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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1958 Factors influencing the United Nations' oler in the decisions on the future of British and French Togolands Thomas Eugene Nyquist The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Nyquist, Thomas Eugene, "Factors influencing the United Nations' oler in the decisions on the future of British and French Togolands" (1958). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8758. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8758 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE UNITED NATIONS' ROLE IN THE DECISIONS ON THE FUTURE OF BRITISH AND FRENCH TOGOLANDS by THOMAS EUGENE NYQUIST B.A, Macalester College, 1956 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 1958 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School ggn&i&SlSSS Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMl Number; EP39559 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dis»artation Publishing UMl EP39559 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code uest* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 -1 3 4 6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments I would like to express my appreciation to Miss Speer and the entire library staff for the courtesy they have shown me, and for the assistance they have given me in finding necessary materials. I wish to express my gratitude to Mrs, Turner, who so ably guided my research and writing. I also want to thank my wife for the many hours she de­ voted to the tedious task of proof-reading. Lastly, I wish to thank all those who have helped me by their suggestions and criticisms. Xll Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................. iix LIST OF M A P S ....................................................................................... V Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 1 II. THE ALL-EWE CONFERENCE PRESENTS ITS C A S E ............ 24 III. THE DECISION FOR AN ENLARGED CONSULTATIVE COMMISSION . 50 IV. THE ENLARGED STANDING CONSULTATIVE COMMISSION .... 79 V. THE JOINT COUNCIL: A NEW SOLUTION FOR TOGOLAND . 93 VI. THE FAILURE OF THE JOINT COUNCIL.................... 114 VII. THE MOVE FOR INTEGRATION OF BRITISHTOGOLAND INTO THE GOLD COAST................................... 144 VIII. PLEBISCITE CONSIDERATION . 172 IX. THE BRITISH TOGOLAND PLEBISCITE AND ITS RESULTS . 211 X. A PLEBISCITE FOR FRENCH TOGOLAND.................... 237 XI. CONCLUSION......................................... 259 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................... 271 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF MAPS Map Page 1, Ethnic M a p ........................................... 6 2. Political Map Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The most rapidly evolving trust territories in Africa have been French and British Togolands, even though native organizations and par­ ties have supported such diverse political goals as Togoland unification, tribal unification, the continuation of the present administrative arrangement and the integration of British Togoland into the Gold Coast. In 1957 British Togoland was united with the Gold Coast as the independ­ ent state of Ghana, a milestone in trusteeship history marking the first time that the United Nations' goals of self-government or independence for trust territories had been reached; and at present French Togoland enjoys self-government with the promise of independence in I96O.I The political evolution of the Togolands has been largely a re­ sult of the conflicting pressures by the native groups of the Togolands and the Administering Authorities, Britain and France, upon the United Nations in an effort to influence that organization's decisions concern­ ing the two Territories' future. IVhile the demands of these pressure groups have been answered only in varying degrees, their active agita­ tion prompted the United Nations to continue searching for a solution to the Togolands' problems. These consisted primarily of severe boundary ^New York Times. October 3> 1958, p. 5. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 restrictions between the two Togolands and the diametrically opposed goals of various native groups pertaining to the future of British and French Togolands* But the native forces would never have had an opportunity to place pressure upon the United Nations if the trusteeship system had not supplied the United Nations with different goals than those found under the mandates system. Indeed, the political development of British and French Togolands is one of the primary examples of the processes that are taking place under the trusteeship system which, unlike the mandates system, allows the natives to petition the United Nations directly and has the goals of "self-government or independence."^ The vigorous political activity in the Togolands, with its dia­ metrically opposed native movements, was the result of historic factors reaching back to 1884. In that year Germany established a protectorate on the West African coast of Guinea between the British colony of the Gold Coast to the west and the French protectorate of Dahomey to the east.3 This formed the basis for German Togoland. In 1899 the final boundaries were established^ and remained permanent until 1914, when the colony was seized by the French and British in the opening days of World ^Yearbook of the United Nations. 1946-47. Dept, of Public Infor­ mation, Ü.N. Doc. 1947.1 .1 8 (LaicV Success : 1 9 4 7), pp. 840-41. ^Halford Lancaster Hoskins, European Imperialism in Africa (New York : Henry Holt and Co., 1930), p. 58. ^"Togoland," James S. Coleman, International Conciliation. Sep­ tember, 1956, p. 5« Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 War I, with Britain gaining control of most of the territory.^ While the Germans ruled Togoland for only fifteen years after the colony had been expanded to its full extent, they were successful in developing the economy and in constructing a partial transportation sys­ tem of roads and railroads. In many respects Togoland was a model colo- ny. In later years, after France and Britain permanently divided the area, the name "Togoland" came to symbolize the ideal community to south­ ern Togolanders, the lost "Golden Age."? Many of them had either forgot­ ten or ignored those aspects of policy and administration which were far from ideal and associated all that was desirable with the historic "Togo­ land. " Part of the political activity since World War II was centered around a desire to return to a united Togoland. Actually there were many things about German Togoland which were not utopian. The boundaries were one of these. They had been estab­ lished arbitrarily, without regard for tribal divisions. The Togoland- Gold Coast boundary cut across two large tribal areas, the Dagorabas of the North and the Ewes of the South.® This caused a good deal of dis­ content, enough that British and French occupation was well received at first by these and other small tribes divided by the Gold Coast-Togoland border. Britain controlled most of the country and those groups which ^Sir Charles Lucas, The Partition and Colonization of Africa (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922), p. 179. ^George Louis Beer, African Questions at the Paris Peace Confer­ ence (New York : The Macmillan Co., 1923), p. 22. ?Coleman, loc. cit. ®Hoskins, op. cit.. p. 417. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 had been divided by the boundary found themselves under one administra­ tion. The Dagombas were completely reunited and the Ewes enjoyed almost complete unity for the first time since the intervention of Europeans.^ Even tribes which had not been split by the border were fairly content. British and French rule was not as harsh as German rule, and from 1914 until 1920 the two powers did not establish any real boundary between the

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