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THE LIFE TABLE of Spodoptera Pectinicornis Hampson AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT of WATER LETTUCE (Pistia Stratiotes L.) WEED

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THE LIFE TABLE of Spodoptera Pectinicornis Hampson AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT of WATER LETTUCE (Pistia Stratiotes L.) WEED TWJ VOLUME 3 NO.2 JULY 2017 ISSN 2338-7653 THE LIFE TABLE OF Spodoptera pectinicornis Hampson AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT OF WATER LETTUCE (Pistia stratiotes L.) WEED 1Lyswiana Aphrodyanti, 2Abdul Haris, 3Lidia Luisa Momongan 1Department of Plant Protection plant, Faculty of Agriculture 2Department of Soil, Faculty of Agriculture 3Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT lettuce among others are disturbing irrigation, hydroelectric power sources, and shipping. In The table of life can provide information addition, water lettuce can cause the loss of on birth (natality), death (mortality) and the water through evapotranspiration resulting in opportunity to breed, so it can be used as a shallowingand reduced oxygen in the water parameter of the behavior of population and water productivity. Various attempts have development.The purpose of this study was to been made such as taking it away to the land, determine the calculation of life table of S. but quickly the water lettuce returnsto fill up pectinicornis Hampson as biological control the water surface and the effort requires a agent of water lettuce (P. stratiotes) weed.The large workforce making it less effective and table of life is done by observing survival the cost is not cheap. Utilization of natural ability, mortality and fecundity of S. enemy of water lettuce is considered to be pectinicornis of a cohort of 300 eggs by better than other ways of control (Aphrodyanti, looking at all the stages from egg, larva, pupa, 2007). and imago, and fecundity of female imago per Spodoptera pectinicornis Hampson day. The research was conducted in a (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of herbivore condition of unlimited food resources and insects that is used as biological control agent environment free of natural enemies. of water lettuce weed. According to Kasno Parameters observed were gross (2003), the insect acting as natural enemy has reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate considerable potential and has undergone (Ro), average of generation time (T), intrinsic study as biological control of weed. Moreover, rate of growth (r), and limited rate of growth (λ). the insects are generally able to multiply The research result of the life table calculation rapidly and also have a relatively narrow host showed that GRR value was 350.29, the value range so they can be used as potential of net reproductive rate (Ro) was 19.59 biological agents. S. pectinicornis is known to descendants, the average of generation time have a relatively short life cycle of around 35 (T) was 29.47 days, the value of intrinsic rate days with larval development period of 17-20 of accretion (r) was 0.10 and the value of days. In larval stage it is active as water limited rate of accretion (λ) was 1.11. lettuce eater and can cause very real damage (Texas A & M University, 2003). Keywords: biological control, control agent, Basically most of the living beings Spodoptera pectinicornis, water lettuce population is not formed from the same individuals. There are a variety of ages and INTRODUCTION body sizes that vary according to age. Food and space needs of each individual in the South Kalimantan is a region with vast population in general are different, water areas and widely used by the people as corresponding to age and body size. Each egg tourism areas, transportation infrastructure produced by a female insect for some time and reservoirs. But there are disturbing (during the egg stage) does not have much obstacles that is the water weed. Water effect on the population because the egg does lettuce (Pistiastratiotes L.) is one of aquatic not move, does not eat nor multiply. Individual weeds that can cause problems in our waters. population in the next stage of development is Its ability to colonize the surface of the water already busy looking for food and copulation is relatively brief because of its rapid growth. so that the risk of death is greater This weed has spread widely in tropical and (Tarumingkeng, 1992). subtropical regions. Problems posed by water 7 Lyswiana Aphrodyanti, Abdul Haris, Lidia Luisa Momongan: The Life Table of Spodoptera …. One initial step in studying the meet the target to control water lettuce (P. development of an insect population is by stratiotes) weed. The purpose of this study knowing the demographic aspects. was to determine the calculation of the table Demography is the quantitative analysis of the of life of S. pectinicornis as biological control characteristics of a population, especially its agent of water lettuce (P. stratiotes L.) weed. relationship with the population growth patterns, resilience relationships, and MATERIALS AND METHODS population movement. Demographic aspects of a population can be found in the table of life Insects Test Preparation (Carey, 1993). According to Price (1997), the Propagation of test insects was done by table of life is a summary statement about the finding water lettuce that looked damaged due life of individuals in the population or groups. to the feeding activity of S. pectinicornis from Tarumingkeng (1992) added that the table of the field. The water lettuce was taken and life can be used to calculate various statistics collected and observed carefully and of the population that can provide information thoroughly to determine whether the damage about birth (natality), death (mortality), and a was caused by the larvae of S. pectinicornis. chance to breed, so it can be used as a The symptomatic water lettuce was then put parameter of the behavior of population into containers such as big plastic bags and development. Information that can be arranged well, the water lettucewas then obtained from the table of life is a systematic placed intoa bowl with water in it and put in a description of the mortality and survival of a netted cage measuring 75 cm x 75 cm x 75 cm population. Such information is basic in order to keep good air circulation. information necessary to examine changes in the density and rate of growth or decline of a Maintenance S. pectinicornis in population (Price 1997; Smith 1990). Table of Laboratory life can also help us to decide the appropriate The water lettuce taken from the field control techniques to determine the life and placed in the container of water basin and strategies of the pests and can determine the suffered damage by larvae feeding activity rate of growth in the propagation of biological would be placed on top of the fresh water agents. lettuce so that the larvae could move and Pearl (1928) in Price (1975) introduced gotnew food so that it could reach the pupa the life table in ecology in 1928, which was a phase. Pupae were collected and placed in a summary of death of the population members. plastic jar with a diameter of 14 cm that at its Horizontal life table (cohort) was a life table of base absorbent paper waslaid and wet cotton static systems that could not be applied/apply was given to keep it moist. Observation of to all organisms, particularly long-lived male and female imagoes was conducted. organisms. Male and female imagoes were moved into an In Indonesia, research of S. enclosure containing fresh water lettuce and pectinicornisbiology was still very little, both given 10% honey in hung cotton. Imagoes on the development and the life cycle because were let to mate (copulate) and laid eggs on of the difficulty of determining the number of the water lettuce. So it went on so new instar larvae as there was no residual imagoeswere found and ready for use in this exuviaemaking it difficult to observe the study. change of skin as an indicator of larval development. In 2007 a research was Life Table Testing conducted by Aphrodyanti on the table of life Testing of the table of life on the plant of S. pectinicornis biological agent in Bogor, begun by inserting 10 individual S. West Java. The research result indicated that pectinicornis imagoes (5 males and 5 the extent of damage could be influenced by females) into a cylindrical mica plastic tube climatic conditions and altitude. During the that the top part of it coated withgauze and in rainy season the breakdown rate was low, the mid there was a hole that serves to insert while in the dry season the level of damage the imagoes and after 24 hours the imagoes was high. The higher the altitude of a location were taken out and the search of egg groups the lower the level of damage would become. on water lettuce leaves was carried out. Next, This was what underlied the researchers to observation was made on a total of 300 eggs understand the population growth with climatic found on the water lettuce to hatch into larvae conditions and altitude of a location so that and transferred to a new container containing when the insects released in the field it could water lettuce. Calculations were carried out 8 Lyswiana Aphrodyanti, Abdul Haris, Lidia Luisa Momongan: The Life Table of Spodoptera …. every day to determine the number of 4. Intrinsic accretion rate (r), computed by individuals that were still alive and dead. the equation: Larvae reared to become pupae and imagoes. r = ln Ro / T Female and male imagoes that managed to 5. Limited accretion rate (λ), calculated by emerge were also calculated to determine the the equation: sex ratio. Furthermore female imagoes mated λ = er with male imagoes and allowed to lay eggs on Explanation: the water lettuce until all imagoes died. x : cohort age class (day); lx : proportion of individuals living at the Data analysis age of day-x Data analysis was performed after mx : specific fecundity of individuals in reconstruction of the life table.
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