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Architecture The Dancing Girl", a bronze statuette at the National Museum, New Delhi The Priest-King", a seated stone sculpture at the National Museum, Karachi Indus valley civilization Great granary Great Bath? Ashokan Rock Edicts and Pillar Edicts. The edicts describe in detail the Ashoka's view Architecture about dhamma, an earnest attempt to solve some of problems that a complex society faced Asoka inscriptions at Shahbazgarhi, Peshawar District Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) inscriptions by king Ashoka at Kandahar Ashoka pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India Ashokan Pillar Capitals • Stone masonry reached new heights. • Shining polish of NBPW was also applied to the stone pillars. • Permanent material like burnt bricks, stone began to Highlights of be used again along with wood. It enabled them to construct larger and durable structure which made Mauryan denser habitations possible and hence growth of towns and spread of Mauryan culture. Architecture • Ring wells - distinct feature. Water could be stored in these and also they could be used for sanitation. Hence it became possible to have denser habitations farther away from the rivers. • During Ashokan time, wooden arch gave way to stone arch. • Asokan pillars made use of white spotted red sandstone in Mathura and grey colored sandstone in Chunar and were monolith in Highlights of style. Mauryan • It was both religious and secular in character. • Art and architecture received court patronage. Architecture Private merchants and craftsmen also donated for religious causes. Lomas Rishi Cave -Barabar and Nagarjuni hills of Bihar Dhauli Elephant- Odisha Folk Deities – Yaksha from Mauryan period Didarganj Yakshi According to Buddhist tradition, Asoka built 84000 stupas . Old stupas of mud were Stupas rebuilt or enlarged . Ex Vaishali. Part of Sanchi Stupa probably built in this period and later reconstructed. Sanchi Gateway • The tradition of image worship became popular and numerous idols were made. • In buddhism too image worship started. • The railings and gateways of Buddhist structures Sculpture were elaborate • The sculpture was narratory in nature. It narrated incidents from Buddha's life and Jatak stories. • This school emerged from 1 century BC onwards. • It was not patronized by Indo- Greeks but by Sakas and Kushanas. • Hadda and Bamiyan were main centers. • This was a fusion of Greek and Indian styles from the very beginning. The subjects were Indians and the style was The Gandhara Greco-Roman. Thus the mother of Buddha resembled a Greek goddess while Buddha himself too had an Apollo School like face. Greek gods were depicted as paying obeisance to Buddha. • The Buddha of this school is depicted with focus on bodily features such as muscular body, curly hair and semi-transparent clothes. • Initially they used soft material such as wood and stucco. Later they began to use blue-grey stone. Gandhara School • It was the oldest and flourished from 2 cent BC onwards. It was indigenous in origin and was patronized by local rulers. But later with the advent of Kushanas, foreign influence was visible clearly. • Initial subjects were Buddha, Mahavira and Kanishka. • Krishna was ignored before the Gupta period. Beautiful The Mathura images of Siva as ardh-nari-ishwar were built. Krishna, balram and Surya too were its subjects. School • The images have a deep spiritual outlook. Buddha is shown in meditation mode. Focus is not on highlighting the bodily features of Buddha but on his spiritualistic aura and content on face. Popular depictions of Buddha are in the Padmasana-mudra (sitting crossed legged and meditating) and Dharma-Chakra-Parivartana-Mudra (giving sermons). • They used white spotted red sandstone Mathura School It flourished from 1 cent BC onwards in Vengi, Nagarjunkonda, Kurnool and Krishna - Godavari region. It was indigenous throughout and was patronized by Satvahnas, Ikshavakus and later Vakatakas. Amrawati It made images of Buddha and brahmanical deities. School These images are famous for their feminine beauty and sensuous appeal. They used white marble in their images. Amrawati School • Gupta period can be called the golden age of sculpture and image making. But the same can't be said for architecture because the temple Temples and architecture form (nagara) though emerged in this phase it peaked only in the post Gupta age. Monuments While impressive buddhist viharas and chaityas can be seen from the Gupta age, it is only from the 8th century onwards that we see impressive temples. Deogarh Dashavatara Temple • The early temple was built on a raised platform. • There was a main deity room called garbha- griha then two rows of pillars leading to a smaller room in the front of the garbha-griha called the mandapa. The mandapa was used to house the devotees. Temples • The garbhagriha had a flat roof and a pole on to p. The entire compound was like and enclosed courtyard and walled with gates for entry and exit. Temple walls were plain but the doorways were profusely carved. Temples were generally built from rock. Layout of nagara style • PRATHIHARAS- UJJAIN (8TH - 9TH CENTURIES AD) • Mahakaleshwar temple, one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of India, • Kal Bhairava temple, finds a mention in the Skanda Purana, and • Mangalnath temple, regarded as the birthplace of NAGARA Mars, according to the Matsya Purana. STYLE • PALAS- BENGAL AND BIHAR (8th -13TH CENTURIES AD) Nalanda was its most active centre, whose influence was spread to Nepal, Myanmar and even Indonesia • CHANDELAS- BUNDELKHAND (10TH -11TH CEN AD) • Khajuraho justly famous for their graceful contours anderotic sculptures. • These 22 temples (out of the original 85) are regarded as one of world's greatest artistic wonders. Nagara style • Khajuraho Temples were built within a short period of hundred years from 950-1050 A.D. • Mahadev temple is the largest and most beautiful of the Khajuraho Temples. • Shiva Temple at Visvanath and Vishnu Temple at Chaturbhunj are other important temples at Khajuraho Dravidian style temples consist almost invariably of the four following parts: • The principal part, the temple itself, is called the Vimana (or Vimanam). It is always square in plan and surmounted by a pyramidal roof of one or more stories; DRAVIDIAN it contains the cell where the image of the god is placed. • The porches or Mandapas, which always cover and STYLE - SOUTH precede the door leading to the cell. INDIA • Gate-pyramids or Gopurams, which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples. • Pillared halls or Chaultris—properly Chawadis -- used for various purposes, and which are the invariable accompaniments of these temples Madhurai meenaxi temple • Vesara is a combination of NAGARA & VESARA STYLE DRAVIDIAN temple styles • Hoysala temples - DECCAN at Belur, Halebidu and Somnathpura are supreme examples of this style Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura • concept of arch or dome was not invented by the Muslims but was, in fact, borrowed and was further perfected by them from the architectural styles of the post-Roman period. • used cementing agent in the form of lime -mortar for the THE INDO- first time. ISLAMIC • use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and stability of the construction ARCHITECTURE materials but also provided greater flexibility to the architects and builders. • typical mortar-masonry works formed of dressed stones. • Mosques and Tombs - religious architecture • Palaces and Forts - secular Islamic architecture. • The Delhi or the Imperial Style of Indo-Islamic architecture flourished between 1191-1557 AD and covered Muslim dynasties viz., Slave (1191- 1290), Khilji (1290-1320), Tughlaq (1320-1414), Sayyid (1414-1444) and Lodi (1451-1556). • earliest construction work was began by Qutubuddin Aibak, who started erecting monumental buildings of stone on Qila Rai Pithora, the first of the DELHI STYLE OF seven historical cities of Delhi associated with Prithviraj Chauhan. • The Qutub Mosque (1192 AD) is one such building, whose arcaded aisles were composed of pillars carved in the Hindu style. Named as the Quwwat- ARCHITECTURE ul-Islam Masjid, it is considered as the earliest mosque in India. • Qutub-ud-din Aibak also started the construction of Qutub Minar in 1192 (which was eventually completed by Iltutmish in 1230). The Qutub Minar, built to commemorate the entry of Islam, was essentially a victory tower, decorated with several calligraphic inscriptions. • Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra, located beyond the Ajmer darga in Rajasthan. It was constructed in 1153 AD and converted into a mosque in 1198 AD. • Allauddin Khilji established the second city of Delhi at Siri, built the Alai Darwaza near the Qutub Minar and dug a vast reservoir at Hauz Khas around 1311AD. • Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325 AD) built Tughlaqabad, the third city of Delhi. Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, built DELHI STYLE OF of red sandstone, is an irregular pentagon in its exterior plan and its design is of the pointed or "Tartar" shape and ARCHITECTURE is crowned by a finial resembling the kalasa and amla of a Hindu temple. • Delhi's fourth city Jahanpanah was built by Mohammad- bin-Tughlaq in mid-14th century. Firoz Shah Kotla ground is the only remnant of its past glory. He is also credited with founding the fortified cities of Jaunpur, Fathabad and Hissar. Tughlaqabad Fort Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq at Tughluqabad • Kali Masjid, Khirki Masjid and Kalan Masjid also belong to this period, the last two being raised on a tahkhana or substructure of arches. • The Tombs of Mubarak Sayyid (d. 1434 AD), Muhammad Sayyid (d.1444 AD) and Sikander Lodi (d.1517 AD) are all of the octagonal type. DELHI STYLE OF • The square tombs are represented by such monuments as the Bara Khan Ka Gumbad, Chota Khan Ka Gumbad, ARCHITECTURE Bara Gumbad (1494 AD), Shish Gumbad, Dadi Ka Gumbad and the Poli ka Gumbad. • The Tomb of Isa Khan (1547 AD), the Tomb of Adham Khan (1561 AD), Moth ki Masjid (c.1505 AD), Jamala Masjid (1536 AD) and the Qila-i-Kuhna Masjid (c.1550 AD) belong to the final phase of the Delhi style of architecture.

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