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Int. J. Biosci. 2021 Int. J. Biosci. 2021 International Journal of Biosciences | IJB | ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 18, No. 6, p. 192-203, 2021 RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Population of Spodoptera pectinicornis as biological insect control of water lettuce weeds (Pistia Stratiotes L.) in some district of South Kalimantan Lyswiana Aphrodyanti1*, Samharinto Soedijo2, Tanwirul Millati3, Noor Aidawati2 1Doctoral Program of Agriculture Science, Postgraduate Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru , Indonesia 2Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, Indonesia 3Agricultural Industrial Tecnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru, Indonesia Key words: Spodoptera pectinicornis, Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), Herbivorous insects, Biological agents, Aquatic weeds. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/18.6.192-203 Article published on June 29, 2021 Abstract Spodoptera pectinicornis is a herbivorous insect that can be used as a biological control agent of water lettuce weeds (Pistia stratiotes) due to its high destructive ability and host specificity. The population of S. pectinicornis at the field is still low. This research aimed to study the presence of S. pectinicornis and to calculate the abundance of individual insects of S. pectinicornis found in water lettuce weeds in the field. The data can be used as an information and a recommended reference for biological control of water lettuce weeds. The method used was purposive sampling and the site selection was based on a survey of the presence of apu weeds in the field. Weed sampling was conducted by taking 1-5 individuals of water lettuce every 5-10 steps according to its distribution in the field. The collection was carried out repeatedly until 100 individuals of water lettuce were obtained from each selected location. Individuals from water lettuce samples were then counted for the eggs, larvae, prepupa, pupae and adult stages. Observations from ten sampling locations indicated that S. pectinicornis was always present in habitats where water lettuce weeds were invested. The number of S. pectinicornis individuals fluctuated but in general, the number of larvae was relatively low with < 3-5 individuals each. * Corresponding Author: Lyswiana Aphrodyanti [email protected] 192 Aphrodyanti et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2021 Introduction The results of Aphrodyanti (2007) showed that 3-5 Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) is a type of weed larvae of S. pectinicornis were able to cause 90-100% that can cause various disturbances in water areas. damage to one individual of water lettuce. According The speed of growth and reproduction as well as good to Habeck anndThomson (1994) 300 larvae of S. adaptability to various environmental conditions pectinicornis per square meter are able to destroy the cause it to be able to dominate the water area into an water lettuce quickly and effectively compared to area of water lettuce monoculture. It does not directly herbicides. affect the diversity of organisms as an indicator of disruption to the ecological balance disturbance. Although some research results showed the success of S. pectinicornis to control the weeds but their Water lettuce population density can inhibit water population is still high in several aquatic habitats. flow in dams, rivers, lakes and so on, reduce the Based on this fact, it is necessary to determine the aesthetic value of water bodies. In addition, presence of populations of S. pectinicornis in habitats healthwise, water lettuce weeds can be the host of where water lettuce weeds are invested. In addition, mosquito larvae which are vectors of malaria, quantitative data is needed regarding the number of encephalitis, and filariasis as well as other dangerous individuals S. pectinicornis found in water lettuce diseases (Lounibos and Dewald, 1989; EPPO, 2017; weeds. Hill and Coetzee, 2017; Pratiwi et al., 2018) and also decrease in rice production. According to Diara This research aimed to study the presence of S. (2017) in the organic rice farming system, water pectinicornis and to calculate the abundance of lettuce weeds grow rapidly, covering 90-95% of rice individual insects of S. pectinicornis found in water fields. lettuce weeds in the field. The water lettuce takes and absorbs NPK fertilizer Materials and methods that is given for the growth and development of rice Place and time so that NPK fertilizer is inefficient and results in a The research was carried out in water areas where decrease in the growth and rice yield (Sakanov, 2012). water lettuce weeds were invested covering Banjarmasin Municipality; Banjar Regency; Control of water lettuce can be done physically, Banjarbaru City; Tanah Laut Regency; and Barito mechanically and chemically but requires a lot of Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province, energy and costs and can cause environmental Indonesia (Fig. 1). damage. A more environmentally friendly control is to take advantage of natural enemies. This method The calculation and identification of the insect can maintain the balance of the population in nature. population of S. pectinicornis were carried out at the One of the classes of weed natural enemies is Laboratory of Biological Control, Department of Plant herbivorous insects. Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru. This research was Insects that are specifically associated with water conducted from November - December 2020. lettuce weeds are Spodoptera pectinicornis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Mangoendihardjo, 1982; Materials and instruments, software Aphrodyanti, 2007; Kurugundla et al., 2016). Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), Spodoptera pectinicornis, insect nets, containers, Thermo-Higro George (1963) in Habeck & Thomson (1994) reported meters, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) meters, pH that S. pectinicornis is a specific insect host and meters, microscope, loop, hand counter, Global causes very severe damage to water lettuce weeds. Positioning System (GPS). 193 Aphrodyanti et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2021 Fig. 1. Map of locations for sampling. Sampling and collection in the field The data obtained will be displayed in the form of The sampling method used was purposive sampling observation tables and graphs and descriptive based on the presence of water lettuce at the information. observation location. Sampling was based on Mangoendihardjo (1982) method that was done by Results and discussion taking 1-5 individuals of water lettuce weeds every 5- Populations of S. pectinicornis 10 steps according to their distribution in the field. Water lettuce weeds have had adverse effects on The collection was carried out repeatedly until 100 several water locations, especially inhibiting water individuals of water lettuce were obtained at each flow and disrupting the use of water on this location. sampling location. The observations of these water lettuces showed some damage signs appeared on the leaves surface due to Observation parameters the insect bites. This gave clues to the presence of S. Observations were made on 10 water locations pectinicornis in the field. Based on visual including streams of tributaries, ponds and rice fields. observations and individual calculations of the eggs, The population of S. pectinicornis was counted for the larvae, prepupae, pupae and adult stages obtained eggs, larvae, prepupae, pupae, and adults in the from the collection of water lettuce samples, it is collected water lettuce weeds. Other supporting data known that these numbers are still relatively low and were the measurement of the growing medium of unable to compensate the water lettuce population in water lettuce including temperature, pH and Total the field (Table 1). Dissolved Solids (TDS); the measurement of environmental conditions including temperature and Eggs humidity, whereas the rainfall data was obtained Eggs were only found in 2 observation locations, i.e; from the Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote the Veteran and Sei Batang II locations, respectively Sensing (CHRS) data (http://chrsdata.eng.uci.edu/). 132 and 34 items (Fig. 2). Eggs that are laid by a 194 Aphrodyanti et al. Int. J. Biosci. 2021 female adult are generally laid in groups but yellow fibers which are released by the female Adult sometimes are also found solitary. from the end of her abdomen. According to Habeck and Thomson, (1994) and Aphrodyanti (2007), the A female adult can lay as many as 113-561 eggs during whitish-yellow fibers are thought to function to her life (Mangoendiharjo, 1982). Eggs are slightly protect the eggs from drying out and protect them yellowish white and covered in some kind of whitish- from being attacked by other organisms. Table 1. The population of S. pectinicornis per 100 individuals of water lettuce (P. stratiotes) in the field. No Location Eggs Larva Prepupa Pupa Adult (individual) (individual) (individual) (individual) (individual) 1 Jl. Veteran Sei Bilu Melayu Kec. 132 171 14 29 1 Banjarmasin Tengah Kota Banjarmasin (-3°19' 12,617"S 114° 36'13,212"E) 2 Jl. Peramuan Kec. Landasan Ulin Tengah 0 11 0 0 0 Kota Banjarbaru (-3°27'51"S 114° 44'3"E) 3 Jl. Gerilya Karang Mekar Kec. 0 3 0 0 0 Banjarmasin Timur Kota Banjarmasin (-3°19'44,534"S 114° 35,3"E) 4 Jl. Sei Batang Kec. Martapura Barat Kab. 0 20 1 2 0 Banjar (-3°23'38,658"S 114° 47'11,105’E) 5 Jl. Sei Batang (II) Kec. Martapura Barat 34 25 2 1 0 Kab. Banjar (-3°22'54,659" S 114° 46'51,087"E) 6 Jl. Penggalaman Kec. Martapura Barat 0 30 0 1 0 Kab. Banjar (-3°21'0,384"S 114° 46'20,524"E) 7 Jl. Putri Junjung Buih Kec. Bakumpai 0 47 2 4 0 Marabahan Kab. Batola (-2°58'43,524'S 114° 45,39,222”E) 8 Jl. Raya Bumi Makmur Kec. Kurau Kab. 0 94 1 8 0 Tanah Laut (-3°33'43,387"S 114° 38'17,869"E) 9 Jl. Martapura Lama Penggalaman Kec. 0 24 2 4 0 Martapura Barat Kab. Banjar (-3°20'57,145'S 114° 46'22,332"E) 10 Jl. Martapura Lama (II) Penggalaman 0 8 0 0 0 Kec.
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