WORLD WAR TWO STUDIES ASSOCIATION (Formerly American Committee on the History O/The Second World War)

Home , Bernd Stegemann, Bernd Wegner, Gerhard Schreiber, Horst Boog, Joachim Hoffmann, Manfred Messerschmidt

WORLD WAR TWO STUDIES ASSOCIATION (formerly American Committee on the History o/the Second World War)

Donald S. Detwiler, Chairman Mark P. Parillo, Secretary and Department of Histot)' Newslel/er Editor Southern lI1inois University Department of History at Carbondale 208 Eisenhower Hall Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4519 Kansas Slate University Manhallan, Kansas 66506-1002 Permanent Directors 913-532·0374 FAX 913-532-7004 Charles F. Delzell [email protected] Vanderbilt University Robin Higham, Archivist Arthur L. Funk NEWSLETTER Department of History Gainesville. Florida 208 Eisenhower Hall Kansas State University H. Stuart Hughes Manhattan, Kansas 66506-1002 University of Cal ifomia, Sau Diego ISSN 0885-5668 The WWTSA is affiliated with:

Terms expiring /996 American Historical Association 400 A Street, S.E. Dean C. Allard Washinglon, D.C. 20003 Naval Historical Center Comite international d'hisLoire Stephen E. Ambrose de la deuxicme guerTe mondiale University of New Orleans Henry Rousso. General Secretary Institut d'histoire du temps present David Kahn (Centre national de la recherche Great Neck, New York scientifique [CNRSJ) No. 56 Fall 1996 44. rue de l'Amiral Mouchez Richard H. Kohn 75014 Paris. France University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CONTENTS Carol M. Perillo Boston College

Ronald H. Spector George Washington University World War Two Studies Association

David F. Trask General Infonnation 2 Washington, D.C. The Newsletter 2 Robert Wolfe National Archives Annual Membership Dues 2 Terms expiring /997

James L. Collins. Jr. Middleburg, Virginia News and Notes John Lewis Gaddis 1997 WWTSA Elections and-Membership Renewal 3 Ohio University

Robin Higham Donations to the WWTSA 3 Kansas State University Annual Business Meeting 3 Warren F. Kimball Rutgers University, Newark WWTSA Panel at the 1997 AHA Conference 3 Allan R. Milieu WWTSA Panel(s) at the 1998 AHA Conference 4 Ohio State University 4 Agnes F. Peterson Call for Papers Hoover Institution

Russell F. Weigley Temple University

Roberta Wohlstetter The Gennan History of World War II (Vols. 1-3): Pan Heuristics A Detailed Report by Donald S. Detwiler 5 Janet Ziegler UCLA Terms expiring /998

Martin Blumenson Washinglon, D.C. Bibliographical Listings D'Ann Campbell Recent Books 25 Austin Peay State University Selected Titles from a List Compiled by James Ehrman Stanley L. Falk Alexandria. Virginia Recent Journal and Periodical Articles 37 Ernest R. May Harvard University Selected Titles from a List Compiled by Susannah U Bruce

Dennis Showalter Colorado College Membership Fonns Mark A. Sloler University ofVennont Election Ballot for 1997-99 Tenn 47 Gerhard L. Weinberg University of North Carolina Membership Renewal Fonn 49 at Chapel Hill

Earl F. Ziemke University of Georgia General Information

Established in 1967 "to promote historical research in the period of World War II in all its aspects," the World War Two Studies Association, whose original name was the American Committee on the History of the Second World War, is a private organization supported by the dues and donations of its members. It is affiliated with the American Historical Association, with the International Committee for the History of the Second World War, and with corresponding national committees in other countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Slovenia, the United Kingdom, and the Vatican.

The Newsletter

The WWTSA issues a semiannual newsletter, which is assigned International Standard Serial Number [ISSN] 0885-5668 by the Library of Congress. Back issues of the Newsletter are available from Robin Higham, WWTSA Archivist, through Sunflower University Press, 1531 Yuma (or Box 1009), Manhattan, KS 66502-4228.

Please send information and suggestions for the Newsletter to:

Mark Parillo Department ofHistory Kansas State University Tel.: (913) 532-0374 Eisenhower Hall Fax: (913) 532-7004 Manhattan, KS 66506-1002 E-mail: [email protected]

Annual Membership Dues

Membership is open to all who are interested in the era of the Second World War. Annual membership dues of $15.00 are payable at the beginning of each calendar year. Students with U.S. addresses may, iftheir circumstances require it, pay annual dues of $5.00 for up to six years. There is no surcharge for members abroad, but it is requested that dues be remitted directly to the secretary of the WWTSA (not through an agency or subscription service) in U.S. dollars. The Newsletter, which is mailed at bulk rates within the United States, will be sent by surface mail to foreign addresses unless special arrangements are made to cover the cost of airmail postage. Fall 1996 - 3

News and Notes As in the past, such donations could facilitate keeping dues, particularly for students, at a relatively modest level, and 1997 WWTSA Elections could, in addition, provide welcome means and Membership Renewal to cover otherwise unreimbursed association expenses. All members of the World War Two Studies Association are eligible to vote for the eight directors of the association who Annual Business Meeting. will serve three-year terms through 1999. In addition, this year the chair and The World War Two Studies Association secretary-treasurer for the 1997-99 term will hold its annual business meeting in will be elected. Please indicate your conjunction with the American Historical choices on the ballot included in this Association conference at the New York newsletter, detach it, and mail it as directed Hilton Hotel in January 1997. The meeting by January 31, 1997. will be from 5 to 7 p.m. on Friday, January 3, in Room 507 of the Hilton. All WWTSA Also included in the newsletter is the 1997 members are welcome to attend. membership renewal form. Membership dues are payable at the beginning of the calendar year. WWTSA Panel at the 1997 AHA Conference

Donations to the The World War Two Studies Association World War Two Studies Association will host a scholarly session in conjunction with the 1997 American Historical To help defray costs of the WWTSA that Association conference in New York. The may not be not covered by membership session will be held in the New York dues, the Kansas State University Hilton, rendezvous Trianon, from 9:30 to Foundation, which is eligible to receive 11 :30 a.m. on Saturday, January 4. contributions that are tax-deductible to the extent provided by law, has kindly The session is entitled "Where Do We Go established a dedicated account to which From Here? The History of the Pacific War donations may be made for the use of the After Fifty Years: A Panel Discussion," World War Two Studies Association. and will be composed ofthe following Members and supporters of the association participants: are invited to send to the secretary, together with their membership dues, separate Chair: Jonathan G. Utley, University of checks or money orders made out to the Chicago "KSU Foundation," indicating (on the Waldo H. Heinrichs, San Diego State University "purpose" line) that they are for "Friends of the WWTSA" or "Account No. F40752."

I 4 - Fall 1996

Ronald H. Spector, George Washington through Sunday, 2-5 October 1997 in University Annapolis, Maryland. Paper sessions will Yang Daqing, Harvard University be held on Friday and Saturday.

Since this is not an official AHA-sponsored In keeping with tradition, there is no event but rather a session conducted by an central theme for the Symposium. The affiliated society, WWTSA members may organizers anticipate a wide range of naval attend even if not registered for the AHA topics extending across broad temporal and conference. cultural ranges. As in the past, individuals who presented papers at the previous Symposium (1995) are not eligible to WWTSA Panel(s) at present papers in 1997 but are welcome to the 1998 AHA Conference serve as session moderators or commentators. The World War Two Studies Association will host one or more scholarly sessions in Ifpresenting a paper, please send a conjunction with the 1998 American 250-word or less abstract, a I-page vita, Historical Association conference in and a list of any audio-visual equipment Seattle, January 8-11, 1998. Those wishing required. If proposing a session, please to present papers or organize panels should send the information requested above for contact WWTSA secretary Mark Parillo to each presenter. If chair or commentator of a coordinate their efforts and facilitate session, please indicate field(s) of interest communications with the AHA conference and send a I-page vita. organizers. Those interested are reminded that the AHA deadlines for proposals are 1 Please send your proposals to: February 1997 for panels sponsored by affiliated societies. William McBride Department of History U.S. Naval Academy Call For Papers Annapolis, MD 21402-5044

13th Naval History Symposium telephone: (410) 293-6290 or Annapolis, Maryland (410) 293-6250 2-5 October 1997 fax: (410) 293-2256 e-mail: [email protected] The Department of History of the United States Naval Academy is sponsoring the Deadline for submission ofproposals is 13th Naval History Symposium. The 28 February 1997. Symposium will take place from Thursday Fall1996-5

The German History of World War II (Vols. 1-3) A Detailed Report

Donald S. Detwiler

Wilhelm Deist, Manfred Messerschmidt, Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram Wette, Germany and the Second World War. Edited by the MilWirgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History), Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. Volume 1: The Build-up ofGerman Aggression, translated by P. S. Falla, Dean S. McMurry, and Ewald Osers. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. xxviii & 799 pp. (ISBN 0-19-822866-X) $160.00.

Klaus A. Maier, Horst Rohde, Bernd Stegemann, and Hans Umbreit, Germany and the Second World War. Edited by the Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History), Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. Volume 2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe, translated by Dean S. McMurry and Ewald Osers, translation editor, P. S. Falla. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. xv & 444 pp. (ISBN 0-19 822885-6) $95.00.

Gerhard Schreiber, Bernd Stegemann, and Detlev Vogel, Germany and the Second World War. Edited by the Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History), Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. Volume 3: The Mediterranean, South-east Europe, and North Africa 1939-1941 (From Italy's declaration ofnon belligerence to the entry ofthe United States into the war), translated by Dean S. McMurry, Ewald Osers, and Louise Willmot, translation editor, P. S. Falla. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. xviii & 822 pp. (ISBN 0-19-822884-8) $105.00.

Oxford University Press is to be congratulated on its publication of translations of the first three volumes of the projected ten-volume history of Germany in the Second World War being written under the aegis of the German Defense Ministry's Military History Research Institute. Moved after unification from Freiburg to Potsdam, this agency of the German government, headed by a brigadier general on the active list, but staffed largely by highly qualified civil servants, has provided the base for an internationally recognized team ofprofessional historians to produce, on a carefully orchestrated collaborative basis, what is clearly emerging as the most comprehensive, thoroughly documented history of the origins, assumptions, and course of the Second World War in German perspective. I

I 6 - Fall 1996

The German Series to Date (volumes 1-4, 5/1, & 6)

Considering inititially the original edition, as of fall 1996, roughly half the projected ten volwne series has been published in Gennan. The first four volumes, on the background and the political and military course of the war in Europe and the Mediterranean to December 1941 are rounded out by the thousand-page first half of the fifth with economic and administration coverage through 1941 and the sixth, carrying the account, extended to a global scale, to early 1943.2 These six tomes, with an average length of some 900 pages, do not provide a single, panoramic narrative; there are well-written narrative segments, but it seems evident, on the basis of what has been published, that more complete coverage than would otherwise have been possible has been achieved in the series so far by having built it out of more than two dozen thematically interlocking, individually written scholarly studies on the most significant aspects and phases of the background and course of the war. In tenns of scope, coherence, and intrinsic importance, at least half of these contributions, each the sole responsibility of a single scholar, could easily stand alone as book-length monographs representing substantial additions to the field. 3 But the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The value of the individual contributions comprising each volume and, in turn, the value of each volume as a major segment in the series is immeasurably enhanced by the skill with which each part has been designed to complement the next in its meticulously documented treatment of the particular aspect of the approaching and then unfolding war on which it focuses.

The thematic unity of each multifaceted volume is underlined by well-crafted, substantial introductory and concluding essays. Each volume includes maps, graphics, an index of names, and an extensive bibliography with full citations of the works named in the copious footnotes. 4 The resulting coverage, seen as a whole, is not seamless, nor is it intended to be, for the internal coherence of many of the individual contributions makes a certain amount of overlapping unavoidable. Moreover, the detailed consideration of intimately related events from different perspectives inevitably leads to differing and at times contradictory interpretations. This reflects the fact that, the effectively coordinated scholarly coherence of the contributions to this series notwithstanding, these volumes are not an official history. The suggestion that they might be, writes Dr. Manfred Messerschmidt, the chief historian of the Institute, on the first page of his introduction to volume 1, "is open to misunderstanding. It is not the [Military History Research] Institute's task to produce work expressing 'the viewpoint of the Federal Republic of Gennany.' Such a viewpoint does not exist and therefore cannot be given. By a valuable tradition, the Institute enjoys academic freedom in its work and publications. The authors on its staff are responsible to the learned world for their research and conclusions."5

Among the most significant of their conclusions, and one which runs through all the volwnes published to date, was noted by Peter Paret in his review of the translation of the first volume: "The dispassionate analysis of the war by a working group of Gennan scholars with unequalled command of the relevant archival sources constitutes an important voice in support Fall 1996 - 7

of those historians in the debate [regarding German history, i.e., the Historikerstreit] who reject efforts of some of their colleagues to deny the singularity of actions that many Germans carried out in the name of their country during the war."6

Volume 1: The Build-up ofGerman Aggression

The dramatic success of the National Socialist regime in organizing and mobilizing for its purposes the resources of the German nation during the six and a half years from Hitler's appointment as chancellor to his unleashing of the Second World War in Europe was not the work of anyone person, but the consequence of carefully coordinated efforts in many sectors of the state, the society, and the economy. The first volume of this new history of Germany and World War II traces these efforts in four parallel studies, each dealing with a fundamental aspect of the transformation of the Weimar Republic of early winter 1932-33 into the Third Reich of late summer 1939: • the ideological and political mobilization of German society for the war; • the rebuilding and preparation for war ofthe German economy; • the reestablishment and build-up of the German armed forces; and • the restoration of German sovereignty and recovery of Great-Power status. Each ofthe three volumes in translation under consideration in this review is important, but the methodological thoroughness with which the first volume covers the four tracks ofprewar history, synthesizing the literature in several languages, has led to it having been recognized, since its initial publication in German in 1979, as a landmark in contemporary historiography. For that reason it commands considerably more space in this review than the second and third translated volumes in the series, although each, in its way, represents an indispensable resource for the reader for whom the German original is inaccessible.

Part I, "Ideology, Propaganda, and Internal Politics as Preconditions of the War Policy ofthe Third Reich" (pp. 9-155), by Wolfram Wette, starts with a seventy-two page chapter on "Militarist and Pacifist Ideologies in the Last Phase of the Weimar Republic," beginning, after a carefully balanced definition of the problem and explanation of the approach being taken, with a concise analysis of the National Socialist ideology of violence and Hitler's plans for aggression.? Regarding the militarism ofthe "nationalist opposition," Wette explains that "the 'nationalist' opposition' of the Weimar period was ... not only opposed to the republican parties but to the Weimar form of government and democracy as such," going on to describe, for example, the organization and programs ofthe Stahlhelm, the largest and most influential veterans' organization, and of the right-wing German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei).8 In his account of the "soldierly nationalist" literary movement that included Werner Beumelburg, Ernst and Friedrich Georg Hinger, and Ernst von Salomon, among many others, Wette cites a devastating contemporary critique of an anthology edited by Ernst JUnger (who in 1995 celebrated his hundredth birthday) by the prominent

I 8 - Fall 1996 socialist writer Walter Benjamin, who found by 1930 that "what was developing here beneath the mask of a wartime volunteer and a post-war mercenary was in fact the unmistakable form of a Fascist class-warrior, and when these writers speak of the nation, they mean a state ruled by that class." 19

Wette's survey of the Weimar Republic continues with copiously annotated treatments of the stance first of the Protestant churches and then of the Catholic church and the (Catholic) Center PartylO, followed by subchapters on the liberals, on the socialists and trade unions, on ll the isolated pacifist movement, and on the German Communist Party and the Comintem , and concluded with an essay on the deluge of books and films on war that began at the end of the twentiesY

The second chapter, "Propaganda Mobilization for War," begins with a review of National Socialist propaganda before 1933, describes the control systems established and utilized from 1933 to 1939 in order to achieve "Ideological Gleichschaltung" within Germany, concisely analyses Hitler's and Goebbels' "peace speeches," 1933-1936, in conjunction with the National Socialist policy of deception, and considers the ever greater role of the armed forces in preparations for war signalled, after 1936, with increasingly overt saber-rattling and "advance

disclaiming of war-guilt. II 13 The third and concluding chapter, "Organizing Society in Preparation for War," systematically analyses the impact of the programs dealt with in the foregoing chapter, explaining, in specific terms, what happened and how. 14 The discussion of the military in the second chapter deals with institutional and ideological issues, but in the first section of the third chapter, Wette writes:

"Within four days offonning his government, the new chancellor set about gaining the co-operation of the chief anny leaders. He attached key importance to the role of the military in consolidating his power, as is clear from the fact that in addressing the anny commanders on 3 February 1933 he unfolded to them the essential features of his whole long-tenn policy. Thus, the military leaders were aware of his plans for conquest and expansion from the outset." 15

In the conclusion of his third chapter, Wette writes of the regimented Volksgemeinschaft [National Community):

"The aim of the Hitler regime was, by organizing society in all its aspects, to extend into everyday life the authoritarian rule of the Fuhrer state. 16 The Volksgemeinschaft propaganda and the educational strategy that went with it were designed to make this political and social exercise of authority palatable to the population--which did not constitutute a homogeneous group, sociologically or politically--and compensate it for the effective denial of its rights. It will probably never be exactly known how far the dictatorship was able in this way to break down the inner solidarity of particular classes and groups and to substitute an emotional identification with the whole community, or how far the claim to have done so was mere demagogy. Undoubtedly the uncertainty of law, and the fear of denunciation and reprisals that was closely bound up with the system of compulsory organization, contributed in large measure to the resigned attitude of the German people at the outbreak of war. The average, simple citizen who had welcomed the regime's bloodless victories in foreign affairs between 1933 and 1938, but who had not completely shed his reservations concerning it and above all did not want a war, found himself entangled in a web of compulsion, intimidated and incapable of deviating from the system."17 Fall 1996 - 9

Part II, "The National Socialist Economy in Preparation for War," is a 214-page study by Hans-Erich Volkmann. Its seven chapters trace the transformation of the German economy from the world depression to the eve of the war, with particular consideration of the effort to achieve autarky, the measures introduced under the Four-Year Plan, and the role Austria, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, and much of South-east Europe in Germany's economic mobilization for war. In sophistication and detail Volkmann's contribution is comparable to the opening part of the volume by his colleague Wette. In 1989, ten years after the publication of the German edition,Volkmann prepared the following bibliographical note to be included, at the end of his first chapter, in the English edition, illustrating his approach to the subject:

"The relationship between National Socialism and the leaders of the economy," Volkmann writes, "continues to be the subject of new studies. It was also the theme of a series of lectures at the University of Augsburg. Regrettably, the lecturer narrowed down the problem to the support given to Hitler by big business, without making clear the motives of economic policy which ultimately led German big business to tum away from the Weimar Republic and towards National Socialism. The National Socialist alternative to the free market and world-wide economy, i.e. autarky within a large economic area, as formulated with the co-operation of renowned representatives of big business, was not fully understood by the author. Cf. Bernecker, "Kapitalismus und Nationalsozialismus." 18 Neebe, GrofJindustrie, 176 ff., 274 n. 17, questions the thesis that big business ultimately supported the National Socialist economic policy for its autarky and large-area economic programme. 19 Such a rash judgement can only be arrived at if one works exclusively from documents without tracing the co-operation of big business and National Socialism in economic policy beyond the period 1930-3. Neebe lacks the history-of-ideas approach to the subject. The same flaw is unfortunately exhibited also in the extensive and worthwhile study by Turner, German Big Business and the Rise ofHitler. 20 Both studies are based exclusively on documentary sources and the primary and secondary political-history literature, without the least regard to the literature on economic policy and economic theory of the period analysed by them (cf. also Volkmann, Wirtschaji im Dritten Reich, i, esp. 23_47).21 They are thus unable to mark out the intellectual background against which political and economic decisions were made. Both authors tend towards a personalized view of history, but this cannot ultimately explain why German private industry came to such a speedy arrangement with National Socialism as soon as the latter came to power, or why during the Third Reich almost complete identity of economic objectives was achieved, with the result that conflicts remained almost entirely confmed to the organizational and administrative sphere. Turner is still deeply rooted in the totalitarianism theory. A very differently structured study is that by Teichert, Autarkie. 22 It reveals the ideological background against which economic policy, and especially foreign-trade policy, was possible and was being realized in practice. The author refers in particular to the spate of articles on geopolitical and strategic thinking; this had an influence which should not be underrated on the formulation of economic, and more especially foreign-trade, theory and programmes. The study establishes the existence of a link between radically motivated expansionism, in the sense of living-space theory, on the one hand, and a power-political and eventually economically motivated expansionism on the other.'123

Volkmann's monographic study provides an invaluable synthesis of international scholarship on the Third Reich's economic preparations for the war, but many historians, including this reviewer, will not fault Turner for having spared his readers the kind of discussion of "the literature on economic policy and economic theory of the period" that Volkmann criticizes him for having omitted. Had Turner overlaid his well-informed and meticuloulsy documented political account with a thorough consideration of the often technical and sometimes abstruse

I 10 - Fall 1996 literature on economic policy and theory, his book might well, in the end, have been far less convincing and accessible than it is. In the last analysis, neither political nor economic history alone can provide ultimate explanations of the steps that led to the consolidation of National Socialist economic control in the Third Reich, but Turner's classic is a milestone in our understanding of the process, and its value is not in the least diminished by the way in which it is complemented by Volkmann's authoritative study.

Part III, "The Rearmament of the Wehrmacht," by Wilhelm Deist, is a 166-page monographic account of the build-up of the German armed forces from the end of the First World War to the beginning of the Second. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which had the force of law in Germany, the task of the German army was "limited to 'maintaining order within the territory [of Germany] and control ofthe frontiers'" (Article 160).24 This restriction and the 100,000-man personnel ceiling were regarded widely as unacceptable. For this reason, the grand coalition government under the chancellorship of the Social Democrat Hermann Muller in October 1928 "accepted responsibility for the secret rearmament measures of the Reichswehr. The real importance of this development was not the amount of money for secret rearmament measures from the budget of the defence ministry, and later from the budgets ofother ministries, but rather the undermining of the parliamentary system by the use of government decrees. In a matter which was very sensitive at home and abroad, the right and power of the Reichstag to control expenditure were nullified by the concerted action of executive organs."2S

In his first chapter, largely on the Weimar period, Deist focusses on the important role played by General Wilhelm Groener, who served as defense minister (Wehrminister) from January 1928 to April 1932 (when Franz von Papen became chancellor and General Schleicher defense minister). As Ludendorffs successor at German supreme headquarters at the end of the war, he had initiated the understanding between the army and Friedrich Ebert's government after the fall of the monarchy, and had served in the cabinets of three chancellors in the early 1920s. "Uniquely cognizant of the political, economic, technical, and military problems of warfare," Deist writes, "... he made the first real attempt to make the Reichswehr an integrated military instrument of the general policy of treaty revision as formulated by Stresemann."26 As minister of interior as well as defense, Groener imposed a ban on the activities of the National Socialist paramilitary organization, the SA (Sturmabteilungen, storm troopers), which was opposed by General Kurt Schleicher, the ranking officer in the ministry, and, on the appointment of Franz von Papen as successor of Chancellor Heinrich Bruning on 1 June 1932, Groener's successor as defense minister.

The course toward rearmament set by Groener was not changed by Schleicher, but was pursued more overtly during five and a half months as defense minister. During his own chancellorship, however, from early December 1932 to late January 1933, Schleicher was increasingly criticized, within the officer corps of the German army, because of his "frequent use of the Reichswehr for political tasks. For this reason," writes Deist, "the appointment of Fall 1996 - 11

Hitler as chancellor and Blomberg as defence minister ... appeared to many officers as in some degree a return to nonnal conditions, which they had long desired."27

"In February 1933 Hitler had described the build-up of the Wehnnacht as the most important precondition for re-establishing Gennany's position as a great power," but, writes Deist at the beginning of his third and concluding chapter, "The Wehnnacht ofthe Third Reich" (following his accounts, in the second, ofthe reannament of the anny and navy and the build-up of the Luftwaffe), "the present survey ofthe individual stages ofGennan reannament has shown that the anning of the Wehnnacht as a whole was anything but planned and orderly. Rather, it was essentially an uncoordinated expansion of the individiual services. There was no Wehnnacht annament programme as such.... The services made their basic decisions without consulting . . . each other."28 This continued until 1938, when Hitler abolished the position of Minister of War and established the High Command ofthe Wehnnacht (OKW) as his instrument of personal command. In his final chapter, Deist shows the relationship between the restructuring of the high command of the anned forces and their Gleichschaltung, reviews Hitler's increasing role in operational planning from the annexation of Austria to the beginning of the war, and concludes that the Gennan military leaders' "tendency to concentrate on technical and tactical questions of their own services implied a renunciation of responsibility in the larger question ofthe means and ends ofmilitary policy, a responsibility ofwhich many were no longer aware. But this tendency also implied the self-degradation ofthe senior officers to mere recipients of orders. In this way the Wehnnacht became an instrument in the hands ofthe dictator. "29

Part IV, "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War," by Manfred Messerschmidt, the concluding segment ofthe volume, is a magisterial 175-page account representing a state-of the-art synthesis of scholarship on the political and diplomatic background of the war, including relevant considerations in the foregoing parts of the volume, and taking the more important secondary literature into account in concise explanatory footnotes. 3D "The last days and hours before the outbreak ofwar," Messerschmidt writes, "show Hitler vacillating between the attempt to keep Britain out and the detennination, expressed no doubt in an exaggerated manner, to fight on two fronts ifhe had to. 31 A clear line ofreasoning is hard to find. Mussolini offered mediation, but Hitler would not have it."32

The thirteen-page concluding essay, signed by the four authors of the volume, ends with the following paragraph:

"The step-by-step realization of Hitler's continental programme--historically speaking, a new attempt to establish Gennany as a great power and a world power--entered a new phase with the Gennan attack on Poland on 1 September 1939. The expectation that the subjugation of Poland would provoke only fonnal protests from the Western powers was shattered by their declaration of war on Gennany on 3 September. Twenty-five years after the outbreak of the First World War, the lights in Europe were again extinguished. A military machine was set in motion whose destructive power exceeded anything previously known and affected almost every comer of the European continent. This catastrophe was the result of policies pursued by Gennany since 1933, which were

I 12 - Fall 1996 aimed at expansion and war. These policies were not only based on Hitler's Lebensraum ideology, but were also an expression of the claims to power and influence that groups of major importance in Germany had been advancing without interruption since the tum of the century."33

Volume 2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe

Part I, "Politics and Warfare in the First Phase of the German Offensive," by Bernd Stegemann, the first of the nine parts in this 444-page volume, is a twenty-five page overview of international relations, diplomacy, and grand strategy during the first year of the war in Europe, concluding with consideration of the question of Hitler's decision to attack the Soviet Union.34

Part II, "Action Plans and Situation Assessments of the Luftwaffe and Navy before the Outbreak of War," includes a chapter by Klaus A. Maier, "Total War and Operational Air Warfare," with a concise review of German air-war theory and an extensively documented discussion of "Situation Assessment and Mission-P1anning,"35 followed by an overview, by Bernd Stegemann, of "Germany's Second Attempt to Become a Naval Power. "36

Part III, "Hitler's First Blitzkrieg and Its Consequences for North-eastern Europe," by Horst Rohde, is a five-chapter study that includes consideration of the Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940.37 Clear black-and-white maps are based on, but not equal to, the colored maps of the original German edition.

Part IV, "The First Phase of the War at Sea up to the Spring of 1940," by Bernd Stegemann, provides coverage of the war in the Baltic, the North Sea, and the Arctic, and of the mine war as well as the submarine war.38

Part V, "Securing the Northern Flank of Europe," includes chapters on German and Allied strategy by Klaus Maier, and on the occupation of Denmark and Norway by Bernd Stegemann.39

Part VI, "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe," a hundred-page survey by Hans Umbreit, has a subchapter on the military opposition to an extension of the war and a chapter on the policies and defense efforts ofthe neutrals, Belgium, Holland, and Luxemburg.40 In his account of the campaign in the West, Umbreit devotes considerable space to the question whether (and if so, to what extent), as the British retreated to Dunkirk, "the Germans failed to exploit their favourable situation systematically."41 He notes that on 23 May 1940, Kleist, whose armored forces had reached the Channel, "reported that more than half of his tanks were out of action: his formation had lost a lot ofits fighting-power and would not be able to stand up to a major counter-attack."42 Hitler, who visited his field commander's headquarters the next day, "concurred with Rundstedt's view that it would be more useful to leave the further attack Fall 1996 - 13

to the infantry and to halt and bring together the badly worn-out armoured forces."43 Umbreit does not rule out the possibility that Hitler may briefly have thought in terms of meeting half way those in England, who, unlike Churchill, might have come to terms with him, but he leaves no doubt that he regards a basic consideration (if not the overriding one) to have been that the "German armoured formations were to be saved as far as possible. They had new tasks awaiting them--in the next few weeks and perhaps again in the not too distant future. "44 Umbreit concludes his treatment of the German victory in the West with subchapters on Italy's entry into the war, the German-French armistice, and the initial steps in the establishment of "The 'New Order' in Western Europe."45

Part VII, "The Operational Air War until the Battle of Britain," by Klaus A. Maier, provides a concise overview.46

Part VIII, "The Second Phase of the War at Sea (until the Spring of 1941)," by Bernd Stegemann, covers the naval war from the spring of 1940 to the spring of 1941, a period during which German naval units, as a consequence of the fall of France, were able to operate from French Atlantic portS. 47

Part IX, "Direct Strategy against Britain," opens with Hans Umbreit's treatment of Churchill's determination to continue the war and Hitler's plans and preparations to land in England, followed by Karl A. Maier's account of the Battle of Britain and a concluding essay by Umbreit on Hitler's return to an indirect strategy against England. 48

Volume II ends with an essay entitled "Germany's Situation in the Late Autumn of 1940," which concludes with the following assessment of Hitler's dilemma, once it became clear that the war would continue despite his successful campaigns against Poland, in Scandinavia, and in the West:

"The Mediterranean had been left to Mussolini; the German admirals pressed for a campaign there, and the generals would have preferred it to fighting in the east, but Hitler did not regard this as a sound alternative. He refused to envisage doing more than come to the rescue ofMussolini, whose 'parallel war' had proved a disaster, because, while a determined push in the Mediterranean area seemed to promise success for a time, it could not be decisive for the outcome of the war. Hitler continued to postpone the solution of the 'problem of Britain.' As he saw it, another 'blitz campaign' in the east would bring back the war to the direction orginally intended; moreover, by removing Germany's last potential adversary on the Continent it would destroy British hopes and thus put an end to the conflict. 'It followed, however, that if Hitler failed in this, he would have lost not merely a campaign, but the war itself.'''49

Volume 3: The Mediterranean, South-east Europe, and North Africa, 1939 1941 (From Italy's declaration ofnon-belligerence to the entry ofthe United States into the war)

I 14 - Fall 1996

This large, five-part volume carries the account of the war in the east to the eve of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, and in the west to the eve of the American entry into the conflict.

Part I, "Political and Military Developments in the Mediterranean Area, 1939-1940," by Gerhard Schreiber, is a 294-page study that begins with a chapter on Mussolini's "non belligerence." The second chapter is an account of Italy's entry into the war and its initial consequences. The third is a study of the strategic dilemma of the Axis in the summer and fall of 1940. Chapter 4 deals not only with Hitler's ideas about German expansion, but also with "the aspirations of German ruling circles at the time" regarding a colonial empire.50

Part II, "Germany, Italy and South-east Europe: From Political and Economic Hegemony to Military Aggression," a 144-page study, is also by Gerhard Schreiber. In the first chapter, "Unequal Heirs of the First World War," he reviews the interwar history of Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Greece. In the second he examines German and Italian policy--and rivalry--in the region until the outbreak of the war, and the moves toward a "Balkan Bloc" after its outbreak. The third chapter, an account of the background, course and impact of the Italian Balkan campaign from its beginning until the eve of German intervention, is entitled "Mussolini's Invasion of Greece: The Beginning of the End of Italy's Great-Power Status."51

Part III, "German Intervention in the Balkans," by DetlefVogel, 105 pages in length, begins with a review of German Balkan policy from autumn 1940 on, and focusses on preparations for German intervention in GreeceY The second chapter begins with an account of the signing of the Tripartite Pact by Yugoslavia on 25 March 1941, the coup d'etat that followed two days later, and Hitler's announcement to his military leaders, within a few hours, "that he was determined to crush Yugoslavia and eliminate her as a state as soon as possible."53 The third chapter is on the German campaign in Yugoslavia and Greece and the fourth on the German airborne capture of Crete and the British evacuation of many of their forces, though only at the cost of heavy losses to the Royal Navy in the eastern Mediterranean.54

Part IV, "Politics and Warfare in 1941," by Gerhard Schreiber, eighty-two pages in length, begins with an essay on "The Anglo-American Association and Its Consequences for British Strategy,"55 and continues with an important three-part essay on "Hitler's Strategic Deliberations in Connection with the [Planned] Attack on the Soviet Union. "56 dealing in tum with his "Attempts to create a Forefield in the West," epitomized by the Franco-German agreements of May 1941 reached in Paris between Admiral Jean-Franyois Darlan on the one hand and General Walter Warlimont and Ambassador Otto Abetz on the other,57 with German strategy in the Middle East, culminating in German intervention in the Anglo-Iraqi War of May 1941 and its sequel, the five-week Syrian War of June-July 1941,58 and with "Planning for the Period after Barbarossa. "59 Fall 1996 - 15

Part V, "The Halo-German Conduct ofthe War in the Mediterranean and North Africa," by Bernd Stegemann, a 112-page study, begins with a detailed account of the British offensives in North and East Africa, leading to the conquest of Tobruk in Cyrenaica (in western Libya) and of Italian East Africa, enabling Emperor Haile Selassie to return to Ethiopia.60 The second chapter deals with the impact ofGerman intervention in the naval and air war in the Mediterranean,61 the third with the Axis reconquest of Cyrenaica but not Tobruk,62 the fourth with the Sollum Front,63 the fifth with the naval and air war in the theater,64 and the sixth and final chapter with Operation Crusader, the British counter offensive.65

The "Conclusion" of the third volume closes with the following reflection on the historical importance of the war in the Mediterranean: "It first became evident there how small the aggressors' room for manouvre had become as the war continued its course after the late autumn of 1940. The events of 1941 provided the first concrete signs that the Axis no longer held the initiative; in the second half of 1942 this fact could not longer be denied, and by the first half of 1943 it had become obvious. In the words of contemporary observers, in the summer of that year Germany definitely ceased to be the 'hammer' and became the 'anvil."'66

CONCLUSION

The first three volumes of Germany and the Second World War provide the finest coverageavailable in English on the background, origins, and course, well into 1941, of World War II in Europe from the German perspective. They do so, moreover, in readable form, with copious references to the relevant international scholarly literature, which is listed in their extensive bibliographies. These volumes, and those that will succeed them in the series as they are translated and published, will be indispensable to serious students ofthe World War II era and they consequently should be made available in college, university, and major public libraries.

Notes

1. On the Military History Research Institute's origins, mission, and structure, see the report by Roland G. Foerster published in the WWTSA Newsletter in fall 1992 (No. 48, pp. 21-25), reprinted from the summer 1992 issue ofArmy History (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History). The institutional and historiographical context in which the ten-volume series on the history of the German Reich (i.e., traditional Germany as a whole) and World War II is being written is concisely explained by Earl F. Ziemke in his review article on the first three volumes in German (vols. 1,2 and 4), "Germany and World War II: The Official History?," Central European History, vol. XVI (1983), pp. 398-407.

I 16 - Fall 1996

2. For bibliographical reference, the following information regarding the publication of the series is available: • Volume 1, on the origins and preconditions of the war: Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, herausgegeben [i.e., edited, henceforth, hgg.] vom MiliHirgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt [MGFA], Band [vol.] 1 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt [DVA],1979 [767 pp. and two folding colored maps, DM 78.00 (but in the 1995 German Books in Print listed as remaining at the subscription price ofDM 58.00 until publication of the second half of the fifth volume, i.e., Band 5/ll), ISBN 3-421 01934-7]). A reprint ofthis volume has been published, without the series title, as Wilhelm Deist, Manfred Messerschmidt, Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram Wette, Ursachen und Voraussetzungen des Zweiten Weltkrieges ["Causes and Preconditions of the Second World War"] (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1989 [954 pp., ISBN 3-596-24432-3, DM 28.90]), with a new foreword (noting the publication of the paperback edition on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the German attack on Poland ["aus Anlaft des 50. Jahrestages des deutschen Angriffs aufPolen '1). • Volume 2, on the establishment of German hegemony in Europe: Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, hgg. vom MGFA, Bd. [vol.] 2 (Stuttgart: DVA, 1979 [439 pp. with maps, graphics, etc., DM 78.00 (but in 1995 also listed at the series subscription price of DM 58.00 until publication of vol. 5IlI), ISBN 3-421-01935-5]). • Volume 3, on the war in the Mediterranean, North Africa, and southeastern Europe through December 1941: Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, hgg. vom MGFA, Bd. 3 (Stuttgart: DVA, 1984 [vii & 735 pp. with maps, graphics, etc., DM 78.00 (subscription price, as above, DM 58.00) ISBN 3-421-06097-5]). • Volume 4 (the translation of which is tentatively scheduled to be published by Oxford University Press in January 1997 as a volume of 1,400 pp. with 11 maps and 23 figures, at $165.00 [ISBN 0-19-822886-4]), on the German attack on the Soviet Union, carrying the account to the crisis of winter 1941-42: Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, hgg. vom MGFA, Bd. 4: Der Angriffaufdie Sowjetunion ["The Attack on the Soviet Union"], by Horst Boog, Jtirgen Forster, Joachim Hoffmann, Ernst Klink, Rolf-Dieter Milller, and Gerd R. Ueberschar (Stuttgart: DVA, 1983; 2nd unrevised printing, 1987 [xix & 1,172 pp. with colored endpaper maps and graphics, plus a supplement (Beiheft) with 27 folding colored maps, DM 78.00 (subscription price, as above, DM 58.00), ISBN (for both the volume and the supplement) 3-421-06098-3]). As in the case of the first volume in the series, a paperback edition of this volume has been published on a stand-alone basis, without the series title: Horst Boog, Jiirgen Forster, Joachim Hoffmann, Ernst Klink, Rolf-Dieter Milller, and Gerd R. Ueberschar, Der Angriffaufdie Sowjetunion ["The Attack on the Soviet Union"] (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1991 [1,376 pp., ISBN 3-596-11008-4, DM 29.90]). For an evaluation of this "monumental" volume, see the concluding pages of Earl F. Ziemke's review article cited in note 1. • Volume 5, Part I (publication date of a translation has yet to be announced), on the organization and mobilization of what came to be called Hitler's "Fortress Europe": Das Fall 1996 - 17

Deutsche Reich und der ZweiteWeItkrieg, hgg. vom MGFA, Bd. 5/1: Organisation und Mobilisierung des deutschen Machtbereichs ["The Organization and Mobilization of the German-Dominated Sphere"],Halbband [Part] I: Kriegsverwaitung, Wirtschaft und personelle Ressourcen, 1939-1941["War Administration, the Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939-1941 "] by Bernhard R. Kroener, Rolf-Dieter Muller, and Hans Umbreit (Stuttgart: DVA, 1988 [xviii & 1,062 pp., with numerous maps and graphics (listed on pp. 1,017-1,024), DM 78.00 (subscription price, as above, DM 58.00), ISBN 3-421-06232 3]). • Volume 5, Part II, on which no publication date has been announced for the German edition, not to mention an English translation, is to cover the organization and mobilization of the Third Reich and German-occupied Europe from 1942 to the end of the war. • Volume 6, on the expansion of the conflict to a world war, 1941/42-1943: Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite WeItkrieg, hgg. vom MGFA, Bd. 6, Horst Boog, Werner Rahn, Reinhard Stumpf, and Bernd Wegner, Der Giobale Krieg. Die Ausweitung zum WeItkrieg und der Wechsel der Initiative, 1941-1943 ["The Global War: The Expansion to a World War and the Change (i.e., the loss by the Axis) of the Initiative, 1941-43"] (Stuttgart: DVA, 1990 [xix & 1,184 pp. with numerous maps and graphics (listed on pp. 1,117 1,121) [DM 78.00 (subscription price, as above, DM 58.00), ISBN 3-421-06233-1]), carries the treatment of the war to the German withdrawals from Tripolitania in North Africa in January 1943 to Manstein's counter-offensive on the Russian front in March 1943 after the German loss of Stalingrand and the retreat from the Caucasus, and to the collapse of the German U-boat campaign in the North Atlantic in May 1943. • Volume 7, in preparation, has the working title Das Deutsche Reich in der DefenSive. Der Krieg im Westen und im Mittelmeerraum ["The German Reich on the Defensive: the War in the West and in the Mediterranean Theater"] • Volume 8, in preparation, has the working title Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive. Der Krieg im Osten und SiMosten ["The German Reich on the Defensive: the War in the East and the Southeast"]. • Volume 9, in preparation, has the working title Staat und Gesellschaft im Kriege ["State and Society during the War"]. • Volume 10, in preparation, has the working title Das Ende des Dritten Reiches ["The End of the Third Reich"].

3. See, for example, Bernd Wegner's "Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1942/43 [The War against the Soviet Union, 1942-43']," on pp. 759-1093 of Volume 6, cited above. The individual authorship of each contribution is recognized, in the inevitably frequent cross references in the series, by the practice of identifying the individual collaborator responsible for the specific passage being cited in another of the collaborative volumes. E.g., Schreiber's note 4 on page 3 of the third English volume, "4. Cf. vol. i of the present work, IV.I.1 (Messerschmidt)," and his note 179 on page 127 of the same volume: "179. See vol. ii of the present work, V.IV (Stegemann). On political and military developments extensively 18 - Fall 1996

Woodward, British Foreign Policy, i. 118-31" (where-by the full bibliographical reference, except the name of the publisher, is in the bibliography on p. 816 [publishers' names being listed neither in the German originals nor in the translated volumesD.

4. In the English translation, the extensive bibliography of the German original, Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg ["The German Reich and the Second World War], Band [vo1.] 1, Ursachen und Voraussetzungen der Deutschen Kriegspolitik ["Causes and Preconditions of German War Policy"] (Stuttgart: DVA, 1979), has been expanded to include publications into the late 1980s, as has also been done with the updated German paperback reprint published the year before the English translation, Ursachen und Voraussetzungen des Zweiten Weltkrieges ["Causes and Preconditions of the Second World War"] (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1989). The bibliography of the Oxford University Press edition includes numerous citations of English translations (usually in brackets) in addition to citations of the German originals. (Neither the German original of the first volume in the series nor the English translation include the chronology on pp. 931-941 of the Fischer paperback edition of the first volume.)

5. Loc. cit., p. 1. Dr. Manfred Messerschmidt served as Chief Historian of the Military History Research Institute from 1970 to 1988. For listings of the principal works of Professor Messer schmidt and the other contributors to the series, see the notes on the authors in each volume.

6. Times Literary Supplement, 17 May 1991.

7. Entitled "The National Socialist Ideology of Violence and Hitler's War Plans," this subchapter, on pp. 17-23, which in the style illustrated in note 3 would be cited as "vo1. i, 1.1.2 (Wette)," includes fifty-seven annotations citing works by Hitler (Mein Kampf, his second book, and speeches published in German by Max Domarus and in English by Norman H. Baynes), as well as works on him, including the 1932 study by Theodor Heuss, reprinted in 1968, and the extensive bibliographical essay by Gerhard Schreiber, Hitler Interpretationen 1923-1983: Ergebnisse, Methoden und Probleme der Forschung ["Hitler Interpretations 1923 1983: Results, Methods, and Problems of Research"] (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1984 [xii & 393 pp.], reissued, in an expanded edition with the same title and an annotated bibliography for 1984-87, by the original publisher in 1988 [xii & 404 pp.; DM 59.00; ISBN 3-534-07081-XD.

8. Loc. cit., pp. 23-32.

9. Ibid., p. 35, cited from Walter Benjamin, "Theorien des deutschen Faschismus: Zu der Sammelschrift Krieg und Krieger, herausgegeben von Ernst Junger" ["Theories of German Fascism: On the Anthology War and Warriors, edited by Ernst Junger"], Die Gesellschaft 7/2 (1930), pp. 32-42. For insight into a cast of mind foreign and often inaccessible to the Anglo American reader, see the translation of the best-selling postwar autobiographical apologia of one of the most articulate of these militants (an acknowledged right-wing assassin), Ernst von Fall 1996 - 19

Salomon, The Answers ofErnst von Salomon to the 131 Questions in the Allied Military Government "Fragebogen" (London: Putnam, 1954), translated by Constantine Fitzgibbon from Der Fragebogen ["The Questionnaire"] (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1951). See also the translation of one of the most widely read works of this genre, Ernst Junger, The Storm of Steel: From the Diary ofa German Stormtroop Officer on the Western Front. translated by Basil Creighton (Howard Fertig, 1996).

10. "The Attitude of the Protestant Church," pp. 40-46, with sixty-two annotations, and "The Catholic Church and the Centre Party: War Theology, International Understanding, and Obedience to Authority" (a rendering of the subchapter title conveying the content ifnot the virtually untranslatable felicity of diction of the original: "Zwischen Verstiindigungspolitik, Obrigkeitsglauben und Kriegstheologie: Katholische Kirche und Zentrumspartei''), pp. 47-54, with sixty-five references, including several each to two standard works in English, Guenther Lewy, The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), and Gordon C. Zahn, German Catholics and Hitler's Wars (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1962).

11. Wette notes that German foreign minister Gustav Stresemann, who in 1926 shared the Nobel Peace Prize with his French counterpart, Aristide Briand, sharply attacked the German pacifist leader (and chairman of the German Peace Society [Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft], 1914-1929) Ludwig Quidde, who in 1927 shared the Nobel Peace Prize with the president of the French Human Rights League [Ligue des Droits de l'Homme], Ferdinand Buisson, for damaging revelations concerning the secret German rearmament program that Stresemann supported. This was by no means the first time the historian Quidde (former executive secretary of the Prussian Historical Institute in Rome) had aroused ire in Berlin, for a generation earlier his name had become a household word as the author of a twenty-page essay reprinted as a pamphlet over two dozen times in the year of its publication, Caligula. Eine Studie iiber romischen Ciisarenwahnsinn ["Caligula: A Study of Roman Imperial Insanity"] (Leipzig: W. Friedrich, 1894). Ostensibly a carefully documented scholarly article on a first century Roman Emperor, it was so transparent a satirical attack on the already controversial (not to mention vulnerable and sensitive) Emperor William II that Quidde was imprisoned for three months for the crime oflese majeste. After the fall of the monarchy, the essay was reissued in a sixty-three-page booklet, together with the author's reminiscenses and a bibliography: Caligula. Eine Studie iiber romischen Ciisarenwahnsinn, ergiinzt durch Erinnerungen des Verfassers: 1m Kampfgegen Ciisarismus und Byzantinismus ["Caligula--A Study of Roman Imperial Insanity, with Reminiscences by the Author: In the Struggle against Caesarism and Byzantinism"] (Berlin-Friedenau: Hensel & Co., 1926); see The Kaiser's Double: Being a Translation by Claud Field ofthe Celebrated Pamphlet by Prof Ludwig QUidde, Entitled "Caligula: A Study in Imperial Insanity" (n.p., n.d.).

12. Ibid., "The Wave of War Books and Films from 1929 Onwards," pp. 77-82, with twenty eight annotations, in one of which (416 on p. 77) Wette acknowledges Prof. F. L. Carsten of London having informed him that Dorothy Woodman was a New Statesman reporter, "and that

I 20 - Fall 1996 her name was not (as stated by Rautenberg, Rilstungspolitik, 464) a pseudonym for the emigre publicist and KPD member Herbert H. Schreiber." The bibliography lists Hans-Jiirgen Rautenberg, Deutsche Rilstungspolitik vom Beginn der Genfer Abrilstungskonferenz bis zur Wiedereinfilhrung der allgemeinen Wehrpflicht 1932-1935 ["German Armament Policy from the Beginning of the Geneva Disarmament Conference to the Reintroduction of Mandatory General Military Training 1932-1935"] (diss. Bonn, 1973).

13. Ibid., pp. 83-124, with 216 annotations; p. 110.

14. Ibid., pp. 125-155, with 143 annotations.

15. Ibid., p. 126.

16. Ibid., p. 155, note 143: "For the concepts 'authoritarian' and 'totalitarian,' cf. Greiffenhagen, Kilhnl, und Milller, Totalitarismus, esp. 50 ff.; also Bracher, Kontroversen." The two books cited are listed in the bibliography as follows: Martin Greiffenhagen, Reichhard KUhnI, and Johann Baptist Milller, Totalitarismus. Zur Problematik eines politischen Begriffs ["Totalitarianism: On the Problematicality of a Political Concept"] (Munich, 1972), and Karl Dietrich Bracher, Zeitgeschichtliche Kontroversen. Um Faschismus, Totalitarismus, Demokratie ["Controversies in Contemporary History: On Fascism, Totalitarianism, Democracy"] (Serie Piper, 142; Munich 1976).

17. Loc. cit., p. 155.

18. The full reference, given in the bibliography: Walther L. Bernecker, "Kapitalismus und Nationalsozialismus: Zum Problem der Unterstiltzung Hitlers durch die Wirtschaft" ["Capitalism and National Socialism: On the Problem of the Support of Hitler by the Economy"] in 1933: Filnfzig Jahre danach. Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung in historischer Perspektive [" 1933: Fifty Years Later. The National Socialist Seizure of Power in Historical Perspective"], ed. by Josef Becker (Schriften der Philosophischen FakulHi.ten der Universitat Augsburg [Publications of the Philosophical Faculties of Augsburg University], 27; Munich, 1983),49-87.

19. Volkmann's reference, given in the bibliography, is to Reinhardt Neebe, Groj3industrie, Staat und NSDAP 1930-1933: Paul Silverberg und der Reichsverband der Deutschen Industrie in der Krise der Weimarer Republik ["Big Industry, the State and the National Socialist Party 1930-1933: Paul Silverberg and the Reich Association of German Industry in the Crisis of the Weimar Repubic"] (Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft [Critical Studies in Historical Science], 45; Gottingen, 1981).

20. The reference here is to Henry Ashby Turner's German Big Business and the Rise ofHitler (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). Fall 1996 - 21

21. This is a reference to a contribution to the invaluable publication series of the Library for Contemporary History in Stuttgart, then directed by Jiirgen Rohwer, now Gerhard Hirsch: Hans~Erich Volkmann, Wirtschaft im Dritten Reich. Eine Bibliographie ["The Economy in the Third Reich: A Bibliography"], Teil [Part] I, 1933-1939, Schriften der Bibliothek fur Zeitgeschichte [Publications of the Library for Contemporary History], Band [vo1.] 20 (Munich: Bernard & Graefe, 1980).

22. The cited work is listed as follows in the bibliography: Eckart Teichert, Autarkie und Groflraumwirtschaft in Deutschland 1930-1939. Auflenwirtschaftspolitische Konzeptionen zwischen Wirtschaftskrise und Zweilem Weltkrieg ["Autarky and Large-Area Economics in Germany 1930-1939: Foreign Economic Conceptions from the Economic Crisis to the Second World War"], Studien zur modernen Geschichte [Studies in Modem History], 30 (Munich, 1984).

23. This passage is printed on pp. 193-94, under the heading "Bibliographical Note (1989)" at the end of Volkmann's first chapter (not as an annotation, but as a continuation of the text).

24. Loc. cit., p. 376.

25. Ibid., pp. 382-83.

26. Ibid., p. 386, where Deist, in note 43, refers to the subsequent part of the volume, writing "See Messerschmidt, N.I.4 below."

27. Ibid., p. 401, where Deist, in note 96, cites pp. 390 ff. of the German translation ofF. L. Carsten's The Reichswehr and Politics, 1918-1933 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966; repr., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), and Thilo Vogelsang, Reichswehr, Staat und NSDAP: Beitrage zur deutschen Geschichte 1930-32 ["The Reichswehr, the State, and the NSDAP (i.e., the National Socialist Geman Workers' Party): Contributions to German History, 1930-32"], Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte [Sources and Presentations on Contemporary History], 11 (Stuttgart, 1962), pp. 397 ff.

28. Ibid., p. 505.

29. Ibid., p. 540.

30. Messerschmidt's text, pp. 543-717, includes a total of 824 notes, including source citations as well as explanatory annotations.

31. Ibid., p. 714. Messerschmidt cites, in note 173: "Statements to Mussolini, Henderson and others; Halder's note of 29 Aug., Diaries, i, 35. Cf. Henke, England, 195-6," a reference to Josef Henke, England in Hillers politischem Kalku11935-1939 ["England in Hitler's Political Calculations 1935-1939"], Schriften des Bundesarchivs [Publications of the (German) Federal Archives], 20 (Boppard, 1973). 22 - Fall 1996

32. Loc. cit., p. 714.

33. Ibid., pp. 731-32.

34. Vol. 2, pp. 5-29.

35. Ibid., pp. 33-59, with 85 annotations.

36. Ibid., pp. 60-66, with 31 annotations.

37. Ibid., pp. 69-150; the treatment of the war in Finland, pp. 145-150, is based largely on Gerd R. Ueberschar, Hitler und Finnland 1939-1941. Die deutsch-finnischen Beziehungen wiihrend des Hitler-Stalin-Paktes ["Hitler and Finland 1939-1941: German-Finnish Relations During the Hitler-Stalin Pact"], Frankfurter Historische Abhandlungen [Frankfurt Historical Treatises], 16 (Wiesbaden, 1978).

38. Ibid., pp. 152-178.

39. Ibid., "German Strategy" (Maier) & "Allied Strategy" (Maier), pp. 181-205; "Operation Weserubung" (Stegemann) and "Securing Germany's Political and Military Hold on the Occupied Territory" (Stegemann), pp. 206-225.

40. Ibid., "Military Opposition ... ," pp. 235-38; on Belgium, Holland, and Luxemburg, pp. 272-77, with maps of the Belgian and Dutch fortifications.

41. Ibid., p. 290.

42. Ibid.; where Umbreit, in note 16, cites "Fourth Army War Diary, 23 May 1940, BA-MA W 6965a" (a document located in the German Military Archives).

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid., p. 294.

45. Ibid. On Italy, pp. 304-313, with a map; on the armistice, pp. 313-316; and on the "New Order," pp. 316-326, with a two-page map.

46. Ibid., pp. 329-339.

47. Ibid., pp. 342-360.

48. Ibid., Umbreit, pp. 363-373; Maier, pp. 374-407; and Umbreit, pp. 408-415.

49. Ibid., p. 419, where the source ofthe concluding quotation is cited as Andreas Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie. Politik und Kriegfiihrung, 1940-41 ["Hitler's Strategy: Politics and Waging Fall 1996 - 23

War, 1940-41 "] (Frankfurt am Main: Bernard & Graefe, 1965), p. 392.

50. Vol. 3, p. 278; Schreiber's first chapter, on Mussolini's "'non-belligerence," pp. 8-98, has 454 footnotes; the second, on Italian intervention, pp. 99-179, has 426; the third, on the strategic dilemma of summer and autumn 1940, pp. 180-277, has 491; and the last, on German colonial ideas, pp. 278-301, has 91.

51. Ibid., "Unequal Heirs ofthe First World War," pp. 308-340, with 158 notes; "German and Italian Policy towards the States of South-east Europe," pp. 341-400, with 366 footnotes, including, in note 4 on p. 341, a reference to "D. M. Smith, Mussolini, " referring to Denis Mack Smith's Mussolini (London, 1981; New York: Vintage 1983), which is incorrectly alphabetized in the bibliography under the second part of the author's compound but unhyphenated surname; and "Mussolini's Invasion of Greece: The Beginning of the End of Italy's Great-power Status," pp. 401-448, with 175 notes.

52. Ibid., "Germany's Balkan Policy in the Autumn of 1940 and the Spring of 1941," pp. 451 478, with 170 notes.

53. Ibid., p. 481. "From the Coup in Yugoslavia to the Outbreak of War on 6 April 1941," pp. 479-496, has 86 notes.

54. Ibid., "The German Attack on Yugoslavia and Greece," pp. 497-526, has 159 notes; "The Capture of Crete," pp. 527-555, has 130. As noted on p. 553, German aircraft sank six British warships and heavily damaged seven others, but "as Halder himself admitted, the remaining ships of the Royal Navy in the eastern Mediterranean were sufficient to maintain Britain's dominant position there," as documented in his diary entry for 4 June 1941(cited in footnote 119 on p. 553, where Vogel cites two further sources that report that after the costly evacuation of Crete the British still had available at their anchorage in Alexandria, Egypt, at least one aircraft carrier, two battleships, two cruisers, and over a dozen destroyers).

55. Ibid., "The Anglo-American Association and Its Consequences for British Strategy," pp. 559-572, with 80 notes. (In the review copy of the third volume sent to this writer, the "Preliminary Note," and the first page of this chapter are inverted.)

56. Ibid., "Hitler's Strategic Deliberations in Connection with the Attack on the Soviet Union," pp. 573-640, with 334 notes.

57. Ibid., "Attempts to Create a Forefield in the West" (the first section of the chapter cited in note 56), pp. 574-589, with specific references (and corresponding citations in footnotes) to the agreement of23 May 1941 between Germany and Vichy France on Syria, Iraq, and North Africa, and to the (signed but unratified) Paris Protocols of27-28 May 1941 on p. 582.

I 24 - Fall 1996

58. Ibid., "Chances and Dangers for Gennan Strategy in the Middle East" (the second section of the chapter cited in note 56), pp. 589-623, with coverage of Gennan intervention in Iraq on pp. 600-601 (with a two-page map on pp. 602-603) and of the seizure by Australian, British, and Indian forces of the Vichy-French-controlled mandates of Lebanon and Syria), and their transfer to the authority of General de Gaulle, on pp. 613-617 (with a map on p. 614).

59. Ibid., "Planning for the Period after Barbarossa," pp. 624-640, based in part on the draft of 11 June 1941 of Hitler's Weisung Nr. 32: Vorbereitungenfur die Zeit nach Barbarossa ["Directive No. 32: Preparations for the Time after Barbarossa"], published in a paperback edited by Walther Hubatsch, Hitlers Weisungenfur die KriegfUhrung 1939-1945: Dokumente des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht ["Hitler's War Directives, 1939-1945: Documents of the High Command of the Anned Forces"] (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1965), pp. 151-56.

60. Ibid., "The British Take the Offensive in North and East Africa," pp. 643-653, with maps on pp. 647 and 649; maps of East Africa will be found in the opening part of the volume, in connection with Italy's entry into the war, on pp. 260 and 265.

61. Ibid., "German Intervention and Its Effects on the Naval and Air War in the Mediterranean," pp. 654-672, with 72 notes and two maps, one of the Mediterranean as a whole (pp. 660-61) and one of the Battle of Cape Matapan, 28 March 1941 (pp. 666-67).

62. Ibid., "The Reconquest of Cyrenaica and the Failure of the Attacks on Tobruk," pp. 673 694, with 68 notes and maps on pp. 682, 690, and 691.

63. Ibid., "The Fighting on the Sollum Front," pp. 695-707, with 42 notes.

64. Ibid., "The Naval and Air War in the Mediterranean and Supplies for the North African Theatre," pp. 708-724, with 47 notes and a map of the First Battle of Sirte on p. 721.

65. Ibid., "Operation Crusader," pp. 725-754, with 61 notes, nine maps, and a table on p. 751 showing British, German, and Italian strength and losses in Operation Crusader.

66. Ibid., on the last page of the unannotated "Conclusion" (pp. 755-767) signed by Gerhard Schreiber and Detlev Vogel. Fall J996 - 25

Recent Books Selected Titles from a List Compiled by James Ehrman

Abner, Alan K. Dead Reckoning: Experiences ofa World War II Fighter Pilot. (White Mane Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Adair, Paul. Hitler's Greatest Defeat: The Collapse ofArmy Group Centre. (Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Alperovitz, Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. (Random House, Incorporated, 1996)

The American Arsenal:The World War II Official Standard Ordnance Catalog of Artillery, Small Arms, Tanks, Armored Cars, Antiaircraft Guns, Ammunition, Grenades,Mines, Etc. (Stackpole Books, 1996)

American Intelligence and the German Resistance to Hitler: A Documentary History. Edited by Jurgen Heideking and ChristofMauch, with the assistance of Marc Frey (Westview Press, 1996)

Ancell, R. Manning and Christine M. Miller. Biographical Dictionary of World War II: Generals and Flag Officers The U. S. Armed Forces. (Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1996)

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Capori, Dominic 1. Detroit and the "Good War": The World War II Letters ofMayor Edward Jeffries anfl Friends. (University Press of Kentucky, 1996)

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Center of Military History Staff. The War Against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas. (Brassey's, Incorporated, 1997)

Center of Military History Staff. The War Against Japan: Pictorial Record. (Brassey's, Incorporated, 1996)

Chambers, Steven D. Political Leaders and Military Figures ofthe Second World War: A Bibliography. (Ashgate Publishing Company, 1996)

Chaney, Otto P. Zhukov. (University of Oklahoma Press, 1996)

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Chant, Christopher. Warfare and the Third Reich: The Rise and Fall ofHitler's Armed Forces. (Smitlunark Publishers, Incorporated, 1996)

Childers, Thomas. Wings ofMorning. (Addison Wesley Longman, Incorporated, 1996)

Cohen, Maynard M. A Stand Against Tyranny: Norway's Physicians and the Nazis. (Wayne State University Press, 1997)

Cohen, Philip J. Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit ofHistory. (Texas A & M University Press, 1996)

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Daws, Gavan. Prisoners ofthe Japanese: POW's ofWorld War II in the Pacific. (William Morrow & Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Dean, Francis H. America's Hundred Thousand:U. S. Production Fighters of World War II. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

DeGroote, Douglas F. Seek and Destroy: A Personal View ofWWII. (Brownell & Carroll, Incorporated, 1996)

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Delaforce, Patrick. Monty's Iron Sides: From the Normandy Beaches to Bremen with the 3rd Division. (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1995)

Delaforce, Patrick. Marching to the Sound ofGunfire: North-West Europe 1944-5. (Washington, DC: Sutton Pub. Ltd., 1996)

DeNeui, Don. America's Fighting Railroads: A World War II Pictorial History. (Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Denfeld, D. Colt. Hold the Marianas: The Japanese Defense ofthe Islands. (White Mane Publishing Company, Incorporated, 19960

Dewey, Peter. War and Progress: Britain, 1914-1945 in Economic and Social History ofBritain Series. (Longman Publishing Group, 1997)

Donald, David. German Aircraft of World War II. (Motorbooks International, Publishers & Wholesalers, Incorporated, 1996)

Drez, Ronald E. With introduction by Stephen E. Ambrose. Voices ofD-Day: The Story ofthe Allied Invasion, Told by Those Who Were There. (Louisiana State University Press, 1996) 28 - Fall 1996

Dulles, Allen W. Edited by Neal H. Petersen. From Hitler's Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports ofAllen Dulles, 1942-1945. (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)

Dunningan, James. Dirty Little Secrets ofWorld War II: Military Information No One Told You ... (William Morrow & Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Duus, Peter, Ramon H. Myers, Mark R. Peattie, and Chou Wan-yao editors. The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931-1945. (Princeton University Press, 1996)

Ellis, Robert B. See Naples and Die: A World War II Memoir ofa United States Army Ski Trooper in the Mountains ofItaly. (McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 1996)

Faitelson, Alex. Heroism and BravelY in Lithuania 1939-45. (Gefen Books, 1996)

Feuer, A. B. Commando! The M Z Unit's Secret War Against Japan. (Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1996)

Fleischer, Wolfgang. Military Vehicles ofthe Reichswehr. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Fleischer, Wolfgang and David Johnston. German Trench Mortars and Infantry Mortars 1914-1945. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Fletcher, David. World War II Armoured Fighting Vehicles. (Motorbooks International, Publishers and Wholesalers, Incorporated, 1996)

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Folkestad, William B. The View from the Turret. (White Mane Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Frank, Reinhard. German Heavy Half-Tracked Prime Movers 1934-1945. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Gann, Lewis H. and Peter Duignan. The End ofWorld War II and the Beginning ofthe Cold War. (Hoover Institution Press, 1996)

Gannon, Robert. Hellions ofthe Deep: The Development ofAmerican Torpedoes in World War II. (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)

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Harper, John A. Paddles! The Foibles and Finesse ofOne World War II Landing Signal Officer. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Harrison, Mark. Accountingfor War:Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940-1945. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Hartman, Mary. Texas Granite: The Story ofFirst Lieutenant Jack Lummus, World War II Hero. (Hendrick-Long Publishing Company, 1996)

Haupt, Werner. Assault on Moscow 1941: The Offensive - The Battle - The Set-Back. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Heide, Sigrid, translated by Norma Johansen and Kanskje I. Morgen. In the Hands ofMy Enemy: One Woman's Story of World War II. (Southfarm Press, 1996)

Helm, Georgia, editor. From Foxhole to Freedom: Hoosier Dale Helm's World War II European Journal. (Guild Press of Indiana, Incorporate, 1996)

Hickam, Homer H. Torpedo Junction: U-Boat offAmerica's East Coast, 1942. (Naval Institute Press, 1996)

Hickman, Tom. What Did You Do in the War Auntie? The BBC at War 1939-45. (Parkwest Publications, Incorporated, 1996)

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Hirsch, Susan E. Editor. The War in American Culture: Society and Consciousness During World War II. (University of Chicago Press, 1996)

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Hogan, Michael J., editor. Hiroshima in History and Memory. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Hogg, Ian V. Dictionary of World War II. (N T C Publishing Group, 1996)

Huertas, Salvador M. Dassault Mirage: The Combat Log. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Humphreys, Roy. To Stop a Rising Sun: Reminiscences of Wartime in India and Burma. (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1996)

Ienaga, Saburo. World War ll: Japan's Last War. (Elsevier Science, 1996)

Infield, Tom. Fifty Years after the War: The People Who Were There Recall the Major Events of World War II. (Camino Books, Incorporated, 1996)

Irzyk, Albin F. He Rode up Frontfor Patton. (Pentland Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Jackson, Robert. Unexplained Mysteries of World War 11. (World Publications, Inc. 1996)

Jacoby, Harold S. Tule Lake: From Relocation to Segregation. (Comstock Bonanza Press, 1996)

Jefferson, David. War in the Narrow Seas: Coastal Forces Operations in World War II. (Motorbooks International, Publishers & Wholesalers, Incorporated, 1996)

Jeffries, John W. Wartime America: The World War 11 Home Front. (Ivan R. Dee Incorporated, Publisher, 1996)

Jefferys, Kevin. The Churchill Coalition. (Saint Martin's Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Jenkins, W. G. Commando Subaltern at War: Royal Marine Operations in Yugoslavia and Italy, 1944-1945. (Stackpole Books, 1996)

Johnston, Mark. At the Front Line Experiences ofAustralian Soldiers in World War 11. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Jones, Archer. Elements ofMilitary Strategy: An Historical Approach. (Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1996)

Kampe, Hans G. The Underground Military Command Bunkers ofZossen, Germany: History ofTheir Constrnction and Use by the Wehrmacht and Soviet Army 1937-1994. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Keegan, John. The Battlefor History: Refighting World War Two. (Random House, Incorporated, 1996)

Kemp, Paul. A Pictorial History ofthe Sea War, 1939-1945. (Naval Institute Press, 1996)

Keresey, Dick. PT 105. (Naval Institute Press, 1996)

Kiesling, Eugenia C. Arming Against Hitler: France and the Limits ofMilitary Planning. (University Press of Kansas, 1996)

Kimmett, Larry and Margaret Regis. U. S. Submarines in World War ll: An Illustrated History. (Navigator Publishing, 1996) Fall 1996 - 31

Klaus, Gerbet editor and translated by David Johnston. Generalfeldmarschall Fedor Von Bock: The War Diary 1939-1945. Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Klinkowitz, Jerome. Yanks over Europe: American Flyers in World War II. (University Press of Kentucky, 1996)

Krammer, Arnold. Nazi Prisoners ofWar in America. (Madison Books, 1996)

Krawczyk, Wade. German Army Uniforms ofWorld War II: In Color Photographs. (Motorbooks International, Publishers & Wholesalers, Incorporated, 1996)

Kurzman, Dan. Blood and Water: Sabotaging Hitler's Bomb. (Henry Holt & Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Lane, Ann and Howard Temperley editors. The Rise and Fall ofthe Grand Alliance, 1941-1945. (Saint Maltin's Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Lapham, Robelt and Bernard Norling. Lapham's Raiders: Guerrillas in the Philippines, 1942-1945. (University Press of Kentucky, 1996)

Larson, Effie R. I Served Uncle Sam in World War II. (Vantage Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Lawson, Robert, and Barrett Tillman. Carrier Air War: Photographs U. S. Navy Combat Aircraft, 1939-1946. (Motorbooks International, Publishers & Wholesalers, Incorporated, 1996)

Lazare, Lucien, translated by 1. M. Green. Rescue as Resistance How Jewish Organizations Fought the Holocaust in France. (Columbia University Press, 1996)

Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938-1944. (Coronet Books, 1996)

Litoff, Judy B. And David C. Smith. American Women at War: Contemporary Accounts from World War II. (Scholarly Resources, Incorporated, 1996)

Liu Xiaoyuan. A Partnership for Disorder: China, the United States, and Their Policies for the Postwar Disposition ofthe Japanese Empire, 1941-1945. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Loza, Dmitriy. Edited by James Gebhardt, translated by James Gebhardt. Commanding the Red Army's Sherman Tanks: The World War II Memoirs ofHero ofthe Soviet Union. (University of Nebraska Press, 1996)

Lucas, James. The Last Year ofthe German Army May 1944-May 1945. (Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Maher, Brendan A. A Passage to Sword Beach: Minesweeping in the Royal Navy. (Naval Institute Press, 1996)

Mant, Gilb1elt. Massacre at Parit Sulong. (Seven Hills Book Distributors, 1996)

Mason, Theodore C. We Will Stand by You: Serving in the Pawnee, 1942-1945. (Naval Institute Press, 1996)

Mayhew, Patrick. One Family's War: Wartime Letters from Many Fronts1939-1945. (Howell Press, 1996)

McCauley, Martin. The Origins ofthe Cold War 1941-1948. (Longman Publishing Group, 1996) 32 - Fall 1996

Miller, RobertA. August 1944: The Campaignfor France. (Presidio Press, 1996)

Miranda, 1. and P. Mercado. Secret Wonder Weapons ofthe Third Reich: German Missiles 1934-1945. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Montagu, Ewen. The Man Who Never Was. (Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Moore, Brenda L. To Serve My Country, to Serve My Race The Story ofthe Only African-American WACs Stationed Overseas During World War II. (New York University Press, 1996)

Moore, Bob and Kent Fedorowich, editors. Prisoners-of War and Their Captors in World War II. (Berg Publishers, Incorporated, 1996)

Morriss, Mack. South Pacific Diary, 1942-1943. (University Press of Kentucky, 1996)

Moskin, J. Robert. Mr. Truman's War April 12-September 2, 1945: The Final Victories of World War II and the Birth ofthe Postwar World. (Random House, Incorporated, 1996)

Muller, Rolf-Dieter and Gerd R. Ueberschar. Hitler's War in the East, 1941-1945: A Critical Assessment. (Berghahn 1996)

Munschauer, John L. World War II Cavalcade: An Offer I Couldn't Refuse. (Sunflower University Press, 1996)

Murray, G. E. Eisenhower vs. Montgomery: The Continuing Debate. (Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1996)

Neillands, Robin. The Conquest ofthe Reich: D-Day to VE Day - A Soldier's History. (New York University Press, 1996)

Nesbit, Roy C. The RAF in Camera, 1939-1945. (Phoenix Mill, Far Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: A. Sutton Pub. Ltd. in association with the Public Record Office, 1995-1996)

Newton, Verne W. Editor. FDR and the Holocaust. (Saint Martin's Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Nicholas, Sian. The Echo of War: Home Front Propaganda and the Wartime BBC 1939-1945. (Saint Martin's Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Okihiro, Gary Y. Whispered Silences: Japanese Americans and World War II. (University of Washington Press, 1996)

Orbach, Larry and Vivien O. Smith. Soaring Underground: A Young Fugitive's Life in Nazi (Compass Press, 1996)

Ovenden, Keith. A Fighting Withdrawal, the Life ofDan Davin: Writer, Soldier, Publisher. (Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Overy, Richard. Why the Allies Won. (W. W. Norton & Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Padfield, Peter. War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II. (John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 1996)

Patterson, Dan. Lancaster: RAF Heavy Bomber. (Howell Press, 1996) Fall 1996 - 33

Patterson, Dan and Paul Perkins. Thunderbolt: Republic P-47. (Howell Press, 1996)

Pearson, Ross A. Australians at War in the Air, 2 Vols.: 1939-1945. (Seven Hills Book Distributors, 1996)

Pergrin, David. Engineering the Victor: The Battle ofthe Bulge: A History. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Peterson, Pete, Jack Luts, Ed Heddy and Marion P. Sanders. We're Fighting a War. Be There! Personal Experience Accounts ofOne Extended Family in World War II. (Lead Mine Press, 1996)

Pettit, Jane. A Time to Fight Back True Stories of Wartime Resistance.(Houghton Mifflin, 1996)

Pietrusza, David. The Invasion ofNormandy: Battles ofWorld War II. (Lucent Books, 1996)

Plain, Gill. Women's Fiction ofthe Second World War. (Saint Martin's Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Polmar, Norman and Thomas B. Allen. Random House Encyclopedia of World War ll. (Random House, Incorporated, 1996)

Poulos, Paula N. Editor. A Woman's War, Too: U. S. Women in the Military in World War II. (National Archives & Records Administration, 1996)

Powell, Alan. War by Stealth: Australians and the Allied Intelligency Bureau, 1942-45. (Paul & Company Publishers Consortium, Incorporated, 1996)

Ramsey, Edwin P. And Stephen J. Rive1e. Lieutenant Ramsey's War: From Horse Soldier to Guerrilla Commander. (Brassey's, Incorporated, 1996)

Ready, J. Lee. World War Two Nation by Nation: A Unique Reference ofthe War As Experienced by More Than 170 Countries. (Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Reynosa, Mark A. The M-1 Helmet: A History ofthe U. S. M-1 Helmet in World War II. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Richardson, James E. Underage Angel. (Amherst Press, 1996)

Richmond, Peter. My Father's War: A Son's Journey. (Simon & Schuster Trade, 1996)

Roberts, Michael L. United States Navy Patches: Command and Support Amphibious Forces SEAL Teams Fleets. (Schiffer Publishing, Limited, 1996)

Rolfe, Mel. Looking into Hell: Experiences ofthe Bomber Command War. (Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Ross, Steven. American War Plans, 1939-1945. (International Specialized Book Services, 1996)

Rougeyron, Andre and Marie-Antoinette McConnell. Agentsfor Escape: Inside the French Resistance, 1939-1945. (Louisiana State University Press, 1996)

Rourke, Norman E. War Comes to Alaska: The Dutch Harbor Attack, June 3-4, 1942. (White Mane Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1996) 34 - Fall 1996

Samer, Harvey. Anders and the Soldiers ofthe Second Polish Corps. (Brunswick Press, 1996)

Schapiro, Raya C. Lettersfrom Prague 1939-1941. (Academy Chicago Publishers, Limited, 1996)

Schneider, Karen. Loving Arms: British Women Writing the Second World War. (University Press of Kentucky, 1996)

Schwab, Gerald. OSS Agents in Hitler's Heartland: Destination Innsbruck. (Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1996)

Scott, Stuart R. Battle-Axe Blenheims: No 105 Squadron RAF at War 1940-1. (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1996)

Scutts, Jerry. Messerschmitt Bfl09: The Operational Record. (Motorbooks International, Publishers & Wholesalers, Incorporated, 1996)

Seligman, Adrian. War in the Islands: Undercover Operations in the Aegean 1942-4. (Motorbooks Books International, Publishers & Wholesalers Incorporated, 1996)

Sellwood, Arthur V. The Damned Don't Drown: The Sinking ofthe Wilhelm Gustloff. (Naval Institute Press, 1996)

Sexton, Donald 1. Signals Intelligence in World War II: A Research Guide. (Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1996)

Shepherd, D. William. OfMen and Wings: The First 100 Missions ofthe 449th Bombardment Group. (Norfield Publishing, 1996)

Shohei,Ooka. Taken Captive: A Japanese POW's Story. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996)

Shull, Michael S. And David E. Wilt. Hollywood War Films, 1937-1945: An Exhaustive Filmography ofAmerican Feature-Length Motion Pictures Relating to World War II. (McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 1996)

Simmonds, Roy. John Steinbeck: The War Years, 1939-1945. (Bucknell University Press, 1996)

Simpson, William C. A Vatican Lifeline '44. (Sarpedon Publishers, Incorporated, 1996)

Slaughter, Jane. Women and the Italian Resistance, 1943-45. (Arden Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Smith, Kevin. Conflict over Convoys: Anglo-American Logistics Diplomacy in the Second World War. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Smith, Bradley F. Sharing Secrets with Stalin: How the Allies Traded Intelligence, 1941-1945. (University Press of Kansas, 1996)

Smith, Arthur L. The War for the German Mind: Re-Educating Hitler' Soldiers. (Berghahn Books, Incorporated, 1996)

Smith. Britain in Second World War. (Saint Martin's Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Smithers, A. 1. Taranto 1940: Prelude to Pearl Harbor. (Naval Institute Press, 1996) Fall 1996 - 35

Snider, Hideko T. with forward by Studs Terkel. One Sunny Day: A Child's Memories ofHiroshima. (Open Court, 1996)

Sparrow, Bartholomew H. From the Outside In: World War II and the American State. (Princeton University Press, 1996)

Stone, Harry. Writing in the Shadow: Newspapers and Books Published by the Resistance Movements ofOccupied Europe During the Second World War. (International Specialized Book Services, 1996)

Swank, Walbrook D. My WWII Diary and the War Effort. (White Mane Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1996)

Takaki, Ronald. Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb. (Little, Brown and Company, 1996)

Tanaka, Toshiyuki. Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II. (Westview Press, 1996)

Tar/ing, Nicholas. Britain, Southeast Asia and the Onset ofthe Pacific War. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Tarrant, V. E. The Red Orchestra: The Soviet Spy Network Inside Nazi Europe. (John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 1996)

Taylor, A. J. Origins ofthe Second World War. (Simon & Schuster Trade, 1996)

Tent, James F. E-Boat Alert: Defending the Normandy Invasion Fleet. (Naval Institute Press, 1996)

Thomey, Tedd. Immortal Images: A Personal History ofTwo Photographers and the Flag Raising on Iwo Jima. (Naval Institute Press, 1996)

Thompson, Dorothy D. The Road Back: A POW's Return to Santo Tomas. (Texas Tech University Press, 1996)

Thomsen, Moritz and Page Stegner. My Two Wars. (Steerforth Press, 1996)

Thurston, Doris, Frederick Graves and Charlene Erlandson. A WA C Looks Back: Recollections and Poems of WWII. (Norvega Press, 1996)

Todorov, Tzvetan translated by Mary B. Kelly, Richard J. Golsan. A French Tragedy: Scenes ofCivil War, Summer 1944. (University Press of New England, 1996)

Tokayer, Marvin, and Mary Swartz. The Fugu Plan: The Untold Story ofthe Japanese and the Jews During World War II. (Weatherhill, Incorporated, 1996)

Tomblin, Barbara. G. I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II. (University Press of Kentucky, 1996)

Treadwell, Terry. Submarines with Wings. (Galde Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Tunnell, Michael O. And George W. Chilcoat. The Children ofTopaz: The Story ofa Japanese-American Internment Camp Based on a Classroom Diary. (Holiday House, Incorporated, 1996)

Twining, Merrill B. No Bended Knee: The Battlefor Guadalcanal. (Presidio Press, 1996)

United States Army Special Operations in World War II. (Gordon Press Publishers, 1996) 36 - Fall 1996

United States Army Signals Intelligence in World War 11: Documentary History. (Gordon Press Publishers, 1996)

Van Dee, Eugene H. Sleeping Dogs and Popsicles: The Vatican Versus the KGB - The Memoirs ofan American. (University Press of America, 1996)

Vance, Heidi S. Shadows over My Berlin: One Woman's Story of World War 11. (The Southfarm Press, 1996)

Vannoy, Allyn R. And Jay Karamales. Against the Panzers: United States Infantry vs. German Tanks, 1944-J945: A History ofEight Battles Told Through Diaries, Unit Histories and Interviews. (McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 1996)

Virden, Jenel. Good-bye, Piccadilly: British War Brides in America. (University of Illinois Press, 1996)

Von Meding, Dorothee, annotations and translation by Michael Balfour. Courageous Hearts: The Women ofJuly 1944. (Berghahn Books, Incorporated, 1996)

Wainstock, Dennis D. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb. (Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1996)

Waller, John H. The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War. (Random House, Incorporated, 1996)

Walton, Frank. Once They Were Eagles: The Men ofthe Black Sheep Squadron. (University Press of Kentucky, 1996)

Waszak, Leon J. Agreement in Principle:The Wartime Partnership ofGeneral Wladyslaw Sikorski and Winston Churchill. (Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated, 1996.)

Weal, John, and Alfred Price. BF 109 D E Aces 1939-45. (Motorbooks International, Publishers & Wholesalers, Incorporated, 1996)

Wegener, Peter P. The Peenemunde Wind Tunnels: A Memoir. (Yale University Press, 1996)

Wegner, Bernd editor. From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939-J94J. (Berghahn Books, Incorporated, 1996)

Weinberg, Gerhard L. Germany, Hitler and World War 11. (Cambridge University Press, 1995; paperback reprint, 1996)

Weintraub, Stanley. The Last Great Victory: The End of World War 11, July-August 1945. (NAL Dutton, 1996)

Weisberg, Richard. Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France. (New York University Press, 1996)

Wellham, John. With Naval Wings: The Autobiography ofa Fleet Air Arm Pilot in World War II. (Stackpole Books, 1996)

Werrell, Kenneth P. Blankets ofFire: U. S. Bombers over Japan During World War II. (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996)

Whitley, M. 1. Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. (Naval Institute Press, 1996) Fall 1996 - 37

Williams, Keith. British Writers and the Media in the 1930s. Mobilizing the Medium. (Saint Martin's Press, Incorporated, 1996)

Williams, Kathleen B. Secret Weapon: U. S. High-Frequency Direction Finding in the Battle ofthe Atlantic. (Naval Institute Press, 1996)

Williamson, Gordon, illustrated by Stephen Andrews. German Mountain and Ski Troops 1939-45. (Stackpole Books, 1996)

Worthen, Frederick D., Joseph Rosacker, Tyros C. Gibbs, Charles P. Conley, Charles 1. Philage, John E. Pace, Otis F. Hair, Bennie W. Hayes, Glenn A. Tessmer. Against All Odds. (Fithian Press, 1996)

Zabecki, David T. World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia. (Garland Publishing, Incorporated, 1997)

Zaloga, Steven 1. KV-1 and 2 Heavy Tanks, 1939-45. (Stackpole Books, 1996)

Zuccotti, Susan. The Italians and the Holocaust: Persecution, Rescue, and Survival. (University of Nebraska Press, 1996)

Recent Journal and Periodical Articles Selected Titles from a List Compiled by Susannah U. Bruce

"1940's" (reprints from past issues; special section) The New York Times Magazine April 14 '96, pp.87-92.

"50 Years Ago ... Commemorating the End of the Second World War" (1939-1945) The Unesco Courier December '95, v 48 pp. 23-30.

Absalom, Roger. "Hiding History: The Allies, the Resistance and the Others in Occupied Italy 1943-1945" HistoricalJournal [Great Britain] 1995 38(1), pp. 111-131.

"Adolf Maps It Out" (Recon photos of England in WWII; N. 1. Clarke) History Today 45 November '95, pp. 5-6.

Alexander, Martin S. "The USA and the Corning oftbe Second World War" Modern History Review [Great Britain] 19956(3), pp. 28-31.

Amoudruz, Franc,:ois. "Le Struthof: Le Seul Camp de Concentration en France" [Struthof, the only concentration camp on French soil] Historiens et Geographes [France] 199586(347), pp. 269-274.

Andrews, Melodie. "Daredeveils and Ladybirds: Gender and the Aviation Industry before World War II" Essays in Economic and Business History 1995 13, pp. 277-288.

Barber, Laurie. "Pearl Harbour Minus 95 Minutes: Japan's Attack on Kota Bahru" Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Great Britain] 1995 125(1), pp. 5-14.

Barcellini, Serge. "Sur Deux Joumees Nationales Commemorant la Deportation et les Persecutions de Annees Noires'" [Two national days commemorating deportations and persecutions during the "black years"] Vingtieme Siecle [France] 1995 (45), pp. 76-98. 38 - Fall 1996

Bartov, Orner. "A Idiot's Tale: Memories and Histories of the Holocaust" Journal ojModern History 1995 67(1), pp.55-82.

Battistelli, Pier Paolo. "II Buco Nero' Nella Storia Della Rsi: Analisi Storiografia Dell'Apparato Militare Della Repubblica Di Salo" [The "black hole" in the history of the ISR: historiographical analysis of the military apparatus of the Sale Republic] Storia Contemporanea [Italy] 1995 26( 1), pp. 10 1-130.

Baumel, Judith Tydor. "Social Interaction among Jewish Women in Crisis during the Holocaust: A Case Study" Gender & History [Great Britain] 19957(1), pp. 64-84.

Betts, Richard K. "Why Mementos Matter" (recalling father's World War II experiences) Newsweek April 17 '95, v 125, pp. 20.

Biddiscombe, Perry. "The Enemy of Our Enemy': A View of the Edelweiss Piraten from the British and American Archives" Journal ojContempormy History [Great Britain] 199530(1), pp. 37-63.

Bleikasten, Aimee. "Arp au Coeur de L'Europe"[Arp at the heart of Europe] Historiens et Geographes [France] 1995 86(347), pp. 239-247.

Blumenthal, Ralph. "Without Portfolio: Wartime Art Daredevils" (World War II missing art) New York Times (Late New York Edition) February 12 '95, (Sec 2) pp. 32.

Bower, Bruce. "World War II Vets: Physical Backlash" Science News April 15 '95, v 147, pp. 229.

Breitman, Richard. "A Deal with the Nazi Dictatorship? Himmler's Alleged Peace Emissaries in Autumn 1943" Journal ojContemporary History [Great Britain] 1995 30(3), pp. 411-430.

Brooke, Stephen. "The Labour Party and the 1945 General Election" Contemporary Record [Great Britain] 1995 9(1), pp. 1-21.

Cairncross, Alec. "Economists in Wartime" Contemporary European History [Great Britain] 1995 4(1), pp. 19-36.

Cambel, Samuel. "Arizacia A Dalsie Zmeny V Pozemkovej Drzbe Na Slovensku Do Leta 1944" [Aryanization and other landowner changes in Slovakia up to the summer of 1944] Historicky Casopis [Slovakia] 1995 43(1), pp. 69-88.

"Changing Sensibilities" (World War II posters) American History June '95, v 30, pp. 82.

Chappell, Kevin. "Blacks in World War II" Ebony September '95, v 50, pp. 58-60.

Clugston, Michael. "Cheap, Nasty Navy" (Canada's World War II fleet of corvettes in the North Atlantic) Canadian Geographic May/June '95, viiS, pp. 66-72.

Cohen, Roger. "At a Womb of Horror, Croats Offer Ray of Hope" (Jasenovac, World War II death camp) New York Times (Late New York Edition) May 9 '95, P A9.

Cohen, William B. and Svensson, Jargen. "Finland and the Holocaust" Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1995 9(1), pp. 70-93.

Cole, Tim and Smith, Graham. "Ghettoization and the Holocaust: Budapest 1944" Journal ojHistorical Geography [Great Britain] 1995 21(3), pp. 300-316. Fall 1996 - 39

Collins, Robert. "The War Generation" (Canadians) Maclean's April 3 '95, v 108 . pp. 44-8.

"Commemorating the end of the Second World War in Europe" (B. BoutTos-Ghali in Moscow) UN Chronicle September '95, v 32, pp. 54.

Contiguglia, Georgianna. "Recruiting Public Opinion: the Posters of World War II" Colorado Heritage 1995 (Wint), pp. 22-24.

Corum, James S. "The Luftwaffe's Army Support Doctrine, 1918-1941" Journal ofMilitary History 1995 59(1), pp.53-76.

Crang, 1. A. "Welcome to Civvy Street: The Demobilization of the British Armed Forces after the Second World War" Historian [Great Britain] 1995 (46), pp. 18-21.

Cremieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis. "Les Glieres" Vingtieme Siecle [France] (45) 1995, pp. 54-66.

"Crimes of Unit 731" (Japanese crimes; editorial) New York Times (Late New York Edition) March 18 '95, p. 22.

Cronin, Anne. "America's Grade on 20th Century European Wars: F" New York Times (Late New York Edition) December 3 '95, (Sec 4), p 5.

Danchev, Alex. "Waltzing with Winston: Civil-Military Relations in Britain in the Second World War" War in History [Great Britain] 19952(2), pp.202-230.

Decker, Andrew and Schroeder, Mariana. "Blocking the Black Market" (drawings stolen from the Bremen Kunsthalle at end of WWII by Soviet Union to be returned to Germany) Art News April '95, v 94, p. 46.

Desmond, Edward W. "Finally, a Real Apology" (Japan apologizes for war conduct) Time Aug 28 '95, v 146, p. 47.

Deutsch, Harold C. "The Matter of Records" Journal ofMilitary History 199559(1), pp. 135-142.

Erlanger, Steven. "Russia's Glory is Real, If the Grandeur Rings False" (WorldWar II memorial at Poklonnaya Gora) New York Times (Late New York Edition) p A4 May 5 '95.

Ewing, Steve. "USS Laffey and a Place Called Okinawa" Sea History 1995 (73), pp. 14-16.

Farmer, Sarah Bennett." Oradour-Sur-Glane: Memory in a Preserved Landscape" French Historical Studies 1995 19(1), pp. 27-47.

Fielding, Steven. "The Second World War and Popular Radicalism: The Significance of the Movement Away from Party'" History [Great Britain] 1995 80(258), pp. 38-58.

Fields-Meyer, Thomas. "Forgotten Infamy: Gavan Daws Wants Japan to Apologize to American World War II POWs" People Weekly August 21 '95, v 44, pp. 84-7.

Fishman, Sarah. "The Power of Myth: Five Recent Works on Vichy France" Journal ofModern History 1995 67(3), pp. 666-673.

Frank, Robert. "Dvetove Valky ve Francouzskych Ucebnicich" [Two world wars in French history textbooks] Historicky Casopis [Slovakia] 199543(1), pp. 124-128. 40 - Fall 1996

Gallicchio, Marc. "The Other China Hands: U.S. Army Officers and America's Failure in China, 1941-1950" Journal ofAmerican-East Asian Relations 1995 4(1), pp. 49-72.

Ganz, A. Harding. "Questionable Objective: The Brittany Ports, 1944" Journal ofMilitary History 1995 59( 1), pp. 77-95.

Gilmore, Allison B. "'We have been Reborn': Japanese Prisoners and the Allied Propaganda War in the Southwest Pacific" Pacific Historical Review 1995 64(2), pp. 195-215.

Goedegeboure, Jaap "A Procession of Antiheroes: The Netherlands in the Shadow of World War II" (Dutch literature) Society July/August '95,v 32, pp. 60-2.

Good,1. Jack and Michie, Donald; Lee, John A. N. and Holtzman, Golde, interviewers. "50 Years after Breaking the Codes: Interviews with Two of the Bletchley Park Scientists" IEEE Annals ofthe History of Computing 1995 17 (1), pp. 32-43.

Gowing, Philip D. "Discovery! The Secret of Brunei Bay" Air Power History 199542(1), pp. 30-39.

"Great Britain's Secret Intelligence Service and the Decoding of German Radio Traffic, Madrid, 1941-43" Journal ofContemporary History [Great Britain] 1995 30(3), pp. 355-410.

Griffith-Roberts, Carolanne. "Hail to World War II" Southern Living November '95, v 30, pp.44.

Harrison, E. D. R. "Not with Sentimentality, but with Passion for Germany': Nazi Policies in Occupied Poland" German History [Great Britain] 1995 13(2): 233-244.

Hartman, Geoffrey H. "Learning from Survivors: The Yale Testimony Project" Holocaust and Genocide Studies 19959(2): 192-207.

Heehs, Peter. "India's Divided Loyalties?" (alliance of the Indian National Army with the Japanese during World War II) History Today July '95, v 45, pp. 16-23.

Hehir, J. Bryan. "The Lessons of World War II" (Hiroshima) Commonwealth August 18 '95, v 122, pp. 9-10.

Hering, Rainer. "Operation Gomorrha': Hamburg Remembers the Second World War" German History [Great Britain] 1995 13(1), pp. 91-94.

Heyman, Ira Michael. "Exhibits at the National Museum of American History Commemorate Our Diverse World War II Experiences" Smithsonian September '95, v 26, pp.6.

"The Historians' War or the Home Front's War? Some Thoughts for Western Historians" Western Historical Quarterly 1995 26(2), pp. 185-196.

"Historiography on the Expulsion of the Jews from Nazi-Occupied Denmark" Journal ofContemporary History [Great Britain] 199530(3), pp. 431-479.

Homan, GerlofD. "We Must ... and Can Stand Firmly': Dutch Mennonites in World War II" Mennonite Quarterly Review 1995 69(1), pp. 7-36.

I Fall 1996 - 41

Hou, Yangxiang. "Kang-er Zhanzheng Shi Yanjiu de Xin Chengguo: Kang-er Zhanzheng Shi Congshu' de Chuban" [A new achievement in research on the Sino-Japanese War: the publication of the "History of the 2d Sino-Japanese War" seriesJ Shixueshi Yanjiu (Journal of Historiography) [ChinaJ 1995 (3): 25-29.

Housden, Martyn. "Population, Economics and Genocide: Aly and Heim Versus All-Comers in the Interpretation of the Holocaust" Historical Journal [Great BritainJI 1995 38(2), pp. 479-486.

Hunt, George W. "Of Many Things" (songs heard as a child in WWII) America August 12-19 '95, v 173, pp. 2.

Hynes, Samuel Lynn. "So Many Men, So Many Wars: 50 Years of Remembering World War II" The New York Times Book Review April 30 '95,v 100, pp. 12.

Irjud, Alphonse. "L'Alsace Sous la Domination Nazie: Les Debuts de la Germanisation et de la Nazification et L'Attitude du Gouvernement de Vichy" [Alsace under Nazi domination: the beginning of Germanization and Nazification and the attitude of the Vichy regimeJ Historiens et Geographes [Francej 1995 86(347), pp.263-267.

Istvan, Deak. "A Fatal Compromise? The Debate over Collaboration and Resistance in Hungary" East European Politics and Societies 19959(2), pp. 209-233.

Jablonicky, Jozef. "Spomienky a Zivotopisy Ludackych Predstavitelov Publikovane po Roku 1989" [Recollections and biographies of the Hlinka Slovak People's Party representatives published after 1989J Historicky Casopis [SlovakiaJ 1995 43(2), pp. 355-362.

Jackson, James O. "On the Eastern Front" (Russians reflect on World War II) Time May 8 '95, v 145, pp. 78-9.

Jackson, Paul. "Maestros of the Storm" (European conductors at the Met) Opera News July '95, v 60, pp. 36-8.

"Japan Apologizes" (editorial) New York Times (Late New York Edition) August 16 '95, P A24.

Jellinek, George. "On the Home Front: World War II, the Met and the American Singer" Opera News July '95, v60, pp. 30-3

Jenkins, Philip. "It Can't Happen Here': Fascism and Right-Wing Extremism in Pennsylvania, 1933-1942." Pennsylvania History 1995 62(1), pp. 31-58.

Juhnke, James C. "Minister of Peace in a World of War: Edmund G. Kaufman" Kansas History 199518(1), pp. 48-58.

"Justice for All" (U.S. social conditions after World War II) Life Life Celebrates 1945 1995,v 18, pp. 55-62.

Kristof, Nicholas D. "Japan Expresses Regret"New York Times (Late New York Edition) June 7 '95, p A1+.

Kristof, Nicholas D. "Why Japan Hasn't Said That Word" (apologies for World War II actions) New York Times (Late New York Edition) May 7 '95, (Sec 4) pp. 3.

Kristof, Nicholas D. "Battle's Ex-Foes Meet on Okinawa" New York Times (Late New York Edition) June 24 '95, pp.3.

Kristof, Nicholas D. "Japan's Plans for a Museum on War Mired in Controversy" New York Times (Late New York Edition) p 4 (Sec 1) May 21 '95. 42 - Fall 1996

Kristof, Nicholas D. "Why a Nation of Apologizers Makes One Large Exception" (Japanese conduct in World War II) New York Times (Late New York Edition)June 12 '95, pp. A1+.

Lahouel, Badra. "Germany's Psychological War Against France (1939-1945)" Revue Franr;aise d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer [France] 1995 82(1), pp. 65-80.

Lang, Berel. "Is it Possible to Misrepresent the Holocaust?" History and Theory 1995 34(1), pp. 84-89.

Laska, Vera. "Remembering Auschwitz" New England Journal ofHistory 1995 51(3), pp. 68-70.

Lasswell, Mark. "Eye of the Storm" (WWII recollections A. Rooney) People Weekly May 8 '95, v 43, pp. 207-8.

Lauridsen, John T. "Opgor Og Udrensning: De Danske Nazister Efter Befrielsen I 1945" [Reckoning and denazification: the fate of the Danish Nazis after liberation in May 1945] Jyske Historiker [Denmark] 1995 (71): 59-88.

Lavabre, Marie-Claire. "Pamet A Konflikty Pameti: FrancollZska Komunisticka Strana A Druha Svetova Valka" [Memory and memories of war: the Communist Party of France and World War II] Historicky Casopis [Slovakia] 1995 43(2), pp. 328-334.

"The Legacies of World War II" (panel discussion) Technology Review May/June '95, v 98, pp. 50-9.

Lewis, Charles and Neville, John. "Images of Rosie: A Content Analysis of Women Workers in American Magazine Advertising, 1940-1946" Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 1995 72 (I), pp. 216-227.

Lewis, Cliff. "John Steinbeck's Alternative to Internment Camps: A Policy for the President, December 15, 1941" Journal ofthe West 1995 34(1), pp. 55-61.

"Life Celebrates 1945" Life Life Celebrates 1945 '95,v 18, pp. 4-5+

Litoff, Judy Barrett and Smith, David C. "U.S. Women on the Home Front in World War II" Historian 1995 57(2), pp. 349-360.

Liu, Naihe. "Chen Yuan Xiansheng Zai Kangzhan Shiqi" [Chen Yuan during the 2d Sino-Japanese War] Shixueshi Yanjiu (Journal of Historiography)[China] 1995 (3), pp. 1-8.

Lord, Mary. "After 50 Years, Japan Opens a Closed Book" (T. Murayama apologizes for World War II conduct) us. News & World Report August 28-September 4 '95, v 119, pp. 18-19.

Lotchin, Roger W. "The Historians' War or the Home Front's War? Some Thoughts for Western Historians" Western Historical Quarterly 1995 26(2), pp. 185-196.

Lund, Joachim. "Lebensraum und Kollaboration, 1941-43" [Lebensraum and collaboration, 1941-43] Jyske Historiker [Denmark] 1995 (71), pp. 19-40.

MacFarlane, John. "Mr. Lapointe, Mr. King, Quebec and Conscription" Beaver [Canada] 1995 75(2), pp. 26-31.

Manchel, Frank. "A Reel Witness: Steven Spielberg's Representation of the Holocaust in 'Schlindler's List'" Journal ofModern History 1995 67( 1), pp. 83-100.

I. Fall 1996 - 43

Manchester, William. "The Biggest Con Man in the Marines" (H. DeGreve who served as Japanese instructor and interpreter for the Marines during World War II) The New York Times Magazine May 7 '95, pp 96-7.

Marrus, Michael R. "Ghetto Fighter: Yitzhak Zuckerman and the Jewish Underground in Warsaw" American Scholar 1995 64(2), pp. 277-284.

Marrus, Michael R. "Jewish Resistance to the Holocaust" Journal ofContemporary History [Great Britain] 1995 30(1), pp. 83-110.

Marrus, Michael R. "Coming to Terms with Vichy" Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1995 9(1), pp. 23-41.

Marwick, Arthur. "War and the Arts: Is There a Connection? The Case of the Two Total Wars" War in History [Great Britain] 19952(1), pp. 65-86.

Mazower, Mark. "Historians at War. Greece, 1940-1950" Historical Journal [Great Britain] 199538(2), pp. 499-506.

Mazower, Mark. "The Cold War and the Appropriation of Memory. Greece after Liberation" East European Politics and Societies 1995 9(2), pp. 272-294.

Meisler, Stanley. "The Hermitage" (display of impressionist works confiscated from Germany during WW II) Smithsonian, March '95, v 25, pp 40-4+.

Meixse1, Richard B. "Major General George Grunert, WPU-3, and the Philippine Army, 1940-1941" Journal of Military History 1995 59(2), pp. 303-324.

"Memories of the Big One" (life in New England during World War II) Yankee August '95, v 59, pp. 40-5+.

"The Met at War" (World War II) Opera News July '95,v 60, pp. 34-5.

Mitchell, Maria. "Materialism and Secularism. CDU Politicians and National Socialism, 1945-1949" Journal of Modern History 1995 67(2), pp. 278-308.

Mitic, Trudy Duivenvoorden. "Gateway to Canada" Beaver [Canada] 199575(1), pp. 9-15.

Mollins, Carl. "The Morality of Bombs" (controversy over World War II exhibit at Smithsonian) Maclean's January 16 '95, v 108, pp. 54-5.

Morgan, Len. "Memories of the War" Flying v 122, November '95, pp 90-1.

"Mr. Chirac Honors the Truth" (admission of responsibility for deportation of French Jews during World War II; editorial) New York Times (Late New York Edition) July 18 '95, pp. A12.

Mumford, Eric. "The Tower in a Park' in America. Theory and Practice, 1920-1960" Planning Perspectives [Great Britain] 1995 10(1), pp. 17-41.

Murphy, Lisa. "One Small Moment" (E. W. Mitchell and others killed by Japanese balloon bomb over Oregon during World War II) American History June '95, v 30, pp.66-71.

Muschamp, Herbert. "Of Renaissance Visions and American Dreams." (Italian Renaissance architecture in Washington in World War II) New York Times (Late New York Edition) January 8 '95. (Sec 2) p. 36. 44 - Fall 1996

Ndiaye, Pap. "Du Nylon et des Bombes. Du Pont de Nemours, L'Etat Americain et Ie Nucleaire, 1930-1960" [From nylon to the bomb. Du Pont de Nemours, the American state, and nuclear development, 1930-60] Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales [France] 1995 50(1), pp. 53-73.

Nemecek, Sasha. "Out of the Lab and into the Fire" (Two controversial Smithsonian exhibits) Scientific American, February '95, v 272, pp.21+.

Newman, Robert P. "Ending the War with Japan. Paul Nitze's Early Surrender' Counterfactual" Pacific Historical Review 1995 64(2), pp. 167-194.

"No Bread Today. Wartime Rationing" Colorado Heritage 1995 (Wint), pp. 29-31.

Norman, Elizabeth M. and Eifried, Sharon. "How did They All Survive? An Analysis of American Nurses' Experiences in Japanese Prisoner-of-War Camps" Nursing History Review 1995 3, pp. 105-127.

Ofer, Dalia; trans!. by Naftali Greenwood, "Everyday Life of Jews under Nazi Occupation. Methodological Issues" Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1995 9( 1), pp. 42-69.

Opera and World War II" Opera News v 60 July '95, pp. 4+.

Orr, Norman W. "An Airman at EI Alamein. The RAF's Western Desert Air Force in 1942" Air Power History 199542(1), pp. 4-15.

Pedersen, Thomas. "Kapitulationen og Afviklingen af den Tyske Besaettelse af Danmark" [The surrender and dismantling of German occupation forces in Denmark] Jyske Historiker [Denmark] 1995 (71), pp. 41-57.

Pleasants, Henry. "War and Remembrance" (hearing Italian opera singers while stationed in Italy during World WarII) Opera News July '95,v 60, pp. 40-1+.

Pope, Rex. "British Demobilization after the Second World War" Journal of Contempormy History [Great Britain] 199530(1), pp. 65-81.

Popham, John N. "A World War II Story" (U.S. Marines in Tientsin, 1945) America, March 4 '95,v 172, pp. 5-6.

Poulsen, Henning. "Dansk Modstand og Tysk Politik" [Danish resistance and German occupation policy]. Jyske Historiker [Denmark] 1995 (71), pp. 7-18.

Rapp, Marvin A. "The End of World War TI" Vital Speeches o/the Day September 15 '95,v 61, pp. 710-13.

Rees, Jonathan. "Caught in the Middle. The Seizure and Occupation of the Cudahy Brothers Company, 1944-1945." Wisconsin Magazine o/History 199578(3), pp. 200-218.

Regehr, T. D. "Of Dutch or German Ancestry? Mennonite Refugees, MCC, and the International Refugee Organization" JournalofMennonite Studies [Canada] 1995 13 pp. 7-25.

Richards, Jeffrey. "Fires Were Started" (WWII films by H. Jennings) HistDlY Today April '95, v 45, pp. 29-34.

"The Right Time to Visit Moscow" (anniversary of German surrender) New York Times (Late New York Edition) March 16 '95, pp. A24.

"The Rise, Fall, and Rise of Aspen. The Town the 1940s Saved" Colorado Heritage 1995 (Wint), pp. 32-36. Fall 1996 - 45

Robin, Ron. "Diplomatie et Commemoration. Les cimetieres militaires Americains en France (1918-1955)" [Diplomacy and commemoration. American military cemeteries in France, 1918-55]. Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine [France] 1995 42(1), pp. 126-141.

Roksandic, Drago. "Shifting References. Celebrations of Uprisings in Croatia, 1945-1991" East European Politics and Societies 19959(2), pp. 256-271.

Rothenberg, Gunther E. "An Irrepressible Conflict" War in History [Great Britain] 19952(2), pp. 231-238.

Sander, Richard P. "The Contribution of Post-World War II Schools in Poland in Forging a Negative Image of the Germans" East European Quarterly 1995 29(2), pp. 169-187.

Sanger, David E. "Coloring History Our Way" (US, Japan, and WWII) The New York Times Magazine July 2 '95, pp.30-1.

Schirmann, Sylvain. "L'Alsace Region Frontiere de Vauban a la Ligne Maginot" [Alsace, a border region from Vauban to the Maginot Line] Historiens et Geographes [France] 199586(347), pp. 181-187.

Schmitt, Louis. "L'Alsace et Ie Nazisme. Mise au Pas et Resistance" [Alsace and Nazism. falling into line or resisting] Historiens et Geographes [France] 1995 86(347), pp. 257-262.

Seitz, Frederick. "Research on Silicon and Germanium in WWII" Physics Today January '95, v 48, pp. 22-7.

Shapiro, Joseph P. "They Did Their Part, Too" (handicapped enlistees and wartime workers during World War II) Us. News & World Report August 28-September 4 '95, v 119, pp. 30.

Shupe, John F. "Blueprints for Victory" (U.S. use of National Geographic Society maps in World War II) National Geographic May '95, v 187, pp. 54-71.

Sikorski, Radek. "War and Remembrance" National Review May 29 '95, v 47, pp. 21-2+

Smith, Dinitia. "Writers Make War Come Alive" (Writers in wartime. looking at World War II from the Berg Collection at New York Public Library) New York Times (Late New York Edition) July 29 '95, p 9.

Sorensen, Nils Arne. "En Traditions Et Ablering Og Forfald. Befrielsen Fejret 1946-1985" [The rise and fall of a tradition, the celebration of the liberation, 1946-85] Jyske Historiker [Denmark] 1995 (71), pp. 113-124.

Sowell, Thomas. "An Unnecessary War" Forbes, August 14 '95,v 156, pp. 122-8.

Spinney, Robert G. "Municipal Government in Nashville, Tennessee, 1938-1951. World War II and the Growth of the Public Sector" Journal ofSouthern History 1995 61(1), pp. 77-112.

Spitzer, Paul G. "Boeing's New Past" Pacific Northwest Quarterly 1995 86(3), pp. 107-109.

Starr, Douglas. "Dr. Edwin Cohn, The King of Blood"' Smithsonian 199525(12), pp. 124-128, 130-132, 134-138.

Starr, Douglas. "Again and Again in World War II, Blood Made the Difference" (work of E. Cohn in developing liquid plasma) Smithsonian March '95, v 25, pp. 124-6+.

Stearns, David Patrick. "Between the Lines (Germany's World War II operatic recordings) Opera News, July '95, v 60, pp. 26-9. 46 - Fall 1996

Steinberg, Jonathan. "The Third Reich Reflected. German Civil Administraton in the Occupied Soviet Union 1941-4" English Historical Review [Great Britain] 1995 110 (437), pp. 620-651.

Stueck, William. "The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Division of Korea. A Comparative Approach" Journal ofAmerican-East Asian Relations 19954(1), pp. 1-27.

Sugihara, Kinryu; Lofgren, Stephen 1., ed. "Diary of First Lieutenant Sugihara Kinr Yupp. Iwo Jima, January-February 1945" Journal ofMilitary History 1995 59(1), pp. 97-133.

Szpocinski, Andrzej. "Druha Svetova Valka Ve Skolnich Ucebnicich 1950-1993 V Polsku" [World War II in school textbooks in Poland, 1950-93] Historicky Casopis [Slovakia] 199543(1), pp. 119-123.

Tachibana, Seiitsu. "The Quest for a Peace Culture. The A-Bomb Survivors' Long Struggle and the New Movement for Redressing Foreign Victims of Japan's War" Diplomatic History 1995 19(2), pp. 329-346.

Taylor, Linda E. "Unforgettable Memories" (Canadian World War II veterans at D-Day ceremonies) Canada and the World Backgrounder '95,60(6), pp 18-19.

"Time Capsule. 1945" (reprints of various articles from 1945) The Nation May 15 '95, v 260, pp. 679-85.

Torok, John Hayakawa. "Interest Convergence' and the Liberalization of Discriminatory Immigration and Naturalization Laws Affecting Asians, 1943-65" Chinese America:. History and Perspectives 1995, pp. 1-28.

Tuggle, Robert. "Clouds of War" (K. Flagstad's career during World War II) Opera News July '95, v 60, pp. 10-17.

"Victory and Zero Hour 1945: The Experience and Consequences of the World at War." History Today, May '95, v45, pp. 4-70.

"Vitamins for Victory" Colorado Heritage 1995 (Wint), pp. 25-28.

Walker,1. Samuel. "The Origins of the Cold War in United States History Textbooks" Journal ofAmerican History 1995 81(4), pp. 1652-1661.

Wang, Huilin. "Kang-er Znahaheng Shiqi Lishi Tedian de Tansuo" [Analysis of historical characteristics of the 2d Sino-Japanese War] Shixueshi Yanjiu (Journal of Historiography) [China] 1995 (3), pp. 17-24.

"The War Generation" (Canadians and World War II) Maclean's Apri13 '95,v 108, pp. 44-8+.

"We Shall Never Surrender Statesmen Weigh in on the Meaning ofWWII" Policy Review no. 73 Summer '95, pp. 91-4.

Wen, Yiming. "Riben Xuezhe LlUl Riben Qinlue Zhanzheng" [The Japanese invasion as seen in the works of Japanese scholars] Shixueshi Yanjiu (Journal of Historiography) [China] 1995 (3), pp. 9-16.

Westerfield, Nancy G. "Know Thine Enemy" (Japanese and American World War II veterans become friends while researching Zamboanga campaign) Commonwealth August 18 '95, v 122, . 30.

r· Election Ballot for 1997-99 Term

Directors. Three-year tenn. Select no more than eight, including write-ins.

Dean C. Allard _ Alfred F. Hurley _ Stephen E. Ambrose David Kahn _Carl Boyd Richard H. Kohn Edward Drea Carol M. Petillo Carlo D'Este _ Ronald H. Spector _ Roy K. Flint David F. Trask _ Alfred Goldberg Alan Wilt Waldo Heinrichs Robert Wolfe

Chair. Three-year tenn. Select one.

Donald S. Detwiler

Secretary-Treasurer. Three-year tenn. Select one.

Mark P. Parillo

Please return the completed ballot to:

Mark P. Parillo Department ofHistory Kansas State University Eisenhower Hall Manhattan,KS 66506-1002

Please return ballots by January 31,1997. l\'1embership Renewal Form

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