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Altri Orientalismi L’India a Firenze 1860-1900

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Altri Orientalismi L’India a Firenze 1860-1900 STUDI E SAGGI – 107 – Filipa Lowndes Vicente Altri orientalismi L’India a Firenze 1860-1900 Traduzione di Mario Ivani FIRENZE UNIveRSITY PRess 2012 Altri orientalismi : l’India a Firenze 1860-1900 / Filipa Lowndes Vicente. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2012. (Studi e saggi ; 107) http://digital.casalini.it/9788866551508 ISBN 978-88-6655-148-5 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-150-8 (online PDF) ISBN 978-88-6655-152-2 (online EPUB) Progetto grafico di Alberto Pizarro Fernández, Pagina Maestra snc Traduzione di Mario Ivani Certificazione scientifica delle Opere Tutti i volumi pubblicati sono soggetti ad un processo di referaggio esterno di cui sono responsabili il Consiglio editoriale della FUP e i Consigli scientifici delle singole collane. Le opere pubblicate nel catalogo della FUP sono valutate e approvate dal Consiglio editoriale della casa editrice. Per una descrizione più analitica del processo di referaggio si rimanda ai documenti ufficiali pubblicati sul sito-catalogo della casa editrice (http://www.fupress.com). Consiglio editoriale Firenze University Press G. Nigro (Coordinatore), M.T. Bartoli, M. Boddi, F. Cambi, R. Casalbuoni, C. Ciappei, R. Del Punta, A. Dolfi, V. Fargion, S. Ferrone, M. Garzaniti, P. Guarnieri, G. Mari, M. Marini, M. Verga, A. Zorzi. © 2012 Firenze University Press Università degli Studi di Firenze Firenze University Press Borgo Albizi, 28, 50122 Firenze, Italy http://www.fupress.com/ Printed in Italy SOmmARIO RINGRAZIAMENTI VII INTRODUZIONE 1. Firenze: il luogo dell’archivio 1 2. Le storie di una fotografia (Bombay, 1885) 10 3. Orientalismi e conoscenza coloniale 33 CAPITOLO I FIRENZE COME CENTRO DI STUDI ORIENTALI 41 1. L’unificazione italiana e il ruolo di Angelo De Gubernatis 41 2. Il Congresso del 1878: l’apogeo della Firenze orientalista 53 3. Dialogo e conflitto: la partecipazione di orientalisti dell’Asia 62 4. L’Esposizione Orientale (1878): donazioni dall’Italia e dall’India 75 5. L’influenza classica nelle sculture di Gandhara 79 6. L’India all’Esposizione Orientale 84 7. Gerson da Cunha: il successo italiano dell’orientalista «orientale» 92 8. «Lettere dall’India Contemporanea» nella Revue Internationale 101 9. Carteggi tra Bombay e Firenze 105 10. Il Congresso Internazionale degli Orientalisti a Roma (1899) 116 CAPITOLO II OrIENTALISMO E CONOSCENZA COLONIALE: DE GUBERNATIS IN INDIA 125 1. La proiezione pubblica del viaggio (1885-1886) 125 2. «Anche l’Italia vuole uscire di casa» 133 3. Reinventare la tradizione dei mercanti rinascimentali 140 4. Gli ambigui rapporti con la British India 147 5. «Non ci sono che rovine»: De Gubernatis e l’India portoghese 158 6. Gerson da Cunha anfitrione a Bombay 163 7. De Gubernatis e gli orientalisti dell’India 171 8. Il sanscrito come lingua comune 179 Filipa Lowndes Vicente, Altri orientalismi. L’India a Firenze 1860-1900 ISBN 978-88-6655-148-5 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-150-8 (online PDF) ISBN 978-88-6655-152-2 (online EPUB) © 2012 Firenze University Press VI ALTRI ORIENTALISMI. L’INDIA A FIRENZE 1860-1900 9. Incontri e scontri tra Gerson da Cunha e De Gubernatis 187 10. L’antropologo Paolo Mantegazza alla ricerca dell’«India selvaggia» 201 CAPITOLO III OGGETTI IN VIAGGIO: L’INDIA ESPOSTA A FIRENZE 213 1. Il coinvolgimento degli indiani nel Museo Indiano 213 2. La profanazione del sacro: collezionare l’India religiosa 224 3. L’acquisizione di manoscritti sanscriti per la Biblioteca di Firenze 241 4. La passione per l’esotico: oggetti europei nelle case indiane 245 5. Una messinscena orientale per i sovrani dell’Italia unita 249 6. Chi vuole il Museo Indiano? 256 7. Il Museo Indiano nella guide turistiche di Firenze 264 8. Il Museo Indiano di Bologna (1907) 267 9. La collezione di pittura antica del Villino Vidya 272 10. L’esposizione dell’«India britannica» a Parigi (1878) e a Londra (1886) 281 CONclUSIONI 293 AppENDICE FOTOGRAFICA 299 FONTI E BIBLIOGRAFIA 311 INDICE DEI NOMI 341 RINGRAZIAmeNTI In primo luogo sono grata ai bibliotecari della sezione manoscritti della Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze per la loro grande disponibilità, simpatia e competenza; in particolare, desidero qui citare Paola Pirolo e Roberta Masini. Sono debitrice a Monica Zavattaro, antropologa del Mu- seo Nazionale di Antropologia e Etnologia di Firenze, per tutto il tempo da lei speso nel mostrarmi le collezioni indiane, chiuse al pubblico, e nel guidarmi all’interno dell’archivio dell’antropologo Paolo Mantegazza. Ringrazio inoltre tutti i bibliotecari delle diverse biblioteche dipartimen- tali dell’Università di Firenze nelle quali ho lavorato. Anche altre biblioteche fiorentine sono state per me il mio ‘ufficio’, una sorta di room of one’s own e, per ciò stesso, fondamentali per il processo di scrittura: la biblioteca del Museo intitolato nel 2010 a Galileo (già Mu- seo di Storia della Scienza), che ha sede in un palazzo con loggia affaccia- ta sull’Arno contiguo al Museo degli Uffizi, ma soprattutto la biblioteca del Kunsthistorisches Institut di Firenze, divenuta la mia seconda casa. La simpatia dei suoi funzionari ha reso più piacevole il mio lavoro quo- tidiano. Frattanto, questa ricerca è andata concludendosi quando già mi ero stabilita a Londra, in qualità di ricercatrice presso la School of Orien- tal and African Studies (SOAS-University of London). Lì ho potuto fruire delle eccellenti biblioteche della SOAS, della Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland e della British Library. Un ringraziamento va alla Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia e alla Fundação Oriente per il contributo dato alla realizzazione di questo libro. Al termine del dottorato di ricerca sono stata borsista della Fun- dação Oriente per tre anni. Successivamente ho ottenuto una borsa di post-dottorato dalla Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia in qualità di ricercatrice dell’Istituto di Storia dell’arte della Facoltà di Lettere di Li- sbona, diretto da Vítor Serrão, fondamentale per la realizzazione di que- sta come di altre ricerche. All’antropologa Cristiana Bastos, che nel 2009 era curatrice delle edi- zioni dell’Instituto de Ciências Sociais, sono grata per l’entusiasmo espres- so per questo lavoro e per la disponibilità con cui ha seguito le varie fasi di realizzazione dell’edizione portoghese. Anche a Fulvio Guatelli, della Fi- renze University Press, va il mio sincero riconoscimento per la fiducia con cui ha accolto questo libro in versione italiana. Ai miei due referees ano- Filipa Lowndes Vicente, Altri orientalismi. L’India a Firenze 1860-1900 ISBN 978-88-6655-148-5 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-150-8 (online PDF) ISBN 978-88-6655-152-2 (online EPUB) © 2012 Firenze University Press VIII ALTRI ORIENTALISMI. L’INDIA A FIRENZE 1860-1900 nimi e a Mónica Saavedra, cui si deve la revisione editoriale della edizio- ne portoghese, devo gli ottimi suggerimenti che tanto hanno giovato alla versione definitiva di questo libro. A Paula Gonçalves, amica e collega di corso, si deve l’accurato indice dei nomi. Grazie anche a tutto lo staff del- la Firenze University Press, specialmente a Fulvio Guatelli e Flavia Conti. Uno speciale ringraziamento va ai miei amici che, per diversi motivi, hanno avuto a che fare con la scrittura del libro. A Rosa Maria Perez, pro- fonda conoscitrice dell’India, per avermi incoraggiata nel mio lavoro e per avermi aiutata a chiarire alcune questioni relative all’induismo e all’India in generale. Ad AbdoolKarim Vakil, sempre curioso ed estremamente at- tento al lavoro delle altre persone, va tutta la mia gratitudine per le nostre conversazioni. La sua conoscenza delle questioni relative all’orientalismo e al postcolonialismo ha contribuito in maniera decisiva alla stesura dell’in- troduzione. Anche le conversazioni tenute con Cosimo Chiarelli sulla sto- ria della fotografia e su altre questioni riguardanti il rapporto tra cultura e colonialismo nel XIX secolo hanno giovato al mio lavoro. A Maurizio Bossi, del Gabinetto Vieusseux, sono grata per tutto l’interesse manifesta- to per la mia ricerca. Altri amici di Firenze hanno seguito costantemen- te la scrittura con interesse e attesa: Sílvia Guimarães, Cristina Joanaz de Melo, Silvia Gusmano, Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo, Silke Kurth, Cristina Meirelles do Canto e Castro e Maria José Chousal. Ringrazio Mario Ivani per la sua eccellente traduzione dal portoghese, lingua nella quale è stato scritto il libro, e per il modo in cui si è speso per risolvere le tante questio- ni emerse nel corso del suo lavoro. Sono riconoscente alla mia famiglia per l’appoggio che non mi ha mai fatto mancare. Ai miei genitori, Ana e António Pedro perché, al di là del- la loro curiosità intellettuale, sanno prendersi cura di tutti, sì da essere un esempio di grande generosità e apertura agli altri. A mio fratello António Luís, per l’interesse che ha sempre mostrato per il mio lavoro. Sono grata a Diogo Ramada Curto per tutto il sostegno che mi ha dato nel corso della stesura del libro, durante gli anni trascorsi a Firenze. Inoltre, sono grata alle mie figlie Maria e Madalena, nate e cresciute con questo libro, che mi hanno aiutata a cominciarlo e a portarlo a termine. Dedico il libro alle mie figlie e ai miei genitori, con tutto il mio affetto. INTRODUZIONE 1. Firenze: il luogo dell’archivio Le storie che scriviamo sono spesso inscindibili dalle nostre «storie d’archivio». Mi riconosco, in questo, con gli antropologi, nei modi in cui riflettono sulle loro esperienze individuali relative al metodo e alla costru- zione del loro oggetto. Allo stesso modo, ho sempre sentito come il mio rapporto con la storia fosse indissociabile dalla mia storia personale, dal- le casualità, dai luoghi geografici, dalle contingenze del quotidiano, dal- le esperienze personali che sono state decisive per la scelta e l’evoluzione del lavoro stesso1. Ma ho anche sempre sentito che non era ammesso che gli storici raccontassero quella parte della storia.
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