Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581) June 2019, Volume 5, No. 6, pp. 491-502 Doi: 10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/06.05.2019/005 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2019 www.academicstar.us

Preservation Condition of Buildings That Have Been Supposedly Restored: Campus of Laranjeiras, ,

Eder Donizeti da Silva, Adriana Dantas Nogueira, and Josefa Luana Oliveira Freire Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil

Abstract: In 2004, Monumenta Program (Brazilian urban heritage Sustainable program) has elected the town of Laranjeiras, in Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil, to be able to develop preservationist actions, under federal custody resulting from the loan agreement between the IDB (Interamerican Development Bank) and Brazilian Government, according to the list of conservation priorities elaborated by the Special Commission of the Ministry of Culture. Among the proposed set of actions, Campus of the Federal University of Sergipe started its activities in 2009 in the old buildings (built in nineteenth and twentieth centuries) called “Block of Trapiches” (it is the term used for sugar warehouses). Since 2015, and even recently, these “supposed” restored buildings have presented many degradations after some years without preventive maintenance. Regarding to the failure of conservation and restoration, this paper aims to document and discuss several problems of restored buildings that are related to the absence of care in prevention and maintenance of the built patrimony, as well as, it has occurred some inappropriate intervention actions (as they can be called “reforms”), for example, by using inappropriate modern paints, using cement-based mortars and similar products on historical masonry, causing more destruction than preservation.

Key words: architecture, technology, conservation, restoration

including the possibility of establishing a campus for 1. Introduction  Federal University of Sergipe in this town, by using In 2004, Monumenta Program (Brazilian urban concepts of requalification, restoration, rehabilitation heritage Sustainable program) has elected the town of of old degraded buildings in the center town. Laranjeiras, in Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil, to be able Some buildings attracted attention and presented to develop preservationist actions, under federal possibility of implementing this project. They were old custody resulting from the loan agreement between the commercial buildings with two or more floors from the IDB (Interamerican Development Bank) and Brazilian nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Government, according to the list of conservation Technicians from Monumenta program and IPHAN priorities elaborated by the Special Commission of the (Institute of National Historical and artistic Patrimony) Ministry of Culture. developed proposed interventions for the Block of Eligible area of the town of Laranjeiras was rated to Trapiches. Trapiches is the term used for “sugar apply for the resources of the program, which was warehouse”, which were related to the old sugar mills signed in July 2004 with the State Government, of the region. They were a place for sugar storage (not deal with production).

Corresponding author: Eder Donizeti da Silva, Ph.D., Five undergraduate degrees have begun in 2007, but Professor; research areas/interests: built patrimony, in other places like municipal schools in next preservation technology of building, historical center areas. E-mail: [email protected]. neighborhood, by waiting that restoration has finished.

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This happened only in 2009 in a big party day, with punctuated studies, such as the writings of Vitruvius. In presences of many politicians and university people, this way, it may be wise to say that the defense of the like President of Brazil Exc.Mr. Luis Inácio Lula da historical value of antique objects and a sense of use of Silva, Ministry of Education Exc.Mr Fernando Haddad, conservation theory were established from the Governor Exc.Mr. Marcelo Deda, Mayor of intellectual Renaissance in Europe. Laranjeiras Exc.Mrs. Maria Ione Macedo Sobral, In the Brazilian case, searching for knowledge about Rector of Federal University of Sergipe Prof. Dr. Josué tutelage processes also requires an understanding that Modesto dos Passos Subrinho. unraveling all economic, political, social, cultural and Considering ten years of this happening, it could be territorial dimensions that have involved the urban past done some considerations about theoretical and is almost an impossible task. However, if the difficulty technological concepts of building preservation of the in recognizing that actions, although practiced before Block of Trapiches. One of them is about the Industrial and French Revolution and they were not critical-reflective analysis of the pretension for practiced with the modern capitalist consciousness, it is restoration carried out in these buildings, as well as the also not difficult to understand the lack of this current state of conservation from the degradation interventionist and especially preservationist process pathologies that these buildings present in. before 1930 in this country. Therefore, this paper intends to revisit the history Since 1933 several public policies were practiced in and theory of the constructive technical restoration Brazil with the objective of safeguarding, rehabilitating, carried out by the Monumenta Program in 2004, as well requalifying, revaluing, the historical urban areas [2]. as to identify, mapping and recording the interventions These actions have always a scenario of degradation initially carried out and current conditions of and abandonment of urban buildings sets and locations conservation and restoration of the “rehabilitated” called by the common sense of historical centers and/or buildings. Then, it could be possible even to historical cities. recommend actions that can make possible to correct In 1995, one of the last chapters of this type of action the anomalies in these historical buildings in the face of began to be formulated by the Ministry of Culture, with the technical and scientific respect, which is necessary the direction and support of the Inter-American for the reuse and rehabilitation of objects carrying Development Bank (IDB), in general, aimed at the judgment of heritage values. viability of a program of preservation of the heritage [3]. The original idea of the Monumenta program was 2. Monumenta Program and Block of inspired by experiments carried out in the city of Quito Trapiches (Ecuador) after the great Earthquake of 1987. Intervention in historical urban areas arising from Intervention actions were based on the rehabilitation public policies goes back to a trajectory that can be not only of isolated buildings, but also of public spaces lectured from the Industrial Revolution, with the and in the improvement of infrastructure and urban pinnacle of enclosing the French Revolution, both in a mobility, in which topics such as recovery of housing symbiosis related to capitalism and urbanization [1]. areas and recycling of buildings. According to the However, protection/caution of goods bearers of author: “The result of the interventions of the rescue aesthetic and historical values receive greater fund was considered excellent, leading the IDB to think intellectual lair from a capitalist condition is an about possible future developments”. assertion that requires care to affirm, because of the In 1995, IDB proposed to the Brazilian Ministry of lack or impossibility of documentation or more Culture to develop a program specifically focused on

Preservation Condition of Buildings That Have Been Supposedly Restored: 493 Campus of Laranjeiras, Sergipe, Brazil historical cities. Main idea was to produce a project that people for specific tasks of preservation; (5) insertion would serve as a base (pilot plan) to all future actions of of educational programs for population; (6) elaboration conservation and restoration of historical urban areas in of inventories and technical manuals by IPHAN and Brazil and that could, even be practiced in other Ministry of Culture; (7) Encourage the participation of countries. private companies. IPHAN has elaborated and discussed with the IDB It could be highlighted the two preservationist about this program from 1996 and, in 1997 was created actions by the Monumenta Program: Cachoeira town the UCG (Central Management Unit) to coordination (in the Recôncavo Baiano, located 110 km from of this program, which aimed at a direct partnership Salvador, capital of Bahia) and Laranjeiras town between UNESCO and municipalities that would be (located 35 km from Aracaju, capital of Sergipe). This “elected” objects of intervention. There was always an emphasis is given by the proposal of rehabilitation of administrative technical partner and IPHAN agent historical buildings for implementing higher supervisor responsible for projects approval. In 1999, education-university campus, respectively, Federal Brazilian Government and IDB signed the loan University of Recôncavo Baiano (UFRB) and the contract (about 125 million dollars) and the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS). Monumenta program started in 2000 and approved the This paper approaches the implementation problems Operating Regulation in 2001 [3]. of Campus of Laranjeiras, but first it is necessary to There were 26 urban centers in Brazil chosen for explain why this town was chosen for this kind of interventionist and preservationist actions in the first intervention. Laranjeiras had its origin (1794) since stage, through bases and criteria established by the Sugar economic cycle in the Brazilian Northeast Ministry of Culture, as follow some: Mariana, Region in the 19th century, it became an important and Congonhas and Diamantina (Minas Gerais); Goiás rich urban core with religious buildings and, especially, Town (Goiás); Natividade (Tocantins); Lençóis and with the presence of sugar mills around the city, which Cachoeira (BA); Laranjeiras and São Cristóvão brought many residential and commercial buildings (Sergipe); Alcantara (Maranhão); Corumbá (Mato consolidated an architecture style with character of the grosso do Sul); Penedo (Alagoas); São Francisco do Brazilian Second Empire. Economic, social and Sul (Santa Catarina); Icó (Ceará); Pelotas (Rio Grande political decadence of Laranjeiras between 1904 and do Sul); Oeiras (Piauí). In each of these cities was 1942 is credited, in part, to the implantation of the new created an executor unit of the project called UEP, capital of the state of Sergipe (1855), which gradually which together with the municipal government should absorbed all activities, making that the productive flow conduct the guidelines, participatory interests, migrated to Aracaju [4]. At that time, most of the financial counterparts and the ability to implement the civil/religious buildings suffered many modifications objectives of the project [3]. going into the process of ruination. It is noteworthy that Among the objectives preservationists established many of these buildings would only be listed by and desired by the Monumenta Program are to IPHAN in 1943 [5]. emphasize: (1) restoration, rehabilitation and Resumption of the economic and cultural adaptation of historical monuments and buildings importance of Laranjeiras seems to occur in the 1970, avoiding the irreversibility of damage; (2) qualification with the reactivation of “Cultural Meetings” in the city and improvement of public spaces; (3) Recovery of and subsequently with the implantation of large private property and subsidies to the owners for repairs factories such as the fertilizer plant Nitrogen of Sergipe of structures, roofs and so on; (4) Training of local (FAFEN) in 1982, and also the Cement Factory

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(CIMESA) in 1983. Despite this economic jumping, “restorative” actions and urban requalification and the urban assembly comprising civil and religious rehabilitation of historical buildings. The main constructions will only be elevated to the State question was: what would be the most suitable historical monument category in March 1971 and in the buildings for the establishment of this enterprise? For federal sphere only in 1996 [6]. UEP and IPHAN, the answer was commercial In this context of “apex, decay and resumption”, remnants of the nineteenth and twentieth century, the Monumenta Program visualized possibilities of “Block of Trapiches” (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Previous situation before “rehabilitation” of the “Block of Trapiches” in 2004 [7].

Block of Trapiches came up with buildings of structures of the great spans there and decided by a practically in ruins, leaving only part of the “original” proposal to “rebuild” the buildings and consolidation facades and a number of internal columns that served of the internal columns. The option for these buildings

Preservation Condition of Buildings That Have Been Supposedly Restored: 495 Campus of Laranjeiras, Sergipe, Brazil was due to five factors: (1) this urban historical set was the critical characteristics and proposals of intervention one of the main highlights of the city; (2) it was the to be performed in each building [7]. According to the most degradation in the whole city; (3) it could be the coordinators of UEP/Laranjeiras, the major intention only possible space for the implantation of a university was to adapt to the implantation for its future use campus because of its dimension of a block (quarter); (university) recovering the volumetry and (4) available resources were not sufficient for all consolidating the remaining stone columns, making the intervention needs in the city and; (5) other areas central area an internal courtyard of common use. indicated in the planning of the UEP were in a The “Big House of Gable” located in front of Block of reasonable state of conservation [7]. Trapiche would be adapted as a library and the “House “Restoration” of the “block of the piers” was of Rollemberg”, also nearby, could be used for initiated in February 2008, being part of this set: university restaurant and common use of locals and Trapiche Santo Antônio, House in Samuel de Oliveira tourists. The “Big House, n.159”, completely ruined, Street, n.117; Exactor Building; Big House in Samuel would have its wall box recovered with the implantation de Oliveira Street, n. 159; Ruins located next to the Big of a new cover and used as an art gallery and main House, n.159; Ruins in the front of the market; Big entrance hall of the new Campus. Ruins next to the Big House of Gable and Big House of Rollemberg. Works House, n.159, which had previous use of dwellings, in were monitored and supervised by UEP/Laranjeiras, an advanced state of ruination, would have its “rescued” CEHOP (State Housing and Public Works Company of volumetry and its restored facade to insert bathrooms Sergipe) and IPHAN. and laboratories. The “Exactor Building”, which no For the Monumenta program, the goals and longer preserved its “19th century” characteristic, would objectives of the intervention in this place had that the have its interior released for adaptation of an auditorium. results would guarantee the economic sustainability of The “House, n.117”, the least modified building, would preservation. However, after almost 10 years of this welcome administrative activity. The “Trapiche Santo intervention, what is identified is a state of advanced Antônio”, with many changes, would have its facade ruination of the buildings that are said to be “restored”, recovered and would support the main graduate supposedly restored. activities, specially classrooms. The first building with its completed intervention was 3. Registration of the Technical Restored the library (inaugurated on February 22th, 2008). This Intervention in Block of Trapiche building has a ground floor and two floors, also had its Interventions in the “Block of Trapiches”, departed facade “restored” and the interior “reformed”. There is a from the “rehabilitation” of buildings for the purpose of sort of criticisms for its execution, with inadequate size implantation of university activities, and actions were to get library activities and inefficient accessibility for founded on the physical survey, photographic and people with special needs as wheelchairs, making the iconographic, visits for observation the places, and by two top floors underutilized, although today they using the more widespread theories in restoration [8]. support some research laboratories. UEP group had stated that: “The aesthetic unity of Restoration of the “Big House of Rollemberg” to get the buildings could not be recovered... because the a restaurant, was the last action performed (end of constructions were mostly ruined, as well, the proposal 2009). This building is not owned by UFS, it has been focused on reshaping the figurative unit from its mural closed for a long time to bid for use, is currently a space box and the contemporary design of the inner cavity”. more used by tourists and locals, very little used by Registration (inventory) of the place EPU pointed out students.

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Big House, n.159, which only possessed the external Almost same problem happens in the “Exactor surface, was completely rebuilt. One of the main building”, in the “House, n.117” and specifically in the problems was a placement of a ladder at its center “Trapiche Santo Antônio”, in which classrooms size is preventing a more appropriate use of the space appropriated only for theoretical education, do not envisaged as a gallery as well, it happened to be used as carry out uses related to practices classes, in particular, campus administration. As “ruins beside the house, what prejudices teaching university programs such as n.159” were completely rebuilt, however, the purpose Architecture and urbanism, Theatre and Dance. These of use (laboratories) demonstrated its inefficiency due two last mentioned degrees have been located in to the size, electrical installations and lack of inadequate spaces since the beginning of campus in this appropriate hydraulic installations, making clear that place and, nowadays, they have no more activity in the the main concept inserted in this project was not a “Block of Trapiches”, because their activities were restoration, but rather a pretension restoration of use, reassigned to other Campus in São Cristóvão town (Fig. with many adaptations. 2).

Fig. 2 “Trapiche Santo Antônio” in 2008; Consolidation of remaining stone columns; Intervention in “Big House, 159” and “Big House, 159”; Intervention in the “Exactor Building”; Intervention in “ruins next to the Big House, 159”; Metal shears used on the roof; Support Anchors for concrete slab application in most of the “restored” buildings. Source: UFS Photo collection, Adilson Andrade photos, Sept. 2008.

Preservation Condition of Buildings That Have Been Supposedly Restored: 497 Campus of Laranjeiras, Sergipe, Brazil

About applied technical issues in the “restoration” 6) Complementing the stone walls with small fill interventions of the “Block of Trapiches”, some stones, the drawings formed by these observations of the “restored” spaces compared to the complements are readily identifiable as photographs taken in 2008 (UFS photo collection) new-old elements; what demonstrate some positive and negative 7) Despite the predominance of the use of white situations, which require a critical reflection in addition paintings in the surfaces walls, there was no to its record [8]. As main applied technical issues in the care to perform a lime-based painting on the interventions, we can find some, as following: walls that world receive mortars constituted by 1) Complementing the outside walls from the compositions based on lime, clay and sandy; existing parts of the buildings, however, some 8) Pretension of use and Supplementation of the “false historians” (rebuilt parts of the restored covering of the masonry surfaces from the local building which look like they were original know-how and experience, from the hiring of ones) have been produced, especially in the the Laranjeiras labor; “Trapiche Santo Antônio”; 9) Covers (shearing) made in metallic structure, 2) Buildings were not restored, but reconstructed, but with wooden lining and beams (angelim that is, the whole outside was reconstructed and maçaranduba woods); applying an aesthetic sense of pretension 10) Registration, from an opening on the original agreement with the architectural ambience of wall, so that the original constructive technique the Laranjeiras town, however, external and of the remaining walls of the “Trapiche Santo internal areas produce a false understanding Antônio” can be verified; that what happened to exist has always existed; 11) Opening of new passages, destroying the old 3) Accessibility problems, rain water infiltrations stone walls to facilitate circulation; in the restored building, hydraulic connections 12) Maintenance of some original architectural and electrical conditions in difficult agreement elements, which are symbolic ones of historical with the university activities; and aesthetic importance (Fig. 3). 4) Consolidation of doors and windows arcs and Technical interventions, specifically in stone consolidation through metallic profiles of the masonry linings, were based on the use of lime-based remaining stone columns. It can be said that mortars and new cement. Shingles were made to order doors and windows demonstrated correct using local tiles as models. About utilized colors, a options, but the columns consolidation could prospecting study was done on the walls in good have been performed in such a way that there condition, constructors opted for non-mortar work; the had to be a dialogue that could express more the window frames in good condition were restored, as historical element than the new metallic well as original iron locks and floors were maintained. profiles, however that respects the new and the Archaeological procedures were carried out, being old structure; found wheels of old sugar mills [7]. 5) Complementing and consolidating the stone 4. Conditions of Conservation of Buildings columns in their support base, it can be considered that this aspect was done in a Monumenta Program’s guiding principle was to convenient way because the stone columns promote economic sustainability and the social and offered irreversible ruin; cultural function of historical heritage after the intervention of the project. In the case of the “Block of

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Trapiches”, it can be said that these intentions were not residents of Laranjeiras city enrolled in the five degrees very well achieved, since the maintenance of the (Archeology, Architecture and Urbanism; Theater and Campus is entirely carried out by UFS (Federal Dance). Theater and Dance graduation activities no Government) and that, during these ten years of longer are developed in Laranjeiras [9]. implementation, just few college students who were

Fig. 3 External Facade “restoration” in colonial aspect of “Trapiche Santo Antônio”; “Restoration” of the House, 159, in neoclassical and neocolonial atmosphere (interior fully rebuilt); Consolidation of the upper bends arches of the doors; Metallic profiles to consolidate the body of the stone columns; Consolidation of the base, with foundation of the stone columns; Consolidation with concrete and iron armour structure foundation (pad foundation) of stone columns; Filling gaps in the remaining stone walls; Placement of metal trusses; Opening in the wall demonstrating the original materials used in ancient walls (“Trapiche Santo Antônio”); Inadequate action to open passages in the existing historical walls; Maintenance of architectural elements of aesthetic and historical values. Source: UFS photo collection, Sept, 2008/nov. 2009 and photos by the authors, Out. 2017.

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In 2015, after several years without preventive and granulometry and also chemical analysis to verify maintenance, all buildings of Campus of Laranjeiras — the presence of salts [10]. As for the presence of CO2, it “Block of Trapiches” — have presented so many is easy because it needs only clean with neutral soap degradations in the wall coverings (plastering od and when related to structural problems, it is necessary mortars), as well as in the structural part (mechanical specific study and recompositing. stress in several walls) and on the roof (infiltrations), The most important building in the “Block of also remnants of stone, columns and walls, had some Trapiches” is the Trapiche Santo Antônio; it revealed parts with material loss. to be one of the places with the highest incidence of Considering this problem, a research project was degradation. A great loss of material (plaster) occurs in developed in Federal University of Sergipe with title: its main and lateral facades. Stone walls of the side The Ceramic Powder and the Slag of Steel as show attack by salts (chloride and sulfate), various Alternatives in the Restoration Of Cultural Heritage, cracks, insect attack (termites), stone walls also coordinated by Dr. Eder Donizeti da Silva, Dr. Adriana demonstrate a biological attack by bacteria that needs Dantas Nogueira, collaborating with Laboratory to be further studied and has caused great loss of Technicians Rosane Greziele Leite dos Santos and material (between the stones). Attack by fungi, lichens, Alex Souza Santos, Architecture and Urbanism black crust are also pathological agents in this place. It undergraduate students Josefa Luana Oliveira Freire, is recommended to study biological attacks and their Mayra Rayanne Vieira Gonçalves Lima and Uallison treatment. Lichens and fungi are difficult to clean, as Vinicius Nascimento Castro. Main objective of this well as attack by aerial vegetation and xylophagous research project was to carry out a historical study of insects. Use of insecticides and sprays on surfaces must mortars based in old lime, to research existing be strictly controlled. As for recompositing of material anomalies in the buildings of the Campus of loss, after the treatment of the biodegradation Laranjeiras, as well as to understand, the possibility of anomalies, a study on the composition of these mortars additives in the lining mortars of the Campus by must be carried out to provide a product that will utilizing laboratory tests and to aim to get a better dialogue with the existing one and it should never use solution for places with incidence of degradation. cement to recover historical mortars. Currently, in 2017, many degradations in the buildings House, n. 117, is one of the buildings that present present much intensity than those registered in 2015. great structural problems, including the upper floor has Campus Library building (Big House of Gable) been forbidden for more than last 4 years and the presents an expressive attack by black spots caused by ground floor has been closed, as it presents intense the contamination by carbon dioxide in its facades; as fissures (cracks) on all internal walls, ascending and well as a sequence of paint stripping and plaster loss; descending humidity, fungi, lichens and bacteria. In the attack of aerial vegetation; there is intense loss of main facade, big areas are verified with blister, material plaster in the access ladder to the upper floors in the lost and black stains. There are lesions (cracking and interior place; the gable is damaged causing intense deformation) that their causes must be verified, for penetration of rains water flooding several rooms of the example, movement of foundations, applying research Big House; a large crack located on the 2nd floor methods such as historical information, documentation, requires urgent restoration. It is recommended to surveys, checking fissure and curves, besides of analyze the composition of the plaster applied, as well accommodation, crushing and the buckling of the as, from the remaining old plaster, from visual vertical structure, as well as the thrust and depression observations, X-ray diffraction, by checking of trace of horizontal structures [4].

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“Exactor building”, known as an auditorium by the Ruins next to the Big House, n. 159, and ruins in students, presents in the interior intense attack by front of the Market, both suffer from all the anomalies humidity, green spots on the walls, mold, fungi and that have already been described in the other buildings. bacteria. In the external walls, attack by humidity is As for the interior side (Courtyard of Campus), one of even more expressive, as well as attack by animal feces the most severe degradations occurred with the (pigeons) propitiates the salinity by nitrates, which collapse of one of the arches that occurred only three presents great number of fissures and black spots. In days ago of the celebrations of the tenth anniversary of buildings, manifestation of humidity is a constant, it the Campus (2017). This arch already presented can occur in construction, on the ground, by structural problems since 2010, when they were placed precipitation, condensation, hygroscopicity and by wooden struts so it would not ruin immediately. many causes [11]. However, the lack of a conservation and restoration Degradations caused by the presence of ascending procedures during these years have caused its falling and/or descending humidity are associated with other and, due to the lack of scientific ability to collect the anomalies, especially attack by salts, which crystallize material, it is impossible to be restored in the future. It in contact with water and they origin efflorescence and is recommended a survey of columns and stone walls to crypto-fluorescence. Cleaning is always difficult, in the identify possible anomalies, to clean them (black crusts, recomposition of the mortars loss, it becomes aerial vegetation, bacteria), complementation with important to verify the contamination of the sands, mortars with appropriate compositions and since this material has been contaminated in its origin stabilization of possible mechanical-physical in the most cases [12]. degradations (Fig. 4). Big House, n. 159, known as Campus administration Criticism of the preservation of the buildings that (Direction and coordination of undergraduate degrees). make up the “Block of Trapiches” is based on low It is a building with one of the most severe pathologies scientific care in the prevention of these pathologies, as in this campus, it presents big cracks in the stairwell of well as on the inadequate actions of interventions that access to the upper floor, that when observed over the we can call “reforms”, i.e., the use of inappropriate years have been shown in each period with a worrying modern paints [14] and cement-based mortars on evolution of its dimensions. There is loss of material on historic walls [15] in the construction of new walls over the outside, cracking, black spots and a series of attacks other (old) ones [16], lack of an intervention applying due to humidity and salinity. the knowledge of conservation and restoration It is assumed that the old building had woods as a technology [17]. roof structure and especially the floor of the upper deck This Campus was created for shelter an heritage and that the spans did not have the current dimensions. education atmosphere, these mentioned situations have Considering this, one must carry out a structural study led to the gradual degradation of buildings, they have and possible shoring of the parts that are presenting caused numerous educational distortions of how to act crushing and structural buckling, as well as, horizontal against cultural objects of historical and artistic values, thrust. Surveys are recommended for ground demonstrating that it is not enough to project spaces foundation verification, along with a visual inspection from the so-called “requalification places”, but to complemented by laboratory tests to know, explain and supply fundamental actions so necessary to conserve restore the cracking that these masonry, beams and and sustain these interventions. pillars are presenting in the buildings [13].

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Fig. 4 Facade of the Library and overview of the current state of conservation; Left lateral facade of the campus and degradations with loss of plaster and some degradations of the main facade of Laranjeiras Campus; Falling of one of the arches in April 2017; Fissures in the Big House, n. 159; use of cement to fill gaps in stone walls. Source: [7] and photos by the authors, Apr. and Aug., 2017.

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5. Final Considerations [4] Philadelpho Jonattas de Oliveira, Registro de Fatos Históricos de Laranjeiras, Aracaju: Casa Avila, 1942. In the intervention actions implemented in the [5] BENS Móveis e Imóveis Inscritos nos Livros do Tombo “Block of Trapiches”, a number of problematic (4th ed.), , Ministério da Cultura / IPHAN, 1994. situations can be perceived in the “requalification/ [6] Laranjeiras: sua história, sua cultura, sua gente, rehabilitation” process of the buildings, as following: a) Laranjeiras: Prefeitura Municipal/SEMEC, 2000. In the Monumenta Program proposal, with [7] Luciana Machado Ribeiro Rocha, Cynara Ramos Silva. undergraduate degrees that were implanted in the Trapiche Projeto e Obra. In: Adriana Dantas Nogueira, Eder Donizeti da Silva (Org.). O Despertar do Campus and that this would be solved from the Conhecimento na Colina Azulada. V.II. São Cristóvão: adaptation to the supposedly “restored” spaces; b) Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2009. Despite the correctness of the consolidations of [8] Cesare Brandi. Teoria de la restauración. Madrid: Alianza Editorial S.A., 1993. columns and door arches and maintenance of stone [9] Saida de cursos de Teatro e Dança do Campus de walls, the placement of the wall box of several Larajeiras, accessed on 17 may 2017, available online at: buildings as a support for new structures and walls now http://www.ufs.br/conteudo/56608-campus-de-laranjeiras leads to the appearance of cracks; c) stairs, accessibility, -relembra-as-historias-dos-seus10-anos-de-implantacao. [10] Mario Mendonça de Oliveira. Tecnologia da Conservação electrical and hydraulic installations require e da Restauração: Materiais e Estruturas. Salvador: adjustments for the activities that occupy the spaces; d) EDUFBA, 2002. some places (walls and arches) were not consolidated [11] Fernando M. A. Henriques, Humidade em Paredes, Lisboa: deriving their ruin. LNEC, 2007. [12] J. Delgado Rodrigues and T. Diaz Gonçalves, Rebocos Monumenta Program did not foresee the para paredes antigas afetadas por sais solúveis, in: Sais maintenance and conservation of the buildings, leading Solúveis em argamassas de edifícios antigos: danos, to a large part of the degradations, as well as the actions processos e soluções, Lisboa: LNEC, 2007, pp. 35-48. that are being carried out as “reforms” do not meet the [13] John Appleton, Reabilitação de Edifícios Antigos: Patologias e Tecnologias de Intervenção (2nd ed.), Lisboa: technical-scientific requirements foreseen in the study Edições Orion, 2011. and knowledge of the theory and technology of [14] José Aguiar, Cor e cidade histórica: Estudos cromáticos e conservation and restoration, causing more the conservação do patrimônio (2nd ed.), Porto: Rainha e destruction of the patrimony than its preservation. Neves Ltda., 2005. [15] Maria Isabel Kanan. Manual de conservação e intervenção References em argamassas e revestimentos à base de cal. Brasília, DF: IPHAN / Programa Monumenta, 2008. [1] Françoise Choay, Alegoria do Patrimônio, Lisboa: [16] Fernando F. S. Pinho, Paredes de Edifícios Antigos em Edições 70 Ltda, 1999. Portugal, Lisboa: LNEC, 2008. [2] Eder Donizeti da Silva. O Direito Urbanístico Brasileiros e [17] Rosário Veiga et al., Conservação e Renovação de sua Aplicabilidade na Preservação de Centros Históricos, revestimentos de Paredes de edifícios antigos, Lisboa: thesis, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, LNEC, 2004. 2005. [3] Nabil Bonduki, Intervenções Urbanas: na Recuperação de Centros Históricos, Brasília, DF: IPHAN/Programa Monumenta, 2010.