Finland and Russia

Living Conditions in Northern Border • Comparative Approach:

Finland and Russia

[email protected] On the basis of a research made during the years 1994 and 2006 Finland and Russia are compared concerning

• northern living condition • structure of population • health • the phase of information society • employment • education • economical conditions

• experiences on living conditions, attitudes between Finns and Russians, opinions on the border and its crossing possibilities Primary data

Inquires to data collected 1994 data collected 2006 citizens Inquiry to citizens in Russia / Inquiry to citizens in Russia / Finland (Kandalaksha Finland (Kandalaksha incuding Alakurtti, Murmansk including Severomorsk, incuding Alakurtti, Kemijärvi, Salla, Inari) Kostomuksha, Kemijärvi, Salla, Kuhmo)

Secondary material for research

Statistics 1995•2004/2005 about countries Finland, Russia In comparison also EU15 (European Union before year 2004) / EU 25 (European Union Literal after year 2004) if there were not statistics available about EU then in comparison whole references Europe, western Europe, eastern Europe, the world

Statistics 1995•2004/2005 about research Murmansk, Kandalaksha, Kemijärvi, Salla, Inari areas Literal references The citizens’attitudes towards the border as a research objective in 1994 and 2006

Social practices Social practices Material conditions Material conditions

Cultural Citizens’ Cultural Product ional, economical attitudes towards product ional, border economical Work, education Work, education Social relations Social relations Attitudes Attitudes In order to understand differences in socio•cultural context it is necessary to have broader perspective on changes in socio•cultural and material conditions in northern living areas

Living conditions and their changes are connected with the development in a level of state and union (Finland) as well as federation (Russia) and local living areas.

There are issues like inner political trends and choices e.g. is the issue on safety already established or are there still continuously threats that cause defence, and therefore resources are directed to that, or are the resources directed to develop other fields of social life in the society.

Time and place have a different role in institutionalisation and its speed and place.

[60] For example a decision is made that production will be changed to different field. If the income of inhabitants are very dependent on the certain production the change can happen slowly, because the structures and institutions around that kind of production feed and maintain established production. [61]

Other kind of production can be totally quickly changed to another place like China phenomena (electronics)) [62]

When it comes to socio•cultural change is to be considered how quick will a thought about e.g. capitalism as robbery change when the thought is at first changed on the state level decision and is declared that market economy will be created.

Or how quickly will change a touch to religion when previously the aim was to demolish everything about it. About development of information society can be compared, how near are the ideas that EU is pursuing towards a knowledge society and when the Soviet Union had the same target. The similarity is that the leading value was a legitimated knowledge. What is in certain time legitimated knowledge is meaningful. [63]

What is the challenge now: to connect the market economy which is based on productivity and consumerism with sustainable development that pays attention to welfare of Nature and equal human beings.

When evaluating the situation and the change in both countries the role of media, research and experts must also be considered. The have own context and motives while they are creating and building opinions. Administration

The structure of administration is usually a slowly changing element creating possibilities and restrictions to citizens In Finland European Union administration is effecting as a wider context than country, province and local area. In Russia the development of whole federation is the wider context.

On the state level the fact that economy and environmental problems are more and more globalising and also the international associations (like EU, UN, Nato, G8 countries, WTO) have more power than national in some issues are effecting on social practices and material conditions. The state are considered to be too small in some cases to face the challenges. At the same time some think that local actors have now more power to influence. [64]

For individual the matter is two•sided. An individual can maybe better identify one self with local actors who are near. And at the same time the decision making seems to go more far a way from citizens. One change is a real time news making. It creates interaction, in which media is effecting on individual and individual is effecting on media and its interpretation.

•the politics try to get voters behind the issues that he /she represents •and voters can present issues to the politics

•In both countries information and its mediation are important to citizens for developing their living conditions Perspective of state:

• Russia has republics and oblasts which are rather tightly connected with central administration

• according the federal agreement from 1999 and agreement on federation (in 1992) and constitution (in 1993) Russia consists of 89 different administrative units the amount of republics is 21, they are formed from previous autonomic republics and oblasts despite Siberia

In addition there are 11 autonomic places (Siperia and 10 smaller national regions. They sign a different federal agreement in 1992

In Russian federation are also ”ordinary”57 region and province. Also these ordinary regions sign a different federal agreement. [65] In Finland the only autonomic region is Ahvenanmaa the central administration directs districts and municipalities

When Finland become a member of EU, it gave decision making power to EU Already in 2006 a big part of national legislation is based on EU legislation. In 2008 Finland accepted the new basic law of EU [66]

When it comes to directives in EU inner market Finland had done very well by the July 2006 it had only 40 directive out of 1620 missing or fulfilled in a wrong way. [67] The border between Russia and Finland is a border between EU and Russia, too

Northern dimension has been a central tool during recent years between EU, Finland and Russia

From the year 2004 EU has had border with Russia through Estonia, Latvia and Poland. This has effected to all border policy of EU. [68] 1) Finland is situated in periphery in relation with the core of EU:

Nordic dimension in EU’spolicy has been considered to soften the division between EU members and states which do not belong to EU. this is seen e.g. in definition: now there is partners instead of opponents another matter is that countries, which are situated peripherally from the core could define themselves instead that EU defines them. [69]

2) In Russia the northern area is defined by its relation to the central administration of the state.

Murmansk region is in special position in relation to the centre that there is situated the northern fleet and military harbour and important raw material. •makes international development of the region more complicated

In the region there is the biggest town in tundra Murmansk, which will add the density of inhabitants on the Russian site. [70] research areas have many peripheral characteristics:

•they are situated in the distance from administrative centres and capital According Giddensin (1984, 131) this kind of position is connected with power inside states. The power is held by the master’s of recourses and they tend to keep matters like that and the power.

•higher unemployment rate than average in the country has been problem in Lapland •in Murmansk the problem has been more the amount of unemployed young people •both areas has had declining amount of inhabitants and raw materials have been taken elsewhere •nowadays in Murmansk own foreign exportation has increased •in Lapland has been created industry based on forestry •Lapland produces 36 % of all water power in the country •[71] •both areas have harder climate conditions than in the whole country [72], but warming of the climate has been effecting more and more on the weather

•regional policy will effect differently according politics and their choices

•politics are changing Up left offices in Kemijärvi and Salla. Down from left to right in Kandalaksha and Alakurtti. Material conditions and population

•demanding •effecting on the administrative solutions Finland Russia area 338 436,08 km² area 17 098 242 km² population 5 255 580 [1] population 143 202 000 [2] • in Russia there are 11 climate zones: desert, steppe, Mediterranean, clement, sea, continental, alpine, arctic, sub arctic, southern continent and middle climate [73] [74] Average temperature in Helsinki and Moskow in January and July

°C 20 18 16,6 15

•5 •5,7 •10 •11 •15 Helsinki Moscow January July

Sources: Keskilämpötilat Suomessa, Venäjällä ja Brysselissä 2006: Venäjä: Suomi•Venäjä•seura 2006, Suomi: Tilastokeskus 2006, Bryssel: Worldclimate 2006. Average temperature in Brussels in January and July

20 17,7

5 2,9

0 Brussels January July

Sources: Keskilämpötilat Suomessa, Venäjällä ja Brysselissä 2006. Bryssel: Worldclimate 2006. Average temperature in research areas in January and July °C 20

15 14,2 15 13

10 8 8

•5

•10 •8 •8 •9,6 •9,01

•15 •13 Ivalo Kemijärvi Salla Murmansk Kandalaksha

January July

Source: Wikipedia 2006; Wild Russia 2006; Kemijärven kaupungin… 2004; Mikkola 2006; Tutiempo 2006. On the left from up Kola fjord in Murmansk in October and down centre in November. On the right from up Kemijärvi in August and November. Areas of Russia, Finland and EU25 million km² 17,098242 17,1 16,1 15,1 14,1 13,1 12,1 11,1 10,1 9,1 8,1 7,1 6,1 5,1 3,968217 4,1 3,1 2,1 1,1 0,33842 0,1 area Russia Finland EU 25

Source: Pinta•alat… Tilastokeskus 2006. Number of inhabitants / km 2 in the world, EU25, Finland and Russia (2006) inhabitants / km 2 125 115,3 115 105 95 85 75 65 55 43,8 45 35 25 15,6 15 8,4 5 world EU25 Russia Finland

inhabitants

Source: Pinta•alat... Tilastokeskus 2006. Average amount of foreign citizens in Russia, Finland, EU15 and in the world in 2000

% 10 9,1

6 5,2

4 2,9

2 1,8

0 Russia * Finland EU15 World *

* All who were born abroad

Source: Ulkomaan kansalaiset… 2000. Tilastokeskus 2006. Three biggest groups of foreigners in Finland (2005) and in Russia (2002)

Finland Russian 0,47 22 Estonian 0,29 14 Swedish 0,15 0,07

Russia Ukrainian 0,16 22,5 Azerbaijani 0,11 15 Armenian 0,094 13 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30% % of the population % of foreigners Finland (n=5 228 814) Finland (n= 113 852) Russia (n= 145 166 731) Russia (n= 1 025 413)

Lähde: All Russia… 2004; Ulkomaalaisten määrä… 2005. Tilastokeskus 2006. •mostly migrants to Russia came from Commonwealth of independent states (CIS countries) in 1997, 2000 •2004.

• in 1997 from CIS countries came 582 829 persons and from other 14 822, but in 2004 came 110 374 persons from CIS and from other 8783.

From Finland: 1997: 140 persons 2004: 141 persons •From Russia to Finland: •in 2000 : 1142 persons •in 1997 from those who migrated elsewhere than CIS countries 1 % to Finland and in 2004 2 % and from all who migrated from Russia the proportion was 0,4 % in 1997 and 1 % in 2004

• to CIS countries: moved 64 % of all migrants in 1997, and in year 2004 to CIS countries moved 46 % of all migrants

•CIS: most popular has been Ukraina from 1997 to 2004

•other countries: most popular has been Germany in 2004 migrated 74,5 % of all who moved somewhere else than CIS countries

•second popular in 2004 was USA (6,8 %) [79] From Finland migrated in 1994 altogether 8672 persons to other EU countries about 72 % in 1994 majority (36,7 %) went to Sweden (Germany 8 %, USA 7,6 % Norway 6 %) in 2005 migrated 12 369 persons of which 68 % to other EU country in 2005 still to Sweden (26,7 %) (Great Britannia 10,7 %, USA 8,4 %, Germany 5,8 %) to Russia from Finland: in 1994 migrated 217 persons or 2,5 % of all migrants in 2005 migrated 232 persons, which was 1,8 % of all migrants from Finland [80] To Lapland (1994•2005): mostly from other EU countries about 66,7•57,5 % mostly from Sweden 56•45 % from Russia 5 • 6 %.

[82] Most spoken languages in Russia and Finland in 2003

Most spoken languages in Russia (2003) Most spoken languages in Finland (2003)

Russia 81,4 92,1Finnish

Tatarian 3,8 5,6 Swedish

Ukrainian 2,4 0,6 Russian

Tsuvassian 1,2 0,2 Estonian

Baskirian 0,9 0,1 English

% 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100% In Russia spoke Belarus 0,7 %; Chechnyan 0,6 %; German, Mordvan, Urdmutiani, Armenian 0,5 %; Avaarian 0,4 % In Finland spoke about 0,1 % following languages (biggest amount comes first) Somalia, Arabic, Albanian, Kurdish, China, Vietnam, German. In 2004 there were 1700 persons, who spoke Sami. Source: Kielet... 2003. Tilastokeskus 2006. On the left Sami flag and right library sign in three different Same languages in Ivalo. Number of inhabitants / km 2 in the world, EU25, Finland and Russia (2006) inhabitants / km 2 125 115,3 115 105 95 85 75 65 55 43,8 45 35 25 15,6 15 8,4 5 world EU25 Russia Finland

inhabitants

Kemijärvi area is 3931,34 km² Inari area is 17333,89 km² and Salla area is 5872,47 km² Source: Kuntaliitto 2006; Economic Monitoring… 2005. Areas in relation with the density of population describe the size of regions.

Area of Lapland and Murmansk

thousandThousands km² 150 144,9

98,98716 100

0 Lapland Murmansk

The area of Lapland is without sea water, which proportion is 1381,76 km². Sources: Kuntaliitto 2006; Economic Monitoring... 2005. Changes of permanent population in Murmansk region, Murmansk and Kandalaksha

1995 72,4 402,1 1,0754 1996 71,7 395,7 1,0583 1997 70,8 390,4 1,0425 1998 69,7 384,6 1,0263 1999 68,5 378,6 1,0097

year 2000 67,4 373,1 0,9949 2001 66,3 368,4 0,9831 2002 59,9 334,7 0,8898 2003 59,3 329,1 0,88 2004 58,6 325,1 0,8728 thousands millions 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 Thousands Murmansk Murmansk region Kandalaksha

Source: Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. Changes of population in whole Lapland and research areas

1994 11,987 5,925 7,855 202,325 1995 11,775 5,812 7,851 201,411 1996 11,628 5,733 7,783 200,579 1997 11,368 5,643 7,719 199,051 1998 11,036 5,462 7,555 196,647 1999 10,743 5,289 7,452 194,352

vuosi 2000 10,484 5,142 7,36 191,768 2001 10,138 4,97 7,268 189,288 2002 9,936 4,822 7,217 187,777 2003 9,759 4,782 7,153 186,917 2004 9,529 4,683 7,084 186,443 2005 9,293 4,571 7,043 185,8 30 15 0 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200 thousands Inari Lappi Salla Kemijärvi

Source: Väestönmuutokset… Lapin liitto. Tilastokeskus 2006. •in Russia population decreased from 1995 to 2005 4,7 millions

•in Finland population increased from 1995 to 2005 137 000 Fertility rate in some countries

Czechoslovakia Slovakia Latvia Slovenia Bulgaria Italy Romania Russia Spain Greece Poland Austria Hungary Japan Germany Sweden Great Britannia Finland Norway China France USA Brazil India Nigeria

Birth rate per a woman

Source: UNDP/Human Development Report for Russian Federation 2004. Level of urbanisation in Lapland, Murmansk, Finland, Russia and EU25 (2005)

% 100 km² km² 92,2

73,5 73 76 75 62,1

50 km² 25

0 Lapland Murmansk Finland Russia EU25

Sources: Economic Monitoring. 2005; Kuntaliitto 2006; Pinta•ala… Tilastokeskus 2006. Level of urbanisation in Lapland and Murmansk and research areas in 2006

100 100 92,2 79,5 73,5 75 68,8 60,1

50 42

0 Lapland Kemijärvi Inari Salla Murmansk region Murmansk town Kandalaksha

Sources: Economic Monitoring… 2005; Kuntaliitto 2006; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ... Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. • in Murmansk was built a railway in 1916 and harbour which was named in 1917 Murmansk [87]

•migration was big from 1920 when industrialisation was a politics there were a lot migration until 1991 (and with the exception of second world war) the population of Murmansk increased 125 times compared with the amount in 1800 at first there were orders to migrate but later there were offered motivation as a form of regional benefits like higher salaries, lower age for retirement and subsidised holidays to Black sea

After the last war the military meaning of the region was high. In 1970 it was the most important fleet in the north. Industry was concentrated to the metallurgy, mining and chemistry also fishing and fish processing was important [93] On the left up Alakurtti, right Kandalaksha and down Murmansk. • in the beginning of 2000 population was more in towns 92 % of the total population of the region

• of population: Russian 96 % , Belorussian and Ukrainian, Sami 0,2 %

• of Sami urban population 40 % and of them 60 % women [94]

•population had decreased from 1995 to 2004 about 200 000 *most important Nordic harbour *logistics connected with the production of oil and gas is one important issue [95] * e.g. 2005 about 15 million tons oil was transported via Murmansk via railway and then ships [96] •in Finland sparsely population why: *independent peasants were offered possibilities *forestry connected with agriculture •still in 1930 standard of living was divided rather unfairly products were regulated and amount foreign trade was small •people started to move from country to towns 1966•72 and this continued till 1980 * small farms got some subsidies from the state to stop their activity Up from left to right centre of Kemijärvi and Salla

From left to right centres of Ivalo and Inari, both belong to municipality Inari •industry and its work places became more popular •regional policy with a subsidise system for municipalities •used to be a so called cold climate bonus in salaries •reindeer herding has been supported

•municipalities: taxes: services

*poorer municipalities do not have afford so much as richer

•e.g. it has been difficult to get doctors to the remote areas •private sector attracts them more (bigger salaries) Living age and illnesses

•welfare and safety has connection with living conditions •changes in living conditions can motivate to migration •Human development index is a measure developed by UN •it tells how well a country can offer a good life to its citizens [97] in 2004: Finland was 11th (its index 0,947) Russia was 67th (it index 0,797 [98] Human development index (HDI) in the world 2004

0,950 and over

under 300 no information

Source: Wikipedia / Image: HDImap spectrum2006.png, 2006 UN HDI report. expected living age: •refers to possibilities of life span, illnesses, welfare Eliniänodote eripuolilla maailmaa

Lähde: Wikipedia/ life expectancy world map.PNG, DIA World Factbook 2005 ja 2006. Changes in life expectancy

Changes in life expectancy of Russian men and women when they born and in the age of 30 in 1900•2000 expected life time

born, men 30 years old, men born, women 30 years old, women

Source: UNDP Russia; Reducing child and maternal mortality. MDG+ for health, Centre of Human Demography and Environment… Institute of National Economy Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences 2005. Life expectancy in Finland, Russia and EU15 in 2000, from 2002 to 2005

77,5 78,1 Finland 78,4 78,7 78,4 74,2 74,9 Finland men 75,1 75,3 74,8 65,3 65,1 Russia 65,2 65,2 67,1 59 58,5 Russia men 58,8 58,8 60,6 78,5 78,8 EU15 79 79,4 77,1 75,5 75,8 EU15 men 75,9 76,4 75,1 years 0 20 40 60 80 100 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005

Source: Eliniänodote 2000 • 2005. Tilastokeskus 2006. •Russian men had probability to die between 15•60 years old 42,4 % in 2000•2001. Women’s probability for that was 15,3 % [99]

*according longitudinal research (1980•2000) a change in a society with a sudden becoming poorer together causes stress • this was typical in transition societies [100] •there were studied deaths because of injuries, toxication, murders and assaults as well as suicides according all statistics in Russia died more people than elsewhere in Europe for because of those reasons •biggest growth was after 1990 *in1995 the amounts of deaths were decreasing *in1998 there were a new increase (inflation)

In those European countries were the death rates of both children and adults are very low and the society is stable also the amounts of deaths mentioned is low and has a descend direction. Finland belongs to those countries. [102] [103] •heart and. blood vessel deceases were the reason of deaths for 52 % among Russians [104] they are biggest reason in 2004 (of 1598 / 100 000 persons) these caused 55,8 % of deaths * second from the year 1995 became accidents, toxications, injures in 2004 13,8 % (this includes suicides) *third was cancer 12,6 % in 2004 [105] • in Finland of all reasons for death the biggest reason was blood vessel diseases men (39 %/ 23 965) women (44 %/ 23 786) [106] in 2005

•people in working age (15•64 years of age) die mostly because of deceases caused by alcohol in 2005 total 17,1 % (1309 cases / 7644). •the amount of coronary artery deaths has decreased because of developed treatments *second was deaths because coronary artery disease (16,6 %) •third accidents and suicides

* for Finnish women the leading reason for deaths in working age was breast cancer 10,7 %; diseases caused by alcohol 10,6 %, and then accidents and suicides Aged people, over 70 years old, •mostly die because of heart diseases (about 30 %)

•secondly for men was deaths caused by ischemic attack (circulatory disorder in brains) (9,8 %)

•and for women dementia/Alzheimer disease (13,8 %)

*third for men dementia/Alzheimer disease and for women deaths caused by ischemic attack [108] Suicides: in Russia second in the world (38,7/100 000 persons) in Finland 13th in the world (20,6/ 100 000 persons) [109] •In Murmansk Region life expectancy 57 years old (in 2004 and in 1995) For women 71 years old in 2004 (in 1995 it was 70 years old) [110]

•in Lapland for men 70,8 and for women 79 years old (1990 –1995) [111] During the years 2001 • 2003 for women 81,2 and for men 73,5 years old [112]

•diseases in Lapland: in 2005 Lapland had 8th place out of 21 when it comes to diseases several so called national diseases are more than in other country (blood pressure, asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, renal failure of heart, psychosis)

•coronary artery disease has been 1,3 times and renal failure 1,6 times more than average in the country [113] Deaths because of alcohol

• promille limits when using a motor vehicle in Russia and Finland 0,5 Deaths in traffic caused by alcohol and deaths caused by alcohol poisioning in Finland, Russia and EU25 in 2004 deaths / 100 000 persons 40 36,62

30 25,82

20 11,71 9,12 10 7,77 4,42

0 deaths in traffic caused by alcohol deaths caused by alcohol poisioning

Finland Russia EU25

*Information on Belgium, Cyprus and Slovakia are missing in EU25

Source: WHO Global… 2004. Alcohol consumption liter / person in a year from 1998 to 2003. Consumption of wine, spirits and beer in addition total consumption of all alcoholic drinks in Finland, Russia and EU15

Consumption of wine, beer and spirits Total consumption changed into 100 % alcohol Finland 1998 79,9 2 7 1999 19,5 80,1 2 7,1 2000 20,6 78,4 2 7,1 2001 21,9 80,2 2 7,4 2002 23,5 81,2 2,1 7,7 2003 26,3 80,2 2,1 7,9 Russia 1998 26 6 7,9 1999 7,2 28,4 6,5 8,6 2000 7,2 28,4 6,5 8,6 2001 7,7 30 6,3 8,6 2002 8 31,1 6,2 8,6 2003 8,6 32,8 6,2 8,7 EU 15 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 9,3 2003 9 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 liter /person / year spirits total consumption beer wine

Source: Alkoholin kulutus… 1998 • 2003. Tilastokeskus 2006. Infectious diseases

•infectious social diseases like AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) and syphilis are connected with rapid changes in the structure of society • also tuberculosis is an indicator of the state of health of population

Infectious diseases can effect on life experiences: •do people feel safe •what is their view of the situation in the World, country and living area

•in Russia AIDS cases did increase quicker than other scrutinized areas

•even if there were effective care developed it can be too expensive for the sick and its availability can be limited Cases of Hiv / Aids in Finland, Russia and EU25 in 2001, 2003, 2005

530 2001 1,2 560,7

760 2003 1,9 646,2

940 2005 1,9 696,8

1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 thousands Russia Finland EU25

Source: Terveys… 2001, 2003, 2005. Tilastokeskus 2006. the groups at risk concerning AIDS in Russia are: drug addicts, female sex workers, prisoners [117]

In 2004 the highest distribution of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) HIV according the statistics are in Moscow (25 931 cases) and St. Petersburg (25 760 cases) [118]

90 % of all infections in the age group of 15 –24 years old in Eastern Europe and Middle•Asia are in fact in Russia and Ukraine. [119]

According WHO [120] 940 000 Russians were infected by HIV in 2005. The minimum of this estimation is 560 000 and maximum 1 600 000. There were 350 000 registered cases by the mid 2006.

The amount of HIV infected mothers given birth has increased in Russia. According the AIDS centre in Russian federation there were 211 children were born to HIV infected mothers / out of 2,1 million born in 1999. In 2002 there were 2777 children were born to HIV infected mothers / out of 2,3 million born. [121] The drug laws were changed in Russia in 2004. •long imprisonments because of drugs decreased •this decreased HIV infections in prisons. Previously imprisonments connected with drugs and deaths because of drugs were increasing e.g. from the year 1995 to 1999 the deaths because of drugs were increasing simultaneously with imprisonments caused by drugs. [122]

In Eastern Europe the infections have became mostly due to syringes from 1994 to 2001. [123] According WHO the tendency in Western Europe is that new infections are spread mostly from hetero relations * the infections of women are increasing

•e.g. in Finland 85 % of the hetero men were infected abroad (mostly in Thailand) •before the year 2002 women got infections mostly from home country * from year 1995 to 2000 and again in 2002 most of the infections was spread in hetero relations

•in Finland the amount of deaths because of AIDS has decreased * till the year 1998 even 73 • 90 % of cases died. * from 1999 to 2001 died 38 • 55 % of cases * in 2002 died 25 % of cases [125]

In whole Western Europe and Northern America the amount of people dying because of AIDS has decreased, because cures are available in Eastern Europe the amounts of deaths have increased [126] In Murmansk region there were 38,5 HIV cases / out of 100 000 persons in 2001. In 2004 the amount of cases were 14,9; and in 2005 there were 21,4 cases.

•in the figures above there are not included possible infected prisoners and military personnel

•in 2006 in Murmansk were altogether over 1800 cases. The growth compared with previous was 80 % [127] in Finland there were 2,5 cases /out of 100 000 persons in 2001 * in 2005 there were 2,6 cases Drugs cause problems in both countries. Photo from Murmansk where is help available in a support centre. in Russia: •in 1991 there were almost 0 infected syphilis case •from 1996 to 1997 the amount of cases were over 250 •in 2003 the amount of cases had decreased to 100 [128] in Finland: •there were 50 syphilis cases in 1990 •in 1995 100 •after that the amount of cases were over 100 until 2003 the original country of syphilis were found out for 50 % of cases * of women’s cases 10 % were from abroad (of which 9 % from Russia) •of men’s cases 65 % were from abroad (of which 50 % from Russia) [129] Infections of tuberculosis were mostly in Russia but some cases were also in EU15 and Finland.

Over 60 % of cases were in age group 60 years old and older in Finland in 2002.

In the age group 45 –59 years old there were infected 20 %

Also in 2005 the Finnish infected were over 60 years old [130]

According the national health inquiry in Russia there were only 1 % of respondents who were never diagnosed tuberculosis. The inquiry were made from 1992 to 2004. [131]

In Russia the challenge has been to diagnose and cure cases. The amounts of deaths were increased because of strains that were developed resistance to medicines. * most of the infected cases in Russia were in age group 25•54 in 2005 [132] Reported amount of persons / 100 000 of population, who became ill due to tuberculosis from 1995 to 2003 in Finland, Russia and EU15

persons 120

100 80 60 40 20 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Finland 13 13 11 12 11 10 9 9 8 Russia 57 75 81 76 92 97 91 89 87 EU 15 15,2 14,6 14,1 14,3 13,2 12,5 11,5 11,7 10,1 Finland Russia EU 15

Numbers of EU are mean values counted from the same table where the information about Russia and Finland have been taken. Source: Tuberculosis. WHO 2005. Remarks:

• information in statistics are not exactly from the same years • information is effected by regional differences in cases, which can differ much

•according statistics some similarity can be noticed between Finland and Russia:

* in both countries people were more liable to die because of suicide than get poisoned by alcohol

•in addition diseases of blood vascular system are very big reason for death in both countries

•BUT in Russia the liability to get HIV or tuberculosis is bigger than the liability to make suicide What are the possibilities to get medical care? E.g. care for drug addicts?

According Urponen (2007) there are two ways to get possible treatment for cure when it comes to drug addicts; one provided by private institutions and other from the state.

The treatment for cure provided by the state is free of charge, but its effectiveness is low. Private treatment for cure is much more expensive and methods of treatments can be several, but the care is often short, so the effectiveness is also weak. There wasn’t collaboration between private and public treatment for cure so far.

One explanation for the problems of health care in public sector can be lack of funding. Proportion of public expenditures for public health care in EU15, Finland and Russia from 1997 to 2003 % 100 90

76,5

76,3 76,3

76,1

75,9

80 75,3

75,1

74,6

72,9

70 68,9

59,4

58,8

57,8

60 56,1 50 40 30 20 10 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Russia Finland EU15 (euro•region)

Source: Julkiset terveysmenot… 1997 • 2003. Tilastokeskus 2006. One explanation for public health care expenses in Russia can be that in transition society the privatisation of services were started quickly.

In Finland * were public expenditures cut down after the stagnation e.g. personnel were decreased in health care posts. * at the same time there is lack of personnel and population is aged which increases expenses

In Russia •the system of health insurances has developed: The amount of health insurances have increased. 93,7 % of population had compulsory health insurance in 2004 •the availability of medicines is also better: in 2000 some or all required medicines got 78 % of all who were on prescription •and in 2004 some or all required medicines got 84,3 % of those in need of medicines. BUT the amount of people getting full discount of their medicines had decreased (among medicine buyers) in 2000: 75 % got discount and in 2004 only 65 % •the main reason for not getting medicine especially in countryside was lack of money till year 2002 and in 2004 the main reason was lack of medicine [133] What are prices of health care services and the amount of personnel available can be significant for the welfare of citizens also in the regions.

Citizens’level of income as well as resources of municipality have meaning when the services are organised.

Other municipalities have afford e.g. to organise more special doctors or different rehabilitation services.

In 2006 health care services costs * in Salla and Inari were either a one time payment 11 €/ visit or 22 € annual payment. (it made possible to limitless visits during a year) * in Kemijärvi one time payment was 22 €. [134] Amount of doctors and nursing staff in Salla, Kemijärvi and Inari in 2005

Salla Doctors 5 Nursing staff 56 Inari Doctors 12 Nursing staff 91 Kemijärvi Doctors 18 Nursing staff 167

0 50 100 150 200

Amount of persons

The amount of doctors are counted all doctors and dentists who work in basic health care and special nursing. If the dentists are not counted there are 3 doctors in Salla, 10 in Kemijärvi and 7 in Inari. The amount of nursing staff includes all who belong to the nursing staff participating in nursing and working in basic health care and special nursing. Source: Ailasmaa 2006. Doctors and nursing staff in Murmansk and Kandalaksha from 1995 to 2004

1995 doctors 287 2,417 nursing staff 972 5,658 1996 doctors 287 2,4 nursing staff 940 5,557 1997 doctors 263 2,379 nursing staff 900 5,456 1998 doctors 262 2,319 nursing staff 892 5,299 1999 doctors 259 2,342 nursing staff 889 5,305 2000 doctors 251 2,324 nursing staff 829 4,906 2001 doctors 248 2,293 nursing staff 816 4,833 2002 doctors 243 2,294 nursing staff 795 4,839 2003 doctors 229 2,285 nursing staff 790 4,77 2004 doctors 222 2,293 nursing staff 795 4,785 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kandalaksha Murmansk hundred thousand

* The amount of doctors includes everyone, who has higher medical education, and who are involved in health care in sanatoriums, among social security, research institutes, training centres for staff, health care centres etc. In the nursing staff are counted everyone, who has secondary level medical education, and who work in health care in sanatoriums, among social security, pre schools, schools, day care centres etc.

Source: ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ... 2006; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ... Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. Up hospital in Murmansk and down signpost in Finnish and Same in Ivalo (Inari municipality) The availability of health care services can be here estimated also through the structure of payments.

•according the inquiry in 2004 of Russians paid 12,5 % officially or unofficially to get medical aid •52 % stated that they had paid unofficially or gave presents to get medical help •official payment was 5600 roubles •unofficial payment was as maximum 15 000 roubles •22 % were paying of additional examinations in 2004.

•officially paid 75 % (maximum 800 roubles) and unofficially 31 % (maximum 10 000 roubles). •some were also paying because of staying at the hospital unofficial payment to the medical personnel • some were paying of the bandits and syringes official and unofficial payment [135] Population structure

In Russia has been after the second world war a problematic gab between sexes, because many men died during the war. Urponen (2007)

In Finland died also many men but after the war were born so called big generations. In Finland these age groups were in pension age in 2010. General age to go to pension in many public posts is 63 years old and old age pension starts at the age of 65 but many continues over that age to get a bit better pension. Early retirement age limit rose up to 62 years in 2005. In general it has been made difficult to go to pension, but due to health reasons one has to go to pension called inability to work. Presentages of people, who are over 64 years old, of the population from 2000 to 2005 % 20 18 15,5 15,9 16 14,8 15 15,1 15,3 14,2 13,6 14 12,9 13 13,4 12,3 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Finland Russia

Source: Ikärakenne ja sukupuoli. Tilastokeskus 2005. Presentages of the 15 •64 years old in population in Finland and Russia, from 2000 to 2005

% 80 69,6 70,3 70,2 70,4 70,7 71,3 70 67 66,9 66,9 66,9 66,8 66,6

10 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Finland Russia

Source: Ikärakenne ja sukupuoli. Tilastokeskus 2006. Amount of deads in research areas from 1995 to 2001

thousands 5 4 3 2 1 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Kandalaksha 1,307 1,151 1,062 0,912 1,089 1,18 1,2 Murmansk 4,7 3,914 3,528 3,475 3,907 4,152 4,341 Inari 0,063 0,051 0,06 0,062 0,053 0,069 0,072 Salla 0,071 0,072 0,066 0,068 0,075 0,067 0,077 Kemijärvi 0,131 0,116 0,112 0,137 0,131 0,127 0,109 Kandalaksha Murmansk Inari Salla Kemijärvi

Source: Syntyneet… 1995 • 2001, kuolleet… 1995 • 2001 Lapinliitto, Tilastokeskus 2006; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ 2005. Amount of newborns in research areas from 1995 to 2001

thousands 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Kandalaksha 0,552 0,591 0,526 0,517 0,49 0,487 0,502 Murmansk 3,021 3,014 2,733 2,814 2,603 2,837 3,006 Inari 0,108 0,096 0,069 0,069 0,083 0,067 0,079 Salla 0,053 0,059 0,051 0,036 0,025 0,028 0,025 Kemijärvi 0,098 0,105 0,104 0,087 0,086 0,085 0,088 Kandalaksha Murmansk Inari Salla Kemijärvi

Source: Syntyneet… 1995 • 2001, kuolleet… 1995 • 2001 Lapinliitto, Tilastokeskus 2006; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ 2005. Proportion of working population in research areas in 1995, and from 1999 to 2005 % 100

0 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Murmansk 65,9 67,7 68,4 68,7 67,9 68,5 Kandalaksha 59 62,6 63,6 64,1 64,5 65,2 Inari 67,4 67,8 68 67,7 67,6 67,9 68,1 67,8 Kemijärvi 65,2 64,7 64,5 63,8 62,9 62,3 62 61,4 Salla 63,9 62,4 62 61,5 61,5 61,1 60,5 60,7 Murmansk Kandalaksha Inari Kemijärvi Salla

Working population in Russia during the mentioned years consists of men 16•59 years old and women 16•54 years old. Source: Population. Labour 2005. In Finland in the working population has been counted persons who were 15•63 years old. In both countries can be working persons who are older than the defined age. Sources: Työikäiset. Tilastokeskus 2006; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. Proportion of the persons older than working population in 1995, and from 1999 to 2005 % 60

0 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Murmansk 13,3 14,8 15 15,5 15,5 15,6 Kandalaksha 18,9 18,5 18,5 19 18,4 18,1 Inari 11,5 13,7 14,1 14,7 15,1 15,4 15,9 16,7 Kemijärvi 16,1 19,1 19,8 21,2 22,3 23,6 24,5 25,8 Salla 19,2 22,4 23,4 24,6 25,4 26,3 27,1 27,6 Murmansk Kandalaksha Inari Kemijärvi Salla

Sources: Työikäiset.. Tilastokeskus 2006; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. Pensioners as presentages of population in research areas from 1995 to 2004 % 50

40 30

20 10

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kandalaksha 25 25,3 25,6 26,4 26,6 26,9 27,2 29,7 30 30,7 Murmansk 23 23,7 24,6 25,4 25,8 26,1 26,6 28,8 29,3 30 Inari 18,2 18,9 19,2 19,8 20,3 20,7 21,5 22,1 22,6 23,3 Salla 28,7 29,1 29,5 30,3 31,4 32,2 33,4 30,8 31,8 32,8 Kemijärvi 24,6 25,2 26 26,8 27,5 28,2 29,7 34,5 35,4 36,4 Kandalaksha Murmansk Inari Salla Kemijärvi

Source: Eläkeläiset... Tilastokeskus 1995 • 2004.; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. Relations on the border

•politically and regionally stable border between Finland and Russia what can effect on that: *Finland a member of EU and northern dimension cross border co•operation *northern parts of Finland may be form Russian perspective development areas, but at the same time a gate for co•operation economically, environmentally, culturally On the left railway at the harbour in Murmansk, right up a passenger train leaving from Kemijärvi, below transportation of timber in Salla. On the following map are main railway lines and roads in northern Finland and Russia the Railway gauge is the same in Finland and Russian sides.

The border between Russia and Finland is 1340 kilometres in length and in 380 kilometres in Lapland. [136] Railway Road Permanent international checkpoint Sources: Pysyvät rajanylityspisteet... 2006; Barents railway... 2005; Infrasturcture… 2004; Suomen rataverkko… 2005 Respondents who answered the questionnaires have two international frontier crossing points nearby. Raja•Jooseppi point was opened in 1967. It become international in 1989. The frontier crossing point in Salla was internationalised in 2002.

During 2006 there were hopes for building a railway line from Russia to Finland through Salla.

When the economy in Kola region was becoming better also the need for transportation seemed to increase. The road net in Kola were begun to restore. [137] The harbours in Murmansk, Luleå and Kemi were planning a common project. [138] The harbour in Murmansk is renewed and enlarged, but the need for transportation has been estimated bigger. Amounts of Finns and Russians who crossed the border in Raja•Jooseppi and Salla

15,865 Raja•J. 1994 38,084

10,983 Raja•J. 2005 32,983

18,313 Salla 1995 1,808

21,185 Salla 2002 8,03

47,984 Salla 2005 17,29 thousands 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Finns Russians

Source: Suopajärvi 2006. There was development on the border during 2006: •frontier zone was broadened from 5 to 15•25 kilometres •the basis was protection against criminality from inside the country when the amount of frontier men was decreased [139]

At the same time the protection of frontier was transformed to FSP. New regulations for protecting the border were published in September 2006.

The regulations are valid all borders in Europe and Asia The access to the frontier zone is now more difficult. e.g. FSB can deny the access of foreigners to the frontier zone without reason. [140] When the amount of military personnel in Alakurtti is decreasing the area can be developed more in non military way.

•co•operation has developed on the border, because Finnish frontier officers have 24 hours interpreting service on the border message services between Finland and Russia is going through it, other services are police, toll, alarm centre, flight rescue aviation and defence force

•also Sweden and Norway are in co•operation [142] Development of welfare in the country

Challenges in Russia in developing social security: * old challenges inherited from Soviet Union •challenges in market society

In the budget of state (in 2006): • share of social costs 4,7 % •share of health costs 3,4 % • funds transfers to regions 33,3 % •general defence 15,6 % •administration (14,5 %) •safety (12,4 %)

Income transfers in Russia from 1994 have been family aid, pension, unemployment aid, local aid, living support and grant [143]

Urponen (2007) considers that the problems of income transfers in transition countries are new concepts and attitudes towards poverty. •difficult to agree politically who is poor * difficult to measure wealth e.g. some products can be available for some groups but not for other groups * it is not clear, how the availability of products is interpreted in incomes of people •definition of incomes is difficult because of strong varying in relative prices •difficult to estimate inflation and its effect on real incomes of people

Some private incomes are not in official statistics * uncertainty grows in transition conditions •people try to cope in not official means like own production and by working also in gray or not official economy

•the delivery of income transfers is difficult because of weak delivering systems •in 1992 and 1995 income transfers were benefiting more older population (55 years old or older) they got about 45 • 60 % of all income transfers * population under 35 –44 years old got 10 % of all income transfers [144] Changes behind the social problems when social changes are taking place

Economy; Spiritual Social Values Moral capital Capital capital

Market Citizens’ Individuals, Public society families sector

Hidden structures; economy and activities

Socially serious health Social Crimes Sicknesses problems problems * Unofficial help is given e.g. by NGOs

The amount of all NGOs has increased from 50 000 (in 1995) to over 300 000 * the amount of NGOs that work for social welfare in Murmansk is 170

They produce social services and promote social rights, moral and values. e.g. lack of legislation, funding and small amount of co• operation with public sector have produce problems for NGOs [145]

United nations had development projects in 30 areas in Russia (in 2005) [146] United Nations’development programmes in Russia 2005

UNDP in Russia

1. Moskova 10. Koryak autonomous region 21. Orenburg region 2. Tver region 11. Komandor islands 22. Tatarstan republic 3. Pskov region 12. Kamchatka region 23. Volgograd region 4. Kaliningrad region 13. Chita region 24. Astrakhan region 5. St. Petersburg 14. Buryatia republic 25. Kalmykia republic 6. Karelia republic 15. Irkutsk region 26. Chechnya republic 7. Murmansk region 16. Krasnoyarsk district 27. Ingushetia republic 8. Komi republic 17. Khakassia republic 28. North•Ossetia republic 9. Taimyr autonomous 18. Altai republic 29. Rostov region region 19. Altaisk district 30. Bryansk region 20. Kemerovo region Source: UNDP Russia 2007 •the development of sustainable development when transferring from planned economy to market economy caused little bit chaos, which was controlled by strong leadership, strong local administration and controlling civil society

•the energy strategy was good for lifting the economy * also the development of oil and gas prices effected

Challenges are still many environmental questions, balance between concentrating power and role of citizens [147] Religion

•traditionally strong meaning in creating identity in state level From left to the right church in Helsinki and church in Moscow. On the left churches in Murmansk, right up Kemijärvi and down Salla. Three biggest religions in the World, Finland, Russia and EU25

Finland Evangelical•Lutheran 85 Orthodox 1,1 Jehova's Witness 0,3 Russia Orthodox 16,3 Muslims 7,6 Protestants 0,9 World Muslims 20,1 Catholic 17,3 Hindus 13,3 EU* Catholic 53,4 Protestants 13,3 Anglicans 5,8 0 20 40 60 80 100 %

Lähde: Uskonnot.. Tilastokeskus 2006. •Islam religion has increased in Russia also in traditional areas of Orthodox religion Udmurtia and West –Siperia

•amount of mosques was 70 in 1991 and in 1999 there were over 7000 *the amount of parishes was 868 (in 1991) and 2907 (in 1999) •the amount of population which has Muslim religion is increasing inside and outside Russia •the fact that Muslims do not want to adapt much from western way of life is experienced as threat in the West

•in Russia have been considered that the Muslims in the state are as resource when building and creating relations with Muslim states • relation with Muslims has been positive from 1990 [149]

* republics that have Muslim majority and became independent from the Soviet Union get economic support from rich Middle East countries •the leading ideological role has the Orthodox church in Russia

•the freedom of religion became official in 1990 •meant no more state level support for scientific world view and no more getting ride of religion •The Orthodox church wanted more a low that favourite traditional religions the law became in 1997 in this law traditional and not traditional religion were defined [150]

•traditional: Orthodoxy, Islam, Buddhism, Jewishness •traditional seems to be part of ethnicity: •Russians would be Orthodox, Burjats would be Buddhist, Tatars Islamist and Jews have their own religion

•traditional religions have better position when it comes to organized themselves and as a juridical actor •traditional is defined by how many years religion has acted officially in Russian Federation, if 15 years then it is traditional •all other religions are not traditional •in addition there are regional laws on religion. [151] When speaking about national identity is often referred to Orthodoxy. [152]

* some symbols of the union between the state and religion: •Nikolai II was canonised during the meeting of Morkov patriarch and Episcopal meeting of whole Russia in 2000. •Alexander III have been listed among the Saints [153] Northern Dimension in EU and collaboration instrument

When Finland became a member in EU by the initiative of Finland were started to discuss about northern dimension * the purpose was to pay attention to development of EU’snorthern neighbouring areas exterior relations and regional co•operation.

Official initiative was made by prime minister Paavo Lipponen in September in 1997 in Rovaniemi * political frames were accepted in 1999

* in addition to the Commission and EU’smember states also Iceland, Norway, Russia have been involved as observers Canada and United States

As co•operative directions have been Northern regional councils (the Baltic See States’Council; Barents Euro Arctic council, Arctic council, Nordic States ministry council) and international funding institutions as well as some EU’s institutions, regional and local actors, entrepreneurs’and scientific representatives and NGOs •first action programme was during 2000 –2003 * it included co•operation for environment, nuclear safety, prevention of organised crime and co•operation concerning Kaliningrad

•second action programme (2004•2006) included co•operation concerning economy, environment, cross border co•operation, human resources and legal and interior matters •the mentioned sectors have focus fields e.g. Arctic regions and Kaliningrad have been separately mentioned fields.

•in the end of year 2006 during the chairmanship of Finland northern dimension changed to be common policy of partners. * action programmes were replaced to be common policy Target areas of partnership were North•West Russia, Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad and Arctic regions [155] northern dimension does not have own organisation or budget:

•projects are funded mainly through EU’scurrent funding instruments and programmes •northern dimension policy exterior EU was planned to realize with the help of Tacis and Interreg programmes •action focused on borders and border areas in EU and its exterior countries •Tacis programme is from the year 1991 when it was directed to support transition * from 2007 Interreg and Tacis were to be united to become European Neighbouring and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) border areas have been considered important: •because they often are neglected in national policy • often these areas are not economically so developed as other areas • borders are seen to break economical, cultural and social connections as well as hindering coherent administration in the areas [156] effects:

* independence of state borders have increased 158]

•co•operation with the EU’sexterior countries and regions has became more concrete • creation of possibilities have dispel the concept of border

• cross border action, which integrates builds up the border locally Example for regions co•operation cross border is EUregio Karelia •founded in 2000 •includes Karelian republic, Östrabotnia, Kainuu and Northern Karelia • juridical international community where are Russian laws in the Republic of Karelia and Finnish laws on the Finnish side (where also EU directives are valid) •aim is to improve people’s living conditions on both sides of the border

Common administrative committee holds meetings about common interests and projects regularly. •Committee includes Karelian republic, regional representatives from Finland •EUregio Karelia fund was founded and some Interreg programmes realized •political level risks (criminality, drugs, prostitution) are pursuit to decrease in order to have a harmless labour force on both sides of the border. [159] •the tendency seems to be a regional policy cross the border •subsidiarity principle means that matters that are known best by local people should be decided by them

• ENPI CBC or European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) and Cross Border Cooperation (CBC) [161] for the years 2007 •2013 gives possibility for a more free co•operation in the Barents region (Lapland, Norbotten, Russia, Norway) [162] •in 1993 agreement: Barents Euroarctic region •Nordic countries, Russia, EU

• Interreg and Tacis programmes (Tacis since 1991) [163] The phase of information society in Russia and Finland

•the cellular phone, computers, using of Internet

•in Finland this was promoted already from the beginning of 1990’s [164]

• in Russia the same time, but it took time that the old structure disintegrated; high inflation, little possibilities to buy [165] [166] Proportion of telephones and mobile phones in EU25, Finland and Russia /100 persons

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 tel Finland tel Russia tel EU25 mob Finland mob Russia mob EU25 1999 55,2 21 50,2 63,4 0,9 35,7 2000 55 21,8 50,4 71 2,2 56,1 2001 54,1 22,7 51,5 80,5 5,4 68,3 2002 52,6 24,2 51,5 86,7 12,1 74,5 2003 49,2 25,3 51 91 24,9 81,4 2004 45,4 27,5 50,8 95,6 51,6 89,9 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Tietoyhteiskunta. Tilastokeskus 2006. •in 2002 administrative decision about suitable frequencies for GSM •foreign firms and technology meet the demand •Russian oligarchy transferred money to information technology and specially cellular phones[167]

•according to Susiluoto (2006, 221) the losses that citizens had experienced during 10 years effected as suspicions towards new technology and the speed of the progression of information technology

•Mobil operators were allowed to fund after 2000 –the costs of phone calls got down

• the problem: sparsely populated areas the serving and infrastructure are more expensive [168] Proportion of the computer owners in the whole Europe, Finland and Russia / 100 persons

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0 Finland Russia whole Europe 1999 36 3,7 15 2000 39,6 4,3 16,3 2001 42,4 5 17,9 2002 44,2 8,9 21,4 2003 46,1 10,5 24,5 2004 48,2 13,2 28,5 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Tietoyhteiskunta. Tilastokeskus 2006. Proportion of Internet users / 1000 persons in EU25, Finland and Russia

1000 1000 900 900 800 800 700 700 600 600 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 Finland Russia EU25 1999 322,7 10,3 154,6 2000 372,3 19,9 219,3 2001 430,8 29,8 268,8 2002 512 41,4 322,2 2003 536,7 68,3 383,5 2004 630 111 442,5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: Tietoyhteiskunta. Tilastokeskus 2006. • in Russia about 5 % of population is using Internet weekly and 10 % once a month [169]

• geographically unbalanced utilization of Internet –the centres are beneficiaries ( like Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk) [170]

•in Finland the majority began to use Internet and other information technology during the years 1996 • 2002

• cellular phone was used by 90 % of households in 2002 [171] •in Finland: about 40 % of households had Internet connections (more advanced have been e.g. other Nordic countries, USA, Canada, South Korea) [172]

•if a family has children they buy more likely computers and communication connections

•the regional differences have narrowed [173]

•there are generations that adapt more generally the use of celluar phone

•men till 45 years old •women till 40 years old •but less among women over 70 years old •the regional differences increase with the same phase as people are getting older [174] •the connection between development of welfare state and speed of development of information society in Finland

* the state supported the transfer towards information society (like welfare society and support during unemployment when the firms were not doing well) •economical growth, which was created by the success of information economy provided basis for funding the welfare society [175]

•information society stabilized in Finland from 2002

* development model has been considered as ethically sustainable •in Russia: wireless connections and Internet like a freer channel in comparison with other mass media

•in Finland: transparency of politics, new way of using media •more discussion of citizens, more critics

•according Olkinuora (2006) Internet is the media equipment that would be given up last (after TV, radio, newspaper)

•its more interactive •there is educational possibilities [177] •mixed use of communication equipments •newspapers and TV in the Internet; news at phone

•information is available without break •a challenge to separate right and relevant information [178] •regional development of information society:

•in Murmansk region: 10 % had a cellular in 2002 and in 2003 30 % • in Moscow: 50 % in 2002 and about 80 % in 2003 [179]

• in Finland: three national cellular nets covered 97 • 99 % in Finland in 2004 [180]

•in Inari and Kemijärvi services were provided for 60 • 70 % and in Salla 40 • 60 %

• in the whole country XDSL was available for 94 % of households 25 % of population who lives outside centres were without connections in 2004 [181] in 2006 there were a possibility for a connection for 96 % of Finns • the prices went more down in 2004 and 2005 about 45 %

•in firms which give employment for at least five persons 96 % uses Internet •in firms with at least 20 workers all have Internet connection [184] Russia, EU and Finland: economy, education, employment and some public services

Economy

•in Finland: welfare state –what global economy and competition mean for taxation, social security and services

* economy has had main power [185]

•social and health policy was effected by Lissabon strategy 2003•2007 in Russia: towards market economy

global prices of oil an gas effect

•possibilities to develop services and social security

•country is giving credits instead of taking

*it was a chairman in G8 group (rich countries club), main theme was energy safety, western countries are dependent on Russian gas [186] • brutto national product per person as a measure of national welfare and success after the second world war [187]

•criticized in 1950’s because share of income, health, nutrition, housing, clothing work, work conditions, education, social security, free time, relaxation and human rights were not shown by it •1980’s the development of welfare indicators went down –new classism considered the market and brutto national product as a good enough measure [188]

• in both countries welfare of citizens and economic growth is important and in both countries people select the administration by voting Growth of cross national product in the world, Finland and Russia from 1990 to 2002 and from 2000 to 2004 % % 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 •1 •1 •2 •2 •3 •3 •4 •4 1990•2002 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Russia •2,7 10 5,1 4,7 7,3 7,2 Finland 2,9 5 1 2,2 2,4 3,6 world 2,7 4,1 1,5 2,1 2,8 world Finland Russia

Source: BKT perustiedot. Tilastokeskus 2006. BKT / person in the world 1999

BKT / person under 1$ per day under 2$ per day 730•5000 5000•10 000 10 000•20 000 20 000+ no information

Source: The UC Atlas of Global Inequality 1999; World Bank, World Development indicators 2001. •indicator of change: changes in public depth

•in 2006 Russia paid to Finland depth from Soviet time Public dept of state economy as presentages of cross national product in Finland, Russia and EU15 (euro region) from 1999 to 2005

102,1 1999 46,7 71,7 63,3 2000 44,3 69 49 2001 43,3 68,2 41,4 2002 42,2 68,1

2003 45 69,4

2004 45 70

2005 41,1 70,9 % 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Russia Finland EU15 euro region

Source: Julkinen sektori. BKT•osuudet Tilastokeskus 2006. • changes in primary production: similar tendency Presentages of primary production of cross national product in EU15, Finland and Russia from 1999 to 2004

% % 8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2

0 0 Finland Russia EU15 1999 3,6 7,7 2,3 2000 3,8 6,7 2,2 2001 3,5 6,8 2,2 2002 3,5 6 2,1 2003 3,4 5,2 2,1 2004 3,1 5 2

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Source: BKT•osuudet. Tilastokeskus 2006. Proportion of services of cross natinal product in EU15, Finland and Russia from 1999 to 2004 % % 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Finland Russia EU15 1999 63,5 54,6 69,9 2000 62,6 55,4 70 2001 64,3 57,6 70,6 2002 65,7 60,2 71,4 2003 66,1 60,7 71,9 2004 66,7 60 71,9

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Trade, accommodation and nutrition activities and traffic which includes transportation, storing and information telecommunications are included in services. Source: BKT• osuudet. Tilastokeskus 2006. The proportion of secondary production has been in Russia bigger than in EU and Finland during the period from 1999 to 2004

Proportion of secondary production of cross national product in Finland, Russia and EU15 from 1999 to 2004 % % 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 Finland Russia EU15 1999 32,9 37,7 27,8 2000 33,8 38 27,7 2001 32,2 35,6 27,2 2002 30,9 33,8 26,5 2003 30,5 34,2 26,1 2004 30,2 35 26,2

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Industry and building are included in secondary production. Source: BKT•osuudet. Tilastokeskus 2006. Education

•in the research this can be one motive to migrate abroad or move inside the country •basic background information and also future prospects of children •countries resources given for education and research •educational distribution *educational prospects in areas

•in Finland the role of state has been important: equal possibilities for citizens •so far no fees at universities •in Russia: for a long time relatively equal possibilities •* lately free competition of universities (during 2007)

•in Europe Bologna process: transparency and unification of qualifications: a common European higher education area by 2010

•moving of students and labour force •possibility to recruit them •possibilities for employment • improvement of European competition ability

• Finland signed Bologna declaration in 1999 [193]

• Russia signed in 2003 • educational expenditure is effected by decreasing population and birth rate

•ageing of population and life long learning as well as migration can increase expenditures in education Expenditure for public education as proportion of cross national production in Finland, Russia and EU15 from 1998 to 2002

3,7 1998 7,1 4,7

1999 6,2 4,8

2,9 2000 6 4,6

3,1 2001 6,2 5

3,8 2002 6,4 5,4

% 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9 9,5 10

Russia Finland EU15 euro region

Source: Koulutus. BKT•osuudet. Tilastokeskus 2006. Expenditures for research and development as proportion of cross domestic product in Finland, Russia and EU from 1998 to 2003

0,9 1998 2,9 1,7 1 1999 3,2 1,8 1,1 2000 3,4 1,8 1,2 2001 3,4 1,8 1,2 2002 3,4 1,9 1,3 2003 3,5 1,9 % 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 Russia Finland EU25

Source: Tutkimus• ja kehittämismenot. Tilastokeskus 2006. Education in Finland from 1998 to 2003

382,746 1998/1999 479,882 262,89

388,063 1999/2000 490,454 270,185

392,15 2000/2001 493,187 279,628

393,267 2001/2002 492,757 283,805

392,741 2002/2003 496,834 291,664

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 thousands 1. level 2. level 3. level

The classification of students is based on the ISCED system made by UNESCO. According it primary level consist of primary schools and equivalent (pupils usually 6/7 years old), secondary or 2nd level schools, high schools, vocational schools etc. (students usually 13•18 years old) and tertiary level like universities, institutions of higher education, colleges etc. Source: Koulutus. Tilastokeskus 2006. Education in Russia from 1998 to 2003

1998/1999 14,5165 6,3224 6,1383 1999/2000 13,857896

5,702348 2000/2001 7,224014 5,554607 2001/2002 14,769021 8,022791 5,416925 2002/2003 14,485685 8,151438

millions 0 5 10 15 1 level 2.level 3. level

amount 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kandalaksha 39 36 35 32 32 31 31 31 30 29 Murmansk 132 112 107 107 101 100 100 100 98 96 Kandalaksha Murmansk

Source: Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. Amount of preschool education institutions in Inari, Salla and Kemijärvi from 2000 to 2004 amount 12

10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 4 4 4 3

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year Inari Salla Kemijärvi

Sources: Esikoululaiset... 2000 • 2004 Riestola, Rissanen, Pekkala 2006. • amount of pupils has decreased: in primary schools in Salla 35,8 %, in Kemijärvi 36,2 % and in Inari 19 % (from study years 1995 • 1996 to 2004 – 2005) [196] from 1995 to 2004: in Kandalaksha 42,3 % and in Murmansk 39,6 % [197] Amount of primary schools in research areas from 1995 to 2004

amount 80

20 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kandalaksha 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 19 18 Murmansk 66 70 70 71 68 68 69 69 68 67 Kemijärvi 17 16 15 14 13 13 12 11 Salla 13 13 13 12 11 9 6 6 Inari 12 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 Kandalaksha Murmansk Kemijärvi Salla Inari

Information concerning years 2000 and 2003 are missing. Sources: Peruskoulujen... 1995 • 2005. Lapin lääninhallituksen sivistysosasto 2006; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. •Finnish system of education: successes in international comparison in 2000 and 2003 •OECD evaluated how primary school pupils (15 years old) succeed in reading, mathematics, scientific reading and in 2003 also problem solving

•during both years: Finnish pupils had first place in reading and in 2003 also in mathematics and scientific reading •in problem solving they were second after Korea

•the reasons for good success were considered the equality of education (equal possibilities were offered despite of living municipality, economical conditions, sex or mother tongue [198] Up from left to right bilingual (Sami, Finnish) primary school in Inari and right secondary school and college in Salla. Changes in the amount of vocational institutions in Kandalaksha, Murmansk and Lapland from 1995 to 2004 amount 30 25

20 15

5 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kandalaksha 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 5 4 Murmansk 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 12 Lapland 25 28 27 26 26 19 20 20 Kandalaksha Murmansk Lapland

In Murmansk has been counted together both institutions providing upper or lower vocational education. In Kandalaksha has been branch departments of vocational institutions in upper middle level during the years •95 (1), •00 (1), •01 (1), •02 (3), •03 (3), •04 (3) To the vocational institutions in Lapland have been counted in vocational high schools from the year. The information of the years 2000 and 2003 were missing in Lapland. Sources: Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005; Tarkiainen 2006, Lapin Läänin hallitus. Total amount of students in vocational institutions in Murmansk, Kandalaksha and Lapland from 1995 to 2004

thousands 20

15 10

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kandalaksha 1,119 1,044 1,016 0,992 0,971 0,932 0,926 1,155 1,181 1,051 Murmansk 8,71 9,182 9,358 10,519 10,831 12,65 13,558 12,718 12,357 11,746 Lapland 12,532 13,99 14,673 15,341 16,436 12,366 12,395 12,533 12,453 12,71 Kandalaksha Murmansk Lapland

The amounts of students in branches and local lower and upper vocational institutions have been counted together. Sources: Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005; Tarkiainen 2006, Lapin Läänin hallitus. • universities in Lapland one •in Kandalaksha one distant branch •in Murmansk two universities and in 2004 amount of distance branches was 11 Amount of students at the universities in Murmansk, Kandalaksha and Lapland from 1995 to 2004

1995 2,099 7,48 1996 2,477 7,828 1997 2,624 8,974 1998 2,815 9,728 1999 3,073 11,013 2000 3,325 12,035 2001 3,418 13,286 2002 3,659 17,808 258 2003 3,85 19,227 202 2004 3,977 19,708 163 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 thousands hundreds Murmansk Kantalahti University of Lapland

In Murmansk were two higher education institutions and branches as follows in year •95 (1), •00 (3), •01 (5), •02 (10), •03 (11), •04 (11). In Kandalaksha was one branch and no local university. There were no own university in Finnish research areas. Sources: Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ… Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005; Eljander 2006. •regional development of students’amounts shows the same tendency as in the state level: the amounts in second and third level are increasing

•citizens can have many professions during life time; change profession, get further education

* in Lapland: a third age university Labour force

• effecting on living conditions •one motivation to migration or moving inside own country Proportion of women in labour force in EU15, Finland and Russia from 2000 to 2005 % % 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Finland Russia EU15 2000 47,5 48,5 43,2 2001 47,5 48,8 43,4 2002 47,8 49,1 43,7 2003 47,7 48,8 43,9 2004 47,7 49,1 44,2 2005 48,4 45,1 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Source: Naisten osuus työllisistä 2000 • 2005. Tilastokeskus 2006. in Finland: flexible working terms from 1990’s (part time, temporary work) in whole EU: growing number of part time workers in 2000 it was 16,2 %, and in 2005 it was 18,1 %. • in Finland: in 2002 it was 11 % [199]

•part time workers are usually women •compared with great Britain, France, Italy with Finland: mothers work more generally in Finland •* usually mothers whose children are over three years old [200]

* in Finland day care is in law, long mother leave, possibility for father leave * proportion of women of part time workers in Finland have been over 60 % Women working in part time job % % 100 100 90 90

79,2

78,8

78,7

78,6 78,6

78,5 80 78,3 80 70 70

64,6

63,8

63,6

63,5 63,5

63,4

63,3 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Finland EU15

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Source: Työlliset 1999 • 2005. Tilastokeskus 2006. • men have as average better salary and they have whole day work • women are in majority of temporary work posts

•temporary work relations increased in all professions from 1990’s, especially typical in public sector, in which women are working [201]

• the whole unemployment rate in Finland and in Russia was 9•8 % from 2000 to 2004 [202] Unemplyment rate of young, 15•24 years old, in EU15, Finland and Russia from 2000 to 2005

% % 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 Finland Russia EU15 2000 21,5 15,4 2001 19,9 27,3 14 2002 20,6 25,9 14,8 2003 21,6 28 15,7 2004 20,8 28,1 15,8 2005 19,9 16,5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Source: Työttömyys 2000 • 2005. Tilastokeskus 2006 Proportion of long•term unemployed in EU15 and Finland from 2000 to 2005 % % 50 50 45 45 40 40 35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 Finland EU15 2000 29 46,9 2001 26,2 45,3 2002 24,4 41,5 2003 24,7 43,4 2004 23,4 42,4 2005 24,9 44,3

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Source: Työttömyys 2000 • 2005. Tilastokeskus 2006. •in Finland some politics talked about lack of workers: •* as solutions migrants, prolonging pension age •* at the same time: many tasks disappear because of technical development, and no workers are recruited when a person retires from a post and many savings are taken from labour force to keep profits up

•How did migrants got work in Finland: •in 2002 there were 20 % more unemployed of migrants than of the whole population •stabile work relations seem to increase after staying time in the country is longer •qualifications and knowledge of languages are important [203]

* not a full employment in Finland, more part time and temporary work –is this for labour market needs Unemplyment rate in Lapland, Murmansk (region), Finland, Russia and EU15 in 2005

% 20 18 16,7 16 14 12 10 9 8,4 7,6 7,9 8 6 4 2 0 Lapland Murmansk Finland Russia EU15

Source: Työttömyys 2005. Tilastokeskus 2006.; Lapin työllisyys… 2005. Lapin TE•keskus 2006; Murmanskin työttömyysaste 2005... Tilastokeskus 2006. Unemplyment prosentages in research areas from 1995 to 2004

% 50

30 20

10 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kandalaksha 5,6 6,8 7 6,8 4,9 5,6 7,4 6,7 6,7 6,4 Murmansk 3,9 3 2 3 1,4 1,5 1,8 2,1 1,7 1,8 Inari 29,4 30,4 26,9 25,6 23,4 23,2 22,3 19,6 19 16,8 Salla 36 39,8 34,4 33,4 32 31,6 32 33 30,3 28,6 Kemijärvi 27,4 25,7 22,7 24,6 20,8 20,6 24 22,4 21,6 22,7 Kandalaksha Murmansk Inari Salla Kemijärvi Information on Finland has been counted as a proportions of unemployed in labour force. Source: Työttömyysprosentit Tilastokeskus 2006. Information on Russia has been counted as the proportions of the amount registered as unemployed and defined as unemployed, among people in working age and able to work. Source: Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005 •labour market in Russia: •many jobs •can be unofficial work or official [204]

* pensioners can work * not in the work that is equal with educational background (better salary e•g• in non academical work) Dimensions of hidden work according Urponen (2007)

Hidden work

Work done secretly Unrecognized work

Abnormal work Grey work Voluntary work

Home work Marking Illegal work Sex work •in Russia: * state as employer from 1992 to 2004 almost 50 % decreasement

* posts in private sector have almost tripled Work places by employers in Russia from 1992 to 2004

1992

0,8 0,3

68,9 19,5 10,5

1995

0,7 0,6

42,1 34,4 22,2

2000

0,8 2,7

37,9 46,1 12,5

2001

0,8 2,6

37,4 47,6 11,6

2002 37

0,8 9,4 3,1

49,7

2003

0,7 9,2 3,5

36,4 50,2

2004 36

0,7 8,9 3,7

50,7 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

state private public and religious organisations Russian co•companies foreign and Russian•foreign companies

Source: Average annual… Federal State Statistics Service 2006. •in Finland private sector employed over 50 % from 1994

* in capital over 60 % in 1994 and in 2003 almost 70 %

•regional location is meaningful in employers sector in Finland:

•in Lapland the state and municipalities have been biggest employers • any way also the amount of entrepreneurs among all workers in Lapland is bigger than in the whole country and province of Uusimaa (where the capital is) Work places by region and employer in 1994 and in 2003 in Finland and research regions

15,2

Finland 1994 7,6

26,2 0,14 55,6 10,5 15,2

Finland 2003 3,8 10,6

24,6 0,02 7,35 10,6 7,4 Uusimaa 1994 0,1 8,1 7,4

19,4 60,3 12,1

9 6,3 Uusimaa 2003 5,1 6,3

18,3 0,02 67,5

Lapland 1994 0,2 17,1

33,7 36,4 12,8 16,8 17,1

Lapland 2003 6,6 12,3

31,7 0,05 50,6 12,3

Salla 1994 0,2 2,9 27,5

43,4 29,4 24,1 27,5

Salla 2003 0,1 1,4 20,2

43,4 34,6 20,5 20,2

Inari 1994 0,1 6,8 21,6

27,5 36,2 29,2 21,6

Inari 2003 0,1 4,1 15,9

25,2 47,3 23,2 15,9

Kemijärvi 1994 0,8 14,3

30,3 45,4 11,5 11,8 14,3

Kemijärvi 2003 2,2 5,8

34,3 0,07 57,6 12,1 100 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100 % salary earner % workers at the area state entrepreneur state majority PLC private sector unknown kunta PLC Public Limited Company

Source: Työpaikat... Tilastokeskus 2005. Regional characteristics in sources of income

•Murmansk and Lapland: * peripheral characteristics like long distance (to the capitals, decreasing population) •market economy powerful in decision making •historically: mass production started from 1950’s in Soviet time; in Finland moving from countryside to towns in 19960’s•80’s as it biggest in 1966•72 when agriculture decreased rapidly with the help of the state in Finland [205] •in Finland depths of municipalities because of new duties from the state and at the same time ageing of population and less tax payers

•in Russia renovation of taxation transferred incomes to the state from the regions

•peripheral location causes costs

•globalisation with market economy •in Finland in some cases production has been transferred to the countries where production costs are lower •no more beneficiaries that previously motivated staying in peripheral areas like bigger salaries in Russia and Finland

• keeping a night train connections was an issue in Kemijärvi in 2006 [206] •China phenomenon (factory production) [207] •India phenomenon (office work, planning, programming) [209] •co•operation of municipalities: East Lapland union of municipalities (Kemijärvi, Salla, Savukoski and Pelkosenniemi) has been working for 12 years

•producing services, co•ordinating lobbing regionally and development work in province, national and neighbouring areas [211]

•North Lapland union of municipalities (Inari, Sodankylä, Utsjoki) [212] * majority of Sami population lives there (3/4) •when Finland became part of EU: •Lapland had characteristics like under 8 persons / km², cold weather and long distances, so it has received most support • these characteristics are still valid [213]

•before EU enlarged Lapland was according economical criteria one of the poorest areas in EU * in 2006 relative income is over the poverty limit of EU

•in practice meant development projects, in which have been about 60 % EU money •main part of the support to municipalities is any way coming from different routes •* altogether about 20 % of expenditures of whole state were transfers to municipalities in 2004 (share of Lapland was about 5 %) [214]

•policy has been to promote the development of regional development centres after 1990’s

* other areas have been target of utilization of information technology to prevent marginalization and to narrow distances [216] •northern dimension policy in EU for developing Nordic areas and neighbouring collaboration •* especially among Sámi population [217]

•utilizing natural resources, tourism [218] [219].

•from 2006 EU support will be more for sources of livelihoods (entrepreneurship (travelling, agriculture, forestry) not for infrastructure any more (it will get worse if municipalities and the state won ’t maintain it) [220] [221] •long distance work, location firms in peripheral areas ? + * according research long distance work is information work which is concentrated in Oulu, Tampere and Helsinki [222].

•long distance work was occasional and part time [223]

•it was carried out by well educated people in cities, whose distance to work place was not long * so the meaning of time and place in working haven’t much disappeared [224] • according Lemmetty and Kahil (2002) only 17,2 % (62/352) of firms wanted to locate their activities in long distance, even if it would be technically possible •of individual workers 72 % were willing to work in long distance [225] •in north•west Russia (here Murmansk Archankelsk, Nenenets, Karelia regions) four important characteristics that effect on power relation between centre and region according Honneland and Blakkisrud (2001):

•regions have peripheral characteristics

• dependence in natural resources

•powerful presence of military force (Murmansk northern fleet, over half of submarines, administration in capital because of these)

• region is gate to other countries [226]

Neljänneksi alue on ns. porttialue muihin valtioihin. • decisions about natural resources in capital not in local region

•military sector causes economical, social and environmental burden to the region (decision not local)

•lately economical growth : 30 % of federal budget income is distributed to regions

• stabilizing fund for infrastructure

• lately military force more to east (China –Russia border) •global market effects on prices of special industrial products –Murmansk has that kind of products like metal, forestry products

•optimism came from big gas and oil findings in 2006

•big structural change in especially in the 1995

[227] [228] • in 2005 population decreasing, less income [229]

• less public labour programmes, smaller production [230]

But in 2006 the income increased by 10 % and unemployment rate in the region was 3, 5 % [231]

•the railway line is important for oil export through Murmansk harbour to USA and Europe [232] •in 2006 the value of export increased by 56,4 % in Murmansk [233]. •foreign investments have been mostly loans (about 85 % of them) •trade is the biggest receiver of loans (over 50 %)

• in 2005 the investments came from Belize (41,2 %), Virgin Islands (29.4 %) and Cyprus (14 %), the rest from USA, Norway and Germany [234]

•in 2006 Finland (4•5 %) was sixth in importance of export after countries like Neiderland, China, Norway

•Finland’s proportion of import was 13,3 % Sources of livelihood in areas

•basis of welfare •effect on migration Sturcture of livelihood in research areas Finland (1992) and Russia (1994 and 1993)

% 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Kemijärvi Kuhmo Salla Kantalahti Kostamus agriculture 6 19 18 4 industry 24 14 9 20 58 building 4 5 7 6 9 traffic 9 6 7 28 5 teaching and health services 21 21 19 18 11 other services / other 36 35 40 24 16

agriculture industry building traffic teaching and health services other services / other

The information on sources of livelihood in Finland are pursuited to classify so that they would be comparable with the Russian information. Because of this forestry is classified into field industry and unknown into field other services/others. Sources: Aluetietokanta 1995; Murmanskin alueen työkomitea 1994; Karjalan tasavallan kaupunkien ja piirien taloudellinen ja sosiaalinen kehitys vuoteen 1992 asti; Karjalan tasavallan tilastokirja 1993. Structure of livelihood in research areas in Russia (2004) and Finland (2003) % 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Kemijärvi Inari Salla Kantalahti Murmansk agriculture 4,3 6 9,7 0,5 0,6 industry 27,8 8 9,6 18,6 18,2 building 3 3 2,3 3,3 3,7 traffic 6,3 8 5,8 24,6 19,6 teaching 7,9 9 5,9 17,3 14,4 health and social care 15,4 11 17,4 11,5 10,5 other services / other 35,3 55 49,3 24,2 33 agriculture industry building traffic teaching health and social care other services / other

Information about Murmansk and Kandalaksha from year 2004. Information about Salla, Inari and Kemijärvi from year 2003. Source: Työpaikkojen toimiala 2003. Tilastokeskus 2005; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. Left timber in Kemijärvi and right a mine in Kirovsk.

Left industry in Finland in Kemijärvi and right in Russia in Murmansk. Reindeer herding is important source of livelihood in Lapland for Sami people but also for others. In Murmansk region there is reindeer herding mainly in Lovozero. Photos from Lapland, where sometimes a reindeer is very likely the first oncoming on the road. The amount of reindeers has been little bit bigger that the amount of permanent population. Firms in the research areas in Finland and small firms in research areas in Russia from 1995 to 2005

1995 4,41 1,96 3,67 1996 4,54 2,04 3,85 1997 4,52 2,01 3,94 2,852 1998 4,47 2,03 4,17 2,256 1999 4,24 1,93 3,9 1,75 2000 4,15 1,95 4,02 1,296 2001 0,62 4,2 1,97 4,02 1,402 2002 0,62 4,12 1,96 3,98 1,534 2003 0,51 3,96 1,99 4,06 1,133 2004 0,42 4,02 2 4,19 1,08 2005 0,41 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 hundreds thousands Inari Murmansk Salla Kemijärvi Kantalahti

Sources: Yrityskanta.. Lapin liitto.Tilastokeskus 2005; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005 Tourism: a source of livelihood and a way to cross the border history:

* from 1950 to 1980 travelling between Finland and Soviet Union was lively * organisers: at first Finland•Soviet Union association, Sputnik, Inturist from 1990’s other firms •in 1991 the amount of travellers decreased from 300 000 to 100 000 [236]

•many travellers had ideological motives [237] [238] * used to be so called social tourism too for pensioners and disabled [239] •after 1995 salaries lower, less free time, about 80 % of population didn’t use travel agencies because there were expensive and commercial [240] •in 2004 of those tourists who travelled elsewhere than CIS countries 6,5 % travelled to Finland (377 000 / 5 791 000). •Finland was fourth popular destination of tourism after Turkey (25 %), China (16 %) and Egypt (10 %)

•because of business matters travelled of them who travelled outside CIS countries travelled to Finland 36.7 % and because of profession connected with transporting 16,7%

•China was second (business 11 %) transportation 12 %). [241]

• in 2003 the most popular travelling destination for Finns was Estonia, then next was Spain, Sweden and forth Russia before Greece and Italy [242] • tourism: more jobs (direct and services and constructing), some seasonal jobs

•in 2002 Lapland got 156 million euros of tourism •it is 6,6 % of total consumption of tourists in Finland [243] •domestic tourists brought 176 million euros to Lapland, it is 5,3 % of whole country’s proportion [244]

•winter months is the season of Russian tourists in Finland, the proportion is bigger than during other seasons

*of the countries where tourists arrive to Finland Russia is third (11 % in 2005) •the proportion of Finns is 74 % [245] Russian travellers’ presentages of all travellers who had accommodation in Lapland from 2001 to 2006 % 12 10,5 10,1

9 8,3 7,7 7,5 6 6,1 6 5,1 4,5 3 1,5 0 year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (4 months) (n=566107) (n=651386) (n=726827) (n=737740) (n=791088) (n=335130)

Lapland

From the year 2006 has been taken deliberately a 4 months period, so that the lively winter travelling of Russian travellers can be noticed. After some other months are counted in to the year 2006 e.g. during 9 months the relative proportion of Russian travellers decreases like n=575532, of which the amount of Russian travellers is 41963 or 7,3 %. Sources: Yöpymiset.. 2001 • 2006 Lapin liitto. Tilastokeskus 2006. * speciality in 2000 century has been Russian family trips cross the border during Christmas and New year to the fjelds in North Lapland[246] Overnighting of Russian tourists in Saariselkä (Inari), Salla and Pyhä•Luosto, as percentages of all foreigners’overnightings from 2001 to 2006 % 27 25,7 25,5 24 22,5 21 19,5 18 16,5 15 13,5 12 10,6 9,4 10,5 8,3 9 7,1 7,5 5,9 6,5 6 4,9 5,3 4,1 3,84,33,4 3,8 4,2 4,5 2,45 3 1,7 2,12 1,5 0 vuosi 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (4 kk) Saariselkä Salla Pyhä•Luosto From the year 2006 has been taken deliberately a 4 months period, so that the lively winter travelling of Russian travellers can be noticed. After some other months are counted in to the year 2006 e.g. during 9 months the relative proportion of Russian travellers decreases like Saariselkä 1,9 %, Salla 14,8 % ja Pyhä•Luosto 7,8 %. Sources: Yöpymiset... Lapin liitto. Tilastokeskus 2006 . Up Hotel Kultahippu and its multilingual sign in Ivalo. Down hotel Belomorje in Kandalaksha. Up from right to left fjeld in Saariselkä Kaunispää and Kemijärvi Pyhätunturi. Down sights in Murmansk. Income level of citizens

•poverty / small income of Russians and Finns is defined in different way *similar is the poverty /small income of unemployed and pensioners

•change in Russia in 2004: benefits that were connected with profession and received in addition of salary (housing, electricity of the house, water, phone, travelling local and public transport) were changed into money •* social policy changed [248]

•there were dissatisfaction because inflation risk was not taken in the consideration in change and work division was made in central and regional administration •the aim was to target social policy more better but it didn't happen so [249] •world bank: poverty limits •in 2000 for developing countries poor if income 1 dollar per day •Eastern Europe 4 dollars per day •industrial countries 14,40 dollars per day [250]

•according eastern European poverty limit were one third of whole population poor in Russia in 1994

•in 2003 there were 20 % most of the poor were unemployed, women, over 64 years old

•from 1992 and 1995 the risks to become poor of these groups decreased [251]

•income of the poor was 7,8 % of all income in the country in 1970, •from 1980s to the beginning of 1990s income was10 %, •from 1995 to 2003 under 6 %. [252] •in Finland: poverty is connected with income differences and relative than lack of matters necessary for living * small income have people compared with average income of population

•according Eurostatt_ small income have people whose income are under 60 % of median income of households

•there were 7 • 11 % persons with small income in 1990s and in the beginning of 2000 century.

•there was depth in Finland in 1990s, at its worst 1994

•after 1994 the incomes of households begin to increase •4 % with people who had big income and one present with people who had low income

•from 2001 to 2003 income differences were not increasing so much also people with low income had 2 % increasing in their incomes [254] •in Finland: pensioners, unemployed, students had the smallest income in 1995

•in 2003 pensioners, unemployed, students •from the end of 1980s the proportion of pensioners decreased when there were less of those, who got only national pension [255]

• of working population single parents had smallest income their proportion was 15 % in 1993 and 20 % in 2000 [256] Income differences regionally

•in Russia: Moscow has 30 % of economical resources • Yaroslav, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Chernogolov and Tver had altogether 56,4 %. –others like Murmansk had 15,25 %. [257]

• when measured by human development index Murmansk region was among ten best in Russia in 1989 but not any more in 1994. [258]

• according social map of Russia 20•30 % of population in Murmansk region lived under minimum income [259] •regional risk to become poor is low in Murmansk region because of industrial resources and big export of products •also low for families with children and pensioners but high risk for single parents family with children •the more children to more risk

•in 2006 income per month in Murmansk was 15 000 rubles

•in Russia 8550 rubles per month [260] [261] Average income (ruble/month) in Kandalaksha and Murmansk from 1995 to 2004 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 thousands rubles/month 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kandalaksha 0,8968 1,3451 1,6428 1,84 2,8522 4,1962 5,596 7,2783 9,0911 10,8899 Murmansk 0,9105 1,3742 1,7649 1,7854 3,1223 4,4645 5,8031 7,6374 9,1642 10,8953 Kandalaksha Murmansk

In year 1998 changed the value of money. Lähde: Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005 •average income in Lapland were 1458 €/ month and in the whole country 1676 €/ month •262] Average income (€/month) in Inari, Kemijärvi and Salla from 1998 to 2004 €/month 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Inari 1125,8 1165,9 1199,6 1246,1 1293,3 1353,9 1401 Kemijärvi 1149,8 1272,6 1238,2 1284,4 1314,8 1346,1 1380,6 Salla 941,1 979,3 1010,3 1046,9 1098,7 1139,3 1170,7 Inari Kemijärvi Salla

Source: Tulot ja varallisuus. Tilastokeskus 2006 ja 2007. • from 1991 pensions in Finland included possible accident insurance, traffic insurance military accident insurance and insurance received according military injury [263]

* in the whole country pension that is based on career was 1035 euros / month in 2004 [264] Average amount of pension (€/month) in Lapland and research areas from 1995 to 2004 €/kk 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kemijärvi 782 806 815 830 845 862 910 948 976 1002 Inari 837 859 870 887 907 927 974 1009 1041 1074 Salla 709 747 761 782 804 826 867 905 928 946 Lapland 802 830 843 860 878 895 943 978 1006 1028 Kemijärvi Inari Salla Lapland

Source: Lampi, Eläketurvakeskus 2005 •during inflation the pensions that were saved lost their value and there became different pension system •most of the pensioners live with their relatives •there are less poor old men than women because of living expectancy [265] Average pension (rubles / month) in Kandalaksha and Murmansk from 1995 to 2004

ruplaa/kk 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Kandalaksha 319,3 423,1 486,3 490,2 627 1025,8 1357,1 1794,4 2150,2 2778,9 Murmansk 334,9 437,2 504,2 507,1 640,7 1009 1333,2 1805,9 2153,5 2758,5 Kandalaksha Murmansk

*From the year 1998 as thousands rubles

Source: Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. Some threats

Condition of environment

Opinions of citizens were asked about the world, own country and their living area in the inquiry in 2006. The state of environment can be connected with the issue of how safe a person experiences his / her life situation.

The ground, water system and atmosphere as well as the state of ecosystem connected with all mentioned are all matters, which are under the influence of human being’s actions.

In these matters national and regional levels are significant when it comes to transportation of waste, cleaning contaminated water and ground as well as storing of very slowly decomposing waste. * connection to the global warming * during the history of the globe the climate has changed very much, but the frequency of changes has not been quick Now because of actions of human beings the atmosphere seems to warm up very quickly 1 • 5 Celsius degrees Especially carbon oxide emissions have accelerated the warming of atmosphere •this in turn speeds up the smelting of glaciers and Alps * this in turn decreases the amount of white snow, which mirrors radiation back to atmosphere if the glaziers and Alps smelt totally the sea level will rise 70 metres •from the smelting ice will be released methane, that is 20 times stronger than green house gas than carbon dioxide •the direction of golf stream can change

In the research has been observed that so called El•Niño or phenomenon that changes weather conditions reversed every fourth year can happen more often and even become permanent * if permanent: there won’t rain any more in Amazon: rain forests dies in 50 years: after that the 20 % of the carbon dioxide at the moment used by the rain forests would stay in the atmosphere * at first the northern regions would benefit from the warming: longer period for crops and less warming up costs * BUT in the poorer areas lack of water and lack of nutrition because of weak crops [266] * global climate changes are already known, but the predictability is difficult * about the movements of lithosphere is some pre information, these cause tsunamis •the environmental changes of the earth causes risks, the estimations of how the risks will realize is complicated •when it comes to environmental issues the signals are still rather weak compared with the problems, but the majority can also start to look after environment [267]

* in Finland and in EU Lissabon strategy the environmental issues are not yet connected very tightly with social strategy. There are more emphasis on productivity targets. [268]

•in EU there has been a strategy to decrease emissions •from the year 2005 began emission trade between countries •the agreement of Kioto signed by EU and Russia began in 2005 on the top of the statistics are the USA, which has not signed Kioto agreement. If it would it would decrease its emissions 7 % [269] •in the USA there are several cities that have begun to decrease emissions after the year 2000

EU15 countries have to decrease emissions altogether 8 % to reach the level of 1990 by the year 2012 •in EU some countries have been planned to tighten up the emission constraints unilaterally in the future e.g. Great Britannia •also Norway outside EU has decided upon more tighten up targets •Russia do not have to decrease the emissions because her emissions have been under the level of 1990 [270]

•this is because the loading of environment decreased in 1990 since many industrial production which was on going during the planned economy finished because they were not profitable •e.g. sulphur emissions decreased 51 % from the year 1980 to the year 1997. •simultaneously with the growing economy especially the air pollution emissions have increased e.g. air pollution emissions were decreasing from 1992 to 2004 about 27 % but from 2000 to 2004 they were increasing 8 % [271] In the following slide we have rather big amount for Finland

•there are many months for heating (without heating living is impossible) •the amount of population is relatively small in Finland

During the years 1990 • 2003 the emissions in Finland came mainly from sources (55,2%) like energy production 32,2 % and industry 16,6 %. From traffic came 15 % [272] Carbon dioxide emissions in (tons / person in a year ) in Russia, USA, in EU15 (euro•alue), in Finland and in China from 1998 to 2002

Russia 1998 9,5 1999 9,7 2000 9,9 2001 9,9 2002 9,8 USA 1998 20,1 1999 20,2 2000 20,7 2001 20,3 2002 20,2 EU 15 1998 8,2 1999 8,1 2000 8,1 2001 8,2 2002 8,3 Finland 1998 11,1 1999 11 2000 10,3 2001 11,1 2002 12 China 1998 2,5 1999 2,2 2000 2,2 2001 2,4 2002 2,7 Tons / person 0 5 10 15 20 25 carbon dioxcide emissions

Source: Hiilidioksidipäästöt 1998 • 2002. Tilastokeskus 2006 During the years 1990 • 2004 in the whole EU the emissions which cause green house effect were decreasing 0,6 %, In Russia 32 % and in Finland they increased 14,5 %, when there were not included the effect of ground use and forest. [273]

The products that weaken Ozonosphere like CFC (chlorofluorocarbon), halon, carbon tetra chloride etc. are not imported to Finland since 2003 [274]

Emissions have been started to reduce also among households. e.g. in Finland has been started to admit 15 % subvention for renewing the heating system of one family houses so that they would produce less carbon dioxide or totally clean. [275] [276]

Nowadays the warmth energy from sun and earth can be gathered with the help of devices. Present devices have that kind of power that the collected energy benefits in heating of water and the energy of summer cottages mostly during summer months. •during winter other energy source are needed •whole energy production and storing would be possible but it is still expensive

In Lapland the possibilities to use wind power have been examined in fjelds and hills [277] •local co•operation has been developed e.g. a nuclear waste handling plant has been built partly with Tacis money •the nuclear power plant in Kola will be renewed by 2011 [278] * need for energy has increased because of favourable economic development

•the first protection net area was founded during Sovjet Union in 1929 it was (40 000 km²) [279]

•according Karjalainen (2006, 344) Russian citizens were worried about the state of living environment, the effect of wastes on health already during perestoika •these interviewees in Komi and Jarsolav were experiencing environmental problems as part of social instability

•in political contexts there is the same phenomena than in EU economy and its growth are emphasised more than environmental issues •also the fact that e.g. in one city / town economy is dependent on few raw materials or factories (employment) is influencing on public discussion and its focus •Karjalainen sees possibilities in local and regional influencing [280] • in the beginning of 1990’s there were made laws on environmental laws. Anyway the general state of environment is considered to be bad. The reasons may be weak economical situation and the fact that the political focus was elsewhere. In addition the worst problems have developed during a long period. [281]

• the expenses used for environmental protection (air, water, soil) have increased 84 % from 1995 to 2004 [282] • according statistics from 1992, 1995 and 2000 • 2004 the amount of waste to the water has decreased 31,7 % from 1992 to 2004 in Russia

• from 2000 to 2004 the reduction has been 8,9 %. The deterioration of soil has increased 2,4 % from 1992 to 2004. [283]

• according Karjalainen (2006) the main reasons have been decreasing of production and investments in environment Declining of environment caused by emissions in Montegorsk, Murmansk region. •in Finland: sulphur emissions decreased triple from 1990 to 2002 • 5,8 % of all waste were delivered to the dumping place in 2003 (total amount 119 296 000 ton). Other proportion was utilized or processed in other ways. The proportion of problem waste was 10,9 % in dumping place. [284] waste is crossing borders: •scrap metal was brought to Finland altogether 968 000 ton of which 46 % from Russia •from Finland was exported waste 817 000 ton, most of which to EU countries [285]

•in Finland one problem was the quality of water in 33 % of rivers in 2003

•the quality of water in lakes were in 80 % good or excellent [286] •Lapland has been for a long time target of nature protection [287]

•the tendency has been to save at first areas of natural beauty, then more and more rare plants, animals and diversity of the nature [288]

•the first nature protection law was made in Finland in 1923

• the oldest nature parks (Pallas•Ounastunturi and Pyhätunturi) and (Pisavaara ja Malla) were founded in Lapland in 1938 •so called Natura net has been made since 1998

• the largest protection areas are situated in the three northest municipality one of which is Inari [290]

•In Lapland the nature areas cover 32 % of the whole area •special: reindeer herding is allowed everywhere despite Malla’snatural park •hunting and fishing are allowed for local people [291] Forests, national parks and protected natural resources in Lapland and Murmansk in 2003

Thousands km2 52,53 49,72 50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20 13,3 10 10 6,17 5,06 0,63 0 0 Lapland Murmansk (98987 km2) (144900 km2)

Forests National parks Protected natural resources

Sources: Protected areas..Barentsinfo 2003; Kuntaliitto 2006; Economic Monitoring 2005 •nuclear submarines used by Nordic fleet are near the border in Murmansk * there are also nuclear power plants in both countries •the radiation amounts are checked constantly: •in Murmansk there is a centre which has daily information •in Finland there is a radiation safety centre which has different points in different sides of the country [292] •according the reports there were not dangerous radiation in Russia or Finland in 2006 [293] •Russia has a environmental programme to restrict nuclear weapons •the programmes inside the country are funded by the Ministry of economical •development and trade [294]

Finns and Russians have explored in 1993•1996 radioactivity levels together. At that time the levels were low. Most of the radiation was from 50•40 years ago, when there were made nuclear weapon experiments. Fresh radiation was observed from Gulf of Kola and the White sea [295]

* research on radiation are considered important because in Lapland even small radiations go through food chain quickly to human beings [296] Environmental organisations have effected on nature protection policy in both countries. There are about 70 organisations, which are founded for environment and human rights in Murmansk [297]

•in Lapland active there were some active domestic nature protection organisations and also Greenpeace in 2006

Official protection of nature is broad in Finland compared in the level of Europe •but organisations have demanded more protection •at the same time the wood processing industry is using and needs wood

•contradictions of interests have caused serious discussion and confrontations in Lapland * forest utilization, reindeer herding and nature protection as well as tourism have had different sometimes same opinions on using nature resources Nature is a source of recreation in Murmank region, too. From left to right forest in autumn, Kola fjord and down left mountain Hiipinä and right lichen in the forest. Northern nature is important for the inhabitants and tourists in Lapland. Up from left to right forest in Salla and a view from Saariselkä (Inari municipality) down left a view in Kemijärvi municipality and on the right in Inari. Mining companies have been searching for gold and uranium lately. Uranium has been sought also near nature park in Salla. [298] The search for uranium is connected with increased building of nuclear power plants in the world.

In many countries have been decided to increase nuclear power to produce energy. This is one threat it the form of radioactive contamination and emission. In 2005 there were functioning 435 nuclear power plants. There are being built 30 new nuclear power plants. [299] In addition the development of nuclear weapons is closely connected with nuclear power plants.

The connection between changing climate conditions and use of nuclear power plants is the location of these power plants. When sea level is rising and hurricanes getting stronger many nuclear power plants on the coast are the first to be in danger. Remarks:

•productivity and effectiveness in short period have been the factors to determine energy sources previously * already there are innovations and means for cleaner sources

•institutional changes are usually slow in energy production, too because certain regions, states etc. are depended upon using certain energy form because of their economy or infrastructure or cars Public culture and transportation services

The availability of transportation and cultural services is also important.

The change that certain services that had been free of charge changed into payable services effected also on commute by public transportation in Russia in 2004.

In the following slide are amount of passengers in public transportation in whole Russia.

According Eurostat Finns are paying of their services high prices being fifth expensive in EU (after 2007 Romania and Bulgaria are included in EU).

The services include energy, transportation, communication, restaurants, hotels, refreshing and culture. Transportation services (road, air, sea road) were especially expensive and communication (phone calls, Internet, post services) relatively inexpensive. In the branches were there were lot of labour the prices varied according labour costs. [300] Division of passangers in public transportation in Russia, in 1992, 1995, from 2000 to 2004 thousandsThousands 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1992 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 railway 2,372 1,833 1,419 1,306 1,271 1,304 1,335 bus 24,874 22,817 22,033 20,883 19,62 17,898 16,531 taxi 0,266 0,066 0,016 0,013 0,012 0,01 0,011 cable car 8,071 7,54 7,421 7,354 6,982 6,321 5,804 trolley bus 8,619 8,475 8,759 8,604 8,181 7,291 6,68 metro 3,567 4,15 4,186 4,205 4,2 4,205 4,211 sea route 0,009 0,003 0,001 0,0007 0,0006 0,0006 0,0006 innerland water routes 0,044 0,025 0,026 0,027 0,027 0,022 0,021 aeroplane 0,063 0,032 0,023 0,026 0,028 0,031 0,035 railway bus taxi cable car trolley bus metro sea routeinnerland water routes aeroplane

Source: Passenger...1992 • 2004. Russia in figures 2005. On the left a bus station in Salla and right a view from Murmansk harbour. The costs of buss transportation increased 4,5 % in Finland from 2005 to 2006. The biggest reason for the increase was considered the price increase of fuel oil and lubricants. That was 6,5 %. Also wages and indirect wages increased 4 %. [301]

In the next slide the using of transport has been counted so that for the each weekday seems to become two commutes (travels to and from work). There is a town card in Kemijärvi. Its monthly payment is 37 € concerning adults in local traffic area. Outside the local area the monthly price is 50,50 €.

In Inari and Salla there are no town tickets but a year ticket, with which one can travel 44 trips. Its price is defined according the kilometres. For calculation has been used 20 kilometres travel. Normally the price is varying, because the price increases when kilometres increase [302] Costs of using public trasportation during a year in Kemijärvi, Salla and Inari

Local traffic area 444€

Regular service 1339,8 €

Outside local traffic 606 € area

Express coach 2319,9 €

€ / year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Kemijärvi Salla Inari

Souces: Julkisen liikenteen lippuhintoja Sallassa, Kemijärvellä ja Inarissa. Kemijärvi 2006; Matkahuolto 2006 About the cultural services give some information the amount of visitors:

* libraries are connected with education, e.g. in Finland the 15 years old pupils 44 % borrowed less than a book / month and in Russia suchlike share was 41 %. [303] Libraries in Kemijärvi, Inari, Salla, Kandalaksha and Murmansk from 1995 to 2004

1995 22 4 2 1 54 54 1996 22 4 2 1 55 55 1997 22 4 2 1 52 52 1998 21 4 2 1 49 49 1999 21 4 2 1 46 46 2000 21 4 2 1 45 45 2001 21 4 2 1 43 43 2002 20 4 2 1 43 43 2003 20 3 2 1 42 42 2004 20 1 2 1 43 43 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 amount Salla Murmansk Inari Kemijärvi Kandalaksha

There were in Kemijärvi in year 2004 main library and library bus. In Salla there were main library and library bus. There were two main libraries in Inari and Ivalo and a library bus. Sources: Kirjastojen...1995 • 2004. Juntura, Buska, Huhtala 2006; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ… Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005. the amount of visitors in museums tell about cultural interests of travellers and local inhabitants

There are three museums in Murmansk •In Inari and Kandalaksha one in each •district museum in Salla had 300 • 500 visitors annually

•there is no theatre on the Finnish side research areas but a district main theatre is situated in Rovaniemi •Cinemas are in all research areas * in Murmansk have been three theatres from 1995 to 2004 * in 1995 there were over 181 400 visitors, but in 2004 there were only 111 000 visitors (the reduction was 61 %) Visitors in museums in Kandalaksha, Murmansk and Inari

thousands 140 127 200 120

100

60 53 282 40

20 8 100 0 Murmansk Kandalaksha Inari visitors

Information on Murmansk and Kandalaksha from the year 2004. Information about Murmansk consists of total amount of visitors in three museums. There were one museum in Kandalaksha and Inari. The information about the Siida in Inari are from the year 2005. The annual amount of visitors in home district museum in Salla varies from 300 to 500 visitors. There were no information available about the visitors’amount in home district museum of Kemijärvi. Sources: Museot... 2006; Museoiden kävijämäärät 2006: Saamelaismuseo Siida, Rantamäki; Sallan kotiseututalo, Brandstein; Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ« Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ 2005 On the left up art museum in Kemijärvi, down home district museum in Salla. On the right up Siida museum in Inari, down cinema in Kandalaksha. On the left photos from Alakurtti, on the right photos from Mäntyvaara and Paikanselkä