AC Vol 44 No 11

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

AC Vol 44 No 11 www.africa-confidential.com 30 May 2003 Vol 44 No 11 AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL USA/LIBYA 2 USA/AFRICA Getting to know the Colonel again Spinning the continent Washington’s political managers believe their Africa policy can win Chester Crocker and oil companies Occidental Oil and ConocoPhillips votes at home and undermine France at the G-8 summit are urging President Bush to start a A standing ovation greeted President George W. Bush as he marched into the State Department rapprochement with Libya. This flies auditorium on 28 May to sign a new bill providing US$15 billion for HIV/AIDS, to be spent mainly in against the tougher line on Tripoli Africa. In a bid for US leadership of the international campaign against HIV/AIDS, Bush called the held by administration hawks. initiative ‘a great mission of rescue’ and urged Europe, Japan and Canada to ‘match their good intentions with real resources.’ With the HIV/AIDS law rushed through Congress, Bush will be able to admonish ZIMBABWE 3 his rich-country counterparts to do more on HIV/AIDS when France hosts the G-8 summit in Evian on 8 June and some of them will hit back with accusations of US unilateralism and hypocrisy on free trade. What’s next? The State Department was packed with well-wishers – foreign policy enthusiasts from the Democrats Opposition MDC leader Morgan and the governing Republicans, former Zambian President and HIV/AIDS campaigner Kenneth Tsvangirai has told Zimbabweans Kaunda, evangelical Christians, health campaigners and Africa advocacy groups which see HIV/AIDS to prepare for a general strike in the as the central issue facing the continent. There are doubts about the new law. Only twelve African first week of June. After three years countries will benefit initially. It merely authorises spending up to $15 bn. over five years. It doesn’t on the defensive, the MDC is resurgent but the response from guarantee that figure will be paid out. Although the act is called an emergency measure to fight HIV/ ZANU is almost certain to be violent. AIDS, there will be no disbursements until 2004, when some $2 bn. in payments are planned rising to $3.8 bn. in 2008 when Bush could be out of power. ZIMBABWE 4 ‘A check without enough money in the bank’ Many believe the funding could be cut when the appropriation bill is debated in Congress as the Pius and power Republicans have imposed a tight ceiling on all foreign aid budgets. Democratic Senator Patrick Leahy Achbishop Ncube is a vocal critic of compared the HIV/AIDS law to ‘writing a check without enough money in the bank’. Leahy added that corruption by government and of its the HIV/AIDS programme was promoted at the cost of cuts in other healthcare and food relief political manipulation of the famine. After many death threats, the programmes. Battles rage on about how to implement the World Trade Organisation’s waiver on patent Vatican has asked President laws to allow poor countries to buy cheaper generic drugs to treat HIV/AIDS. The European Union Mugabe to ensure his safety. proposed that the World Health Organisation should oversee the waiver, allowing African and other poor countries an automatic right to buy the drugs they need at lower prices. But US negotiators at the WTO KENYA 5 insist all applications be assessed on a drug-by-drug and case-by-case basis, so slowing down treatment. Bush’s Africa policy, however ad hoc and spin-doctored, seems to hold up well with domestic voters. NARCotic Polling organisations say that many housewives, evangelical Christians and even African-Americans are sympathetic to his policies on HIV/AIDS and foreign assistance. In its strategy for the next presidential Two sub-groups have emerged in election, the Republican Party aims to boost its share of the African-American vote from 9 per cent in 2000 the Rainbow Coalition: the all party ‘Mount Kenya Mafia’ and a Western to 15 per cent in 2004. A tall order, say Washington commentators, given that meddling with African- Alliance that backs Raila Odinga. American voter registration helped Bush to win vital votes in the disputed election in Florida as well as One wants a strong president, the the strong opposition to the Iraq war among African-Americans. other an executive prime minister. Undaunted, Bush’s team is pushing ahead on Africa. According to one DC analyst, ‘The Africa initiatives are cheap, easy to do and please [Secretary of State] Colin Powell.’ Bush is planning to make TOGO 6 his postponed trip to Africa in mid-July, to Nigeria (where the US business-backed Leon Sullivan Summit is being held on 14-18 July), to South Africa, which is Washington’s most important partner in Five-yearly farce Africa even if the relationship has turned tetchy, and two other states: a Francophone country (most likely Senegal) and perhaps Kenya or Ethiopia, depending on security conditions. June’s presidential election will be no better than the last two, which were Bush’s Africa trip will provide another chance to showcase the HIV/AIDS programme and the new blatantly rigged. And Eyadéma is free Millennium Challenge Account foreign aid initiative. Like the HIV/AIDS initiative (launched for Bush’s to be President for life. planned visit to Africa in January), the MCA was criticised as an ad hoc response to the US need to produce a development finance proposal in time for the development summit in Monterrey, Mexico, in POINTERS 8 March 2002. Unabashedly about picking winners in Africa and other developing regions, money from the MCA will only go to countries Washington judges to be successfully reforming their economies (AC Sierra Leone, Vol 44 No 6). Battles about who will control the MCA funds continue but the basic structure has been agreed: the MCA will be a private company headed by a chief executive from business who will be Congo-Kinshasa & answerable to a board of trustees headed by Colin Powell. Countries receiving funds will have to sign Morocco an MCA contract stating the policy obligations undertaken by the creditor that will be commercially 30 May 2003 Africa Confidential Vol 44 No 11 USA/Libya: Getting to know the Colonel again One-time Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Chester Crocker In an argument that mirrors neo-conservative proposals to boost US and two American oil companies are urging President George W. Bush imports from West Africa, the report argues that access to Libyan crude to start a cautious rapprochement with Libya. Although Crocker remains would enhance US energy security by reducing dependence on Gulf oil. influential on Africa policy, this advice flies against the tougher line on It adds that Tripoli continues to honour previous lease agreements with US Tripoli advocated by Bush government hawks. oil producers despite offers from European and Asian competitors: ‘...at Crocker chaired a group including a former Central Intelligence Agency some point, Libya will probably decide it no longer wants to hold the door analyst, C. Richard Nelson, and representatives from Occidental Oil and open for sanctions-bound US firms.’ That time is fast approaching as ConocoPhillips which produced a report released on 22 May by the Libya’s deadline looms for US companies to return or give up their claim. Atlantic Council, an establishment foreign policy think-tank in Washington, Better US-Libya relations have been blocked by unresolved negotiations calling for an end to the US policy of isolating Libya. over Pan Am flight 103, blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988, and Although Libya remains on the State Department’s list of terrorist continuing distrust of Gadaffi in Washington. The Atlantic report argues states, it has not been implicated in a terrorist attack for a decade, Crocker that both sides should take calibrated measures aimed at countering said. According to Crocker, Libyan security is fighting its own war terrorism and ensuring that Tripoli has no stocks of biological, chemical against Islamist terror groups: there is now ‘head-to-head competition or nuclear weapons. The starting point would be an agreement on between the Libyan (intelligence) services and the bad guys,’ he said. The compensation for the families of the Lockerbie victims. Bush government recognised this soon after 11 September 2001, when The report recommends that Washington help negotiate a Libyan Colonel Moammar el Gadaffi shared intelligence, Washington proscribed statement that would satisfy the UN Security Council, prior to a final the Islamist Armed Fighting Group and Libyan activist Anas al Liby was settlement. Once UN sanctions are lifted permanently, the report says that linked to Al Qaida. the State Department should remove Libya from the terrorism list, a step Crocker’s endorsement of a rapprochement is significant. Under that would automatically end several unilateral sanctions against Tripoli. President Ronald Reagan, he presided over a collapse of US-Libya According to the report, this would encourage other states to ‘graduate’ relations; El Gadaffi’s regime sponsored terror attacks on US and other from the US terrorist list. targets and in 1986, Washington bombed one of his houses in Tripoli, Although the report urges Washington to engage Tripoli in a ‘direct killing his daughter. Relations stayed bad under Crocker’s successor as security dialogue’ and to use multilateral agreements on chemical and Assistant Secretary for Africa and current Africa lobbyist, Herman biological weapons to constrain Libya’s military ambitions, it says that Cohen, who has been seeking better relations with Libya for some time. Tripoli has been trying to acquire new weapons technology from Russia Four US oil companies – Conoco, Marathon and Amerada Hess since UN sanctions were suspended in 1999.
Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Ewe History in Ghana and Its Global Diaspora Skinner, Kate
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Portal Local Historians and Strangers with Big Eyes: The Politics of Ewe History in Ghana and Its Global Diaspora Skinner, Kate DOI: 10.1353/hia.2010.0022 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Skinner, K 2010, 'Local Historians and Strangers with Big Eyes: The Politics of Ewe History in Ghana and Its Global Diaspora', History in Africa, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 125-158. https://doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0022 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: This is a final version of an article published in Skinner, K 2010, 'Local Historians and Strangers with Big Eyes: The Politics of Ewe History in Ghana and Its Global Diaspora' History in Africa, vol 37, no. 1, pp. 125-158.. Copyright of Cambridge University Press . DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0022. The article url: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_in_africa/v037/37.1.skinner.html (Project Muse) General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya in Crisis
    KENYA IN CRISIS Africa Report N°137 – 21 February 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE ELECTION CRISIS ............................................................................................. 2 A. A TIGHT AND TENSE RACE ...................................................................................................2 1. Coalition building ......................................................................................................3 2. The issues...................................................................................................................4 B. THE RIGGING OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION ....................................................................6 III. THE SECURITY CRISIS.............................................................................................. 9 A. PROTEST AND REPRESSION....................................................................................................9 B. ESCALATION IN THE RIFT VALLEY ......................................................................................10 1. The rise of Kalenjin warriors in the North Rift .......................................................11 2. The return of Mungiki..............................................................................................13 3. Coast Province: the next theatre of violence?..........................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
    REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION The Government should immediately carry out counselling services, especially to those who lost their entire families to avoid mental breakdown. It is not too late to counsel the victims because they have not undergone any counselling at all. The community also seeks an apology from the Government, the reason being that the Government was supposed to protect its citizens yet it allowed its security forces to violently attack them and, therefore, perpetrated gross violation of their rights. Anybody who has been My recommendation to this Government is that it should involved in the killing address the question of equality in this country. We do of Kenyans, no matter not want to feel as if we do not belong to this country. We what position he holds, demand to be treated the same just like any other Kenyan in should not be given any any part of this country. We demand for equal treatment. responsibility. Volume IV KENYA REPORT OF THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION Volume IV © Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission, 2013 This publication is available as a pdf on the website of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (and upon its dissolution, on the website of its successor in law). It may be copied and distributed, in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission and used for noncommercial educational or public policy purposes. Photographs may not be used separately from the publication. Published by Truth Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC), Kenya ISBN: 978-9966-1730-3-4 Design & Layout by Noel Creative Media Limited, Nairobi, Kenya His Excellency President of the Republic of Kenya Nairobi 3 May 2013 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL By Gazette Notice No.
    [Show full text]
  • Kieni Constituency 2
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface…………………………………………………………………….. i 1. District Context………………………………………………………… 1 1.1. Demographic characteristics………………………………….. 1 1.2. Socio-economic Profile………………………………………….. 1 2. Constituency Profile………………………………………………….. 1 2.1. Demographic characteristics………………………………….. 1 2.2. Socio-economic Profile………………………………………….. 2 2.3. Electioneering and Political Information……………………. 2 2.4. 1992 Election Results…………………………………………… 2 2.5. 1997 Election Results…………………………………………… 2 2.6. 1998 By-Election Results………………………………………. 3 2.7. Main problems……………………………………………………. 3 3. Constitution Making/Review Process…………………………… 3 3.1. Constituency Constitutional Forums (CCFs)………………. 3 3.2. District Coordinators……………………………………………. 5 4. Civic Education………………………………………………………… 6 4.1. Phases covered in Civic Education 4.2. Issues and Areas Covered 6 6 5. Constituency Public Hearings……………………………………… 7 5.1. Logistical Details…………………………………………………. 5.2. Attendants Details……………………………………………….. 7 5.3. Concerns and Recommendations…………………………….. 8 8 Appendices 41 1. DISTRICT CONTEXT Kieni constituency is situated in Nyeri district. 1.1. Demographic Characteristics Male Female Total District Population 322,521 338,635 661,156 Total District Population of 18 years of Age & 160,053 156,533 316,586 Below Total District Population of 19 years of Age & 162,468 182,102 344,570 Above Population Density (persons/Km2) 197 1.2. Socio-Economic Profile Nyeri district: • Has the fourth lowest absolute poverty level in the country (31.05%). • Is the third richest district in central province. • Is the second most populous district in central province and the seventh most populous district in the country. • Has the lowest unemployment rate in central province (5%), ranking ninth countrywide. • Has the second highest secondary school enrolment in the country at 46.5%. • Has the second largest average constituency size in central province • Has six members of parliament who represent about 110,193 people each 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Media and the Anti-Corruption Crusade in Kenya: Weighing the Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects
    American University International Law Review Volume 26 | Issue 1 Article 4 2010 The ediM a and the Anti-corruption Crusade in Kenya: Weighing the Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects James Forole Jarso Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the Human Rights Law Commons Recommended Citation Jarso, James Forole. "The eM dia and the Anti-corruption Crusade in Kenya: Weighing the Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects ." American University International Law Review 26 no. 1 (2010): 33-88. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MEDIA AND THE ANTI-CORRUPTION CRUSADE IN KENYA: WEIGHING THE ACHIEVEMENTS, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS JAMES FOROLE JARSO* INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 35 I. THE FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION, AND THE FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS .................................................. 45 A. A DISCOURSE ON CONTENT ..................................................... 45 1. The Freedom of Expression ............................................... 45 2. The Right to Information ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Ewe Unification Movement in the United States
    HOME AWAY FROM HOME: A STUDY OF THE EWE UNIFICATION MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES BY DJIFA KOTHOR THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in African Studies in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012 Urbana, Illinois Master’s Committee: Professor Faranak Miraftab, Chair Professor Kathryn Oberdeck Professor Alfred Kagan ABSTRACT This master’s thesis attempts to identity the reasons and causes for strong Ewe identity among those in the contemporary African Diaspora in the United States. An important debate among African nationalists and academics argues that ethnic belonging is a response to colonialism instigated by Western-educated African elites for their own political gain. Based on my observation of Ewe political discourses of discontent with the Ghana and Togolese governments, and through my exploratory interviews with Ewe immigrants in the United States; I argue that the formation of ethnic belonging and consciousness cannot be reduced to its explanation as a colonial project. Ewe politics whether in the diaspora, Ghana or Togo is due to two factors: the Ewe ethnonational consciousness in the period before independence; and the political marginalization of Ewes in the post-independence period of Ghana and Togo. Moreover, within the United States discrimination and racial prejudice against African Americans contribute to Ewe ethnic consciousness beyond their Togo or Ghana formal national belongings towards the formation of the Ewe associations in the United States. To understand the strong sense of Ewe identity among those living in the United States, I focus on the historical questions of ethnicity, regionalism and politics in Ghana and Togo.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Kenya's Literary Landscape
    CHANGING KENYA’S LITERARY LANDSCAPE CHANGING KENYA’S LITERARY LANDSCAPE Part 2: Past, Present & Future A research paper by Alex Nderitu (www.AlexanderNderitu.com) 09/07/2014 Nairobi, Kenya 1 CHANGING KENYA’S LITERARY LANDSCAPE Contents: 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 2. Writers in Politics ........................................................................................................ 6 3. A Brief Look at Swahili Literature ....................................................................... 70 - A Taste of Culture - Origins of Kiswahili Lit - Modern Times - The Case for Kiswahili as Africa’s Lingua Franca - Africa the Beautiful 4. JEREMIAH’S WATERS: Why Are So Many Writers Drunkards? ................ 89 5. On Writing ................................................................................................................... 97 - The Greats - The Plot Thickens - Crime & Punishment - Kenyan Scribes 6. Scribbling Rivalry: Writing Families ............................................................... 122 7. Crazy Like a Fox: Humour Writing ................................................................... 128 8. HIGHER LEARNING: Do Universities Kill by Degrees? .............................. 154 - The River Between - Killing Creativity/Entreprenuership - The Importance of Education - Knife to a Gunfight - The Storytelling Gift - The Colour Purple - The Importance of Editors - The Kids are Alright - Kidneys for the King
    [Show full text]
  • The Kenya General Election
    AAFFRRIICCAA NNOOTTEESS Number 14 January 2003 The Kenya General Election: senior ministerial positions from 1963 to 1991; new Minister December 27, 2002 of Education George Saitoti and Foreign Minister Kalonzo Musyoka are also experienced hands; and the new David Throup administration includes several able technocrats who have held “shadow ministerial positions.” The new government will be The Kenya African National Union (KANU), which has ruled more self-confident and less suspicious of the United States Kenya since independence in December 1963, suffered a than was the Moi regime. Several members know the United disastrous defeat in the country’s general election on December States well, and most of them recognize the crucial role that it 27, 2002, winning less than one-third of the seats in the new has played in sustaining both opposition political parties and National Assembly. The National Alliance Rainbow Coalition Kenyan civil society over the last decade. (NARC), which brought together the former ethnically based opposition parties with dissidents from KANU only in The new Kibaki government will be as reliable an ally of the October, emerged with a secure overall majority, winning no United States in the war against terrorism as President Moi’s, fewer than 126 seats, while the former ruling party won only and a more active and constructive partner in NEPAD and 63. Mwai Kibaki, leader of the Democratic Party (DP) and of bilateral economic discussions. It will continue the former the NARC opposition coalition, was sworn in as Kenya’s third government’s valuable mediating role in the Sudanese peace president on December 30.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapport De La Mission Francophone D'observation Des Elections Legislatives Du 14 Octobre 2007 Au Togo
    RAPPORT DE LA MISSION FRANCOPHONE D’OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS LEGISLATIVES DU 14 OCTOBRE 2007 AU TOGO Octobre 2007 Délégation à la Paix, à la Démocratie et aux droits de l’Homme INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 4 A. GENESE DE LA MISSION......................................................................................................... 4 B. COMPOSITION DE LA MISSION.............................................................................................. 6 C. ORGANISATION ET CADRE DE TRAVAIL DE LA MISSION ................................................. 7 I. SITUATION POLITIQUE GENERALE ............................................................................................ 9 A. CADRE GENERAL .................................................................................................................. 10 1. Quelques chiffres............................................................................................................... 10 2. La situation politique ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Les différents scrutins législatifs au Togo...................................................................... 11 a. Les scrutins du 6 et 20 février 1994 ................................................................................. 11 b. Le scrutin du 21 mars 1999..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • La Symphonie N° 06 Du 10 Au 24 Mai 2012 SOCIETE
    La Symphonie N° 06 du 10 au 24 mai 2012 SOCIETE TECHNOLOGIES: Quand WhatsApp bouscule les codes de la communication politique en Afrique Lancée depuis bientôt cinq ans, son ordinateur de bureau et de de premier plan comme le l’application de messagerie suivre les discussions sans avoir à député Martin Fayulu. internet WhatsApp a conquis les être scotché à son téléphone", Coordonnateur des forces smartphones de millions poursuit le geek, devenu lui-même acquises au changement (FAC) d’utilisateurs dans le monde. un inconditionnel. - une plateforme qui regroupe Très utilisé en Afrique, l’outil Le succès de WhatsApp n'a pas une vingtaine de partis politiques s'installe même au cœur des échappé à la sphère politique. Des -, l'homme serait un membre stratégies de communication personnalités de tous bords actif, selon Albert Fabrice des hommes politiques. n'hésitent plus à débattre en Puela. Josuah Osih, premier L'application de messagerie groupes sur l'appli sur des vice-président du SDF, principal instantanée pour smartphones, thématiques précises. parti d'opposition au Cameroun, qui tire son nom de l'expression a lui aussi adopté WhatsApp "What's up ?" ("Quoi de neuf ?"), Interface "intime" dans ses stratégies de revendique 800 millions Très au fait des nouvelles communication. d'utilisateurs dans le monde. Et technologies, le député congolais Au Togo, l’ancien Premier quelque 10 milliards de Albert Fabrice Puela (opposition) ministre Gabriel Agbéyomé messages y sont échangés fait ainsi partie de quatre groupes Kodjo et l'ex-candidat à la chaque jour, soit autant que les fermés de discussions politiques. Au Togo, WhatsApp est entrée lorsque les règles de courtoisie présidentielle Gerry Tamaa, vieux SMS..
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of the Ethics and Anti - Corruption Commission in Combating Corruption Within the Executive in Kenya
    EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ETHICS AND ANTI - CORRUPTION COMMISSION IN COMBATING CORRUPTION WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE IN KENYA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BACHELOR OF LAWS DEGREE, STRATHMORE UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL BY [ABASS HAMIDA AHMED] [078161] PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF [MR FRANCIS KARIUKI] [JANUARY 2017] i TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... vi DECLARATION............................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. ........................................................................................ ix LIST OF STATUTES. ...................................................................................................... x LIST OF CASES. ............................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Influencing the United Nations' Role in the Decisions on the Future
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1958 Factors influencing the United Nations' oler in the decisions on the future of British and French Togolands Thomas Eugene Nyquist The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Nyquist, Thomas Eugene, "Factors influencing the United Nations' oler in the decisions on the future of British and French Togolands" (1958). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8758. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8758 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE UNITED NATIONS' ROLE IN THE DECISIONS ON THE FUTURE OF BRITISH AND FRENCH TOGOLANDS by THOMAS EUGENE NYQUIST B.A, Macalester College, 1956 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 1958 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School ggn&i&SlSSS Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMl Number; EP39559 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]