astronauts to move on the surface of the Moon during NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. the Apollo 15, 16 and 17 missions. The distances The article is published with Open Access at traveled by the LRV during the Apollo missions were www.temjournal.com very long for that time: 27.9 km during the Apollo 15 mission, 26.9 km during the Apollo 16 mission and TEM Journal – Volume 7 / Number 4 / 2018. 937 TEM Journal. Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 937-943, ISSN 2217-8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM74-35, November 2018. 35.7 km during the Apollo 17 mission. The use of the The LRV is propelled by two directionally LRV for the Apollo missions played a very important independent systems (one in the front and one in the part by extending the lunar area explored by the back), it has two battery systems (each battery has astronauts near the Lunar Module (LM). Thus, while sufficient energy to power all the motors) with the the Apollo 11 crew could only cover a 0.25 km area possibility of cycling the power supplied between around the LM, the use of the LRV allowed to cover each of the two propulsion systems and it gives the an area of more than 90 km during the Apollo 15, 16 ability to use each of the four motors equipping the and 17 missions. This allowed to increase the crews’ wheels independently. The LRV’s chassis contains operating radius of 7.60 km from the LM [5]. the propulsion system, the suspension system, the NASA's demands regarding the LRV were that it breaking system and the steering system [5]. had to be a fully electrically propelled vehicle with a The wheels are constructed as an open envelope minimal weight, which could carry a payload at least with a diameter of 32 inches and a width of 9 inches. twice the rover’s own weight. The LRV needed to It is made of titanium meshing and presents small function under extreme temperature conditions, holes that allow the lunar dust to enter the wheel’s ranging from -173°C to +117°C, to be able to drive structure and increase its weight and therefore the over a surface with variable roughness and soft adherence coefficient of the wheel. The contact ground along a terrain containing craters, granite surface is composed of V-shaped titanium strips blocks and slopes with inclinations up to 25° [6]. The riveted to the wheel and which cover 50 % of the LRV was designed to have a maximal static and contact surface, allowing for even more adherence to dynamic stability with the possibility of transporting the lunar ground [12,13]. Each wheel has a two astronauts, scientific equipment such as lunar mechanism for disconnecting the traction system, probes which exceeds twice the initial weight of the allowing it to rotate freely around a bearing LRV while remaining stable on slopes with an independent of the drive train. At the same time, each inclination of up to 45° [6]. wheel is driven by an electric motor, with a power of According to the report presented by the Apollo 15 0.20 kW (1/4 HP), supplied with a voltage of 36 crew, the lunar soil in the Hadley-Apennine region VDC, which is mounted in the wheel hub. It is has a smooth and rigid texture covered with a very hermetically sealed to maintain an internal pressure fine layer of dust, up to 3 cm thick, which allowed of 7.5 bar and is equipped with a mechanical brake the LRV to move without problems with a maximum disk system. The rotational speed of the electric speed of 13 km/h. Due to the layer of dust on the motors is transmitted to the wheels via a mechanical lunar surface and to the low gravitational divider with an 80:1 ratio. The electric motors are acceleration (about 1/6g), the Apollo crew reported equipped with an operating temperature monitoring an increase in the braking distance until the LRV was system that disconnects the power supply of the completely halted at double the distance compared to motor at an external temperature of over 200°C. The similar tests performed on Earth [6,7,8]. four electric motors are powered by two silver zinc The LRV is a four wheeled self-propelled vehicle electric batteries, each with a rated voltage of 36 with manual commands built to be used to transport VDC and a capacity of 115 Ah, consisting of 23 people and equipment on the surface of the Moon. cells, with a total weight of 59 kg. Thermal control The vehicle is composed of an electrical propulsion systems are incorporated into the LRV to maintain system, an electric system, a central command and temperature sensitive components within their display console, a navigation and guidance system operating thermal limits [14,15]. and a thermic control system (Figure 1.) [9,10]. 2. Methods To build the LRV virtual model, the AVL Cruise application was used in which the LRV model was assimilated to an electric vehicle model. Vehicle models developed in the AVL Cruise application are made up of components that identify with the real elements both in terms of constructive features and mathematical relationships that govern their operation. The steps taken in defining the algorithm of the computer simulation process are: Figure 1. Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) [11] 938 TEM Journal – Volume 7 / Number 4 / 2018 TEM Journal. Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 937-943, ISSN 2217-8309, DOI: 10.18421/TEM74-35, November 2018. Creating the virtual LRV model in AVL Cruise; Final Drive is also known as the final drive Introducing the component elements in the transmission defined as a stage of transmission of the graphical interface; kinematic chain in the propulsion system (80:1).
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