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Introduction 1. Yi-Fu Tuan Notes Preface 1. Yi-Fu Tuan, Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984). Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Yi-Fu Tuan, "In Place, Out of Place," in Miles Richardson (ed.) Place: Experience and Symbol (Baton Rouge: Geoscience Publications of the Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 1984), pp. 3-10; Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977); Miles Richardson, "Place and Culture: A Final Note," in M. Richardson (ed.) Place: Experience and Symbol, pp. 63-7; David Seamon and Robert Mugerauer (eds) Dwelling. Place & Environment (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Edward Casey, "Getting Placed: Soul in Space," Spring, vol. 7, 1982; Robert D. Sack, "The Consumer's World: Place as Context," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 78, 1988, pp. 642-64; and Clifford Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 33-54. 2. My discussion of a centered and a decentered view is based upon the arguments of Thomas Nagel in The View from Nowhere (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986). 3. T. Nagel, The View from Nowhere, pp. 217-23; Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness, translated by Hazel E. Barnes (New York: Philosophical Library, 1956). 4. F. Lukermann, "Geography as a Formal Intellectual Discipline and the Way in which It Contributes to Human Knowledge," The Canadian Geographer, vol. 8, 1964, pp. 167-72, ref. on p. 171; Joe A. May, "On Orientations and Reorientations in the History of Western Geography," in J. David Wood (ed.) Rethinking Geographical Inquiry (Downsview, Ont.: York University Geographical Mono­ graphs, 1982), pp. 31-72. 135 136 Notes 5. Steven Seidman, Liberalism and the Origins of European Social Theory (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983). For a discussion of the legacy of the Romantic encounter with the liberal political theory of the Enlightenment, see Nancy Rosenblum, Another Liberalism: Romanticism and the Reconstruction of Liberal Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987). 6. Friedrich Meinecke, Cosmopolitanism and the National State, translated by Robert B. Kimber (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), p. 20. For a similar view of the difficulty of separating oneself from the national sphere expressed by a modem geographer, see Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). 7. S. Seidman, Liberalism and the Origins of European Social Theory, pp.45-9. 8. S. Seidman, Liberalism and the Origins of European Social Theory, p.47. 9. Cole Harris, "Theory and Synthesis in Historical Geography," The Canadian Geographer, vol. 15, 1971, pp. 157-72. Lukermann refers to the geographer's explanation as a "discourse-level narrative," F. Lukermann, "Geography: De Facto or De Jure," Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science, vol. 32, 1965, pp. 189--96, ref. on p. 194. Sack emphasizes the ordinary language, or prosaic character of explanation, in the study of place in Robert D. Sack, Conceptions of Space in Social Thought (London: Macmillan, 1980), pp. 197-201. 10. Stephen Daniels, "Arguments for a Humanistic Geography," in R. J. Johnston (ed.) The Future of Geography (London: Methuen, 1985), pp. 143-58, ref. on p. 153. This tension is part of many domains. See, for example, Susan Smith's discussion of news descriptions of events in a locality. Susan Smith, "News and the Dissemination of Fear," in Jacquelin Burgess and John R. Gold (eds) Geography, The Media, And Popular Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985), pp. 229--53. See also in the same volume, Jacquelin A. Burgess, "The News from Nowhere: The Press, The Riots, and the Myth of the Inner City," pp. 192-228. There has been a long tradition of concern with this issue in anthropology, especially with regard to ethnographic descriptions. Two recent discussions that have direct relevance to the arguments in this book are Mary Louise Pratt, "Fieldwork in Common Places," and James Clifford, "On Ethnographic Allegory," in James Clifford and George Marcus (eds) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986), pp. 27-50 and pp. 98-121. 11. Gunnar Olsson, "Braids of Justification," in G. B. Benko (ed.) Space and Social Theory: Towards a Post-Modern Human Geography (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, forthcoming). Notes 137 Chapter 2: The Betweenness of Place 1. Most of my argument concerning the concept of place may also be applied to the concept of region. Place and region both refer to areal contexts, but may be distinguished in terms of spatial scale. 2. Anne Buttimer, Society and Milieu in the French Geographic Tradition (Chicago: Rand McNally and Company for the Association of American Geographers, 1971). A more direct translation of place into French is lieu, a concept that suffers from the same variety of usage as does the term place. According to Vincent Berdoulay: The term place (lieu) is used among French language geographers in an informal sense. As such it is generally not used as a research­ inducing concept, as is often the case in Anglo-American geography. Vincent Berdoulay, "Place, Meaning, and Discourse in French Language Geography," in John Agnew and James Duncan (eds) The Power of Place: Bringing Together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp.124-39, ref. on p. 124. 3. Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977). 4. Robert D. Sack, Conceptions of Space in Social Thought: A Geographic Perspective (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980); "The Consumer's World: Place as Context," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 78, 1988, pp. 642-64. 5. Thomas Nagel, The View from Nowhere (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986). 6. T. Nagel, The View from Nowhere. 7. T. Nagel, The View from Nowhere, pp. 13-27. 8. Bernard Williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 111. 9. Michael Sandel, "Introduction," in Michael Sandel (ed.) Liberalism and its Critics (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984), pp. 1-11. 10. M. Sandel, "Introduction," pp. 5-6. 11. The political theorist Michael Walzer has described the non-reducible cultural quality of our moral agency in his discussion of justice: By virtue of what characteristics are we one another's equals? One characteristic above all is central to my argument. We are (all of us) culture-producing creatures; we make and inhabit meaningful worlds. Since there is no way to rank and order these worlds with regard to their understanding of social goods, we do justice to actual men and women by respecting their particular creations. And they claim justice, and resist tyranny, by insisting on the meaning of social goods among themselves. Justice is rooted in the distinct understandings of places, honors, jobs, things of all sorts, that 138 Notes constitute a shared way of life. To override those understandings is (always) to act unjustly. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defence of Pluralism and Equality (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1983), p. 314. 12. Thomas Nagel, Mortal Questions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 196-213. 13. T. Nagel, The View from Nowhere. 14. J. Nicholas Entrikin, "Geography's Spatial Perspective and the Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer," The Canadian Geographer, vol. 21, 1977, pp. 209-22. 15. T. Nagel, The View from Nowhere, p. 57 n.l. See also John Urry, "Social Relations, Space and Time," in Derek Gregory and John Urry (eds) Social Relations and Spatial Structures (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), pp. 21-48. 16. Yi-Fu Tuan, "Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective," in Progress in Geography, vol. 6, 1974, pp. 213-52, ref. on p. 213. 17. Paul Ricoeur has defined narrative as the synthesis of heterogeneous phenomena, and I have borrowed his wording to describe the task of the geographer. Paul Ricoeur, Time and Narrative (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983). The concept that underlies this expression is one that has been expressed many times in the history of geographic thOUght. It has been an important part of the Kantian tradition in geography: for example, Richard Hartshorne, The Nature of Geography: A Critical Survey of Current Thought in Light of the Past (Lancaster, Pa.: Association of American Geographers, 1939). A more recent statement from a somewhat different perspective is found in Torsten Hagerstrand's discussion of the contextual approach. Torsten Hagerstrand, "Presence and Absence: A Look at Conceptual Choices and Bodily Necessities," Regional Studies, vol. 18, 1984, pp. 373-80. See also Derek Gregory, "Suspended Animation: the Stasis of Diffusion Theory," in D. Gregory and J. Urry (eds) Social Relations and Spatial Structures, pp. 296-336. 18. R. Sack, Conceptions of Space in Social Thought. 19. For a discussion of the semantic density of place names see Roland Barthes, "Proust and Names," in New Critical Essays, translated by Richard Howard (New York: Hill and Wang, 1980), pp. 55-68. In Jonestown, Guyana, a colony named after Jim Jones, the leader of the Peoples Temple in San Francisco, California Congressman Leo Ryan and members of the press were assassinated and over 900 members of the Peoples Temple died from cyanide poisoning in a mass murder/ suicide on 18 November 1978. In Chernobyl, a town in the Ukrainian Republic of the USSR, a nuclear power plant experienced a meltdown on 26 April 1986. A radioactive cloud from the accident spread over large areas of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. 20. Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms: Vol. 2 Mythical Thought (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955). Notes 139 21. R. Hartshorne, The Nature of Geography, pp. 40-84; George Tatham, "Geography in the Nineteenth Century," in Griffith Taylor (ed.) Geography in the Twentieth Century: The Study of Growth.
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