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Socioeconomic Determinants of Food Insecurity Among Rural Households in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

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Socioeconomic Determinants of Food Insecurity Among Rural Households in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia Economics 2019; 8(2): 55-61 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/eco doi: 10.11648/j.eco.20190802.13 ISSN: 2376-659X (Print); ISSN: 2376-6603 (Online) Socioeconomic Determinants of Food Insecurity Among Rural Households in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia Ermias Ganamo Gazuma *, Ayana Anteneh Astatike Department of Economics, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia Email address: *Corresponding author To cite this article: Ermias Ganamo Gazuma, Ayana Anteneh Astatike. Socioeconomic Determinants of Food Insecurity Among Rural Households in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Economics . Vol. 8, No. 2, 2019, pp. 55-61. doi: 10.11648/j.eco.20190802.13 Received : April 30, 2019; Accepted : June 2, 2019; Published : June 17, 2019 Abstract: The major aim of this study was to assess the socioeconomic determinants of food insecurity among rural households in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Data for the study was obtained from 168 randomly selected rural households by using an interview schedule. To select sample respondents, the multi-stage sampling technique was used. The Foster-Greer- Thorbecke (FGT) index and binary logistic regression model were used for data analysis. The finding from FGT index showed that about 66.1 percent of households in the study area were found food insecure and the remaining 33.9 percent were found food secure. The depth and severity of food insecurity were found 15 percent and 4.6 percent, respectively. The logistic regression model result revealed that factors such as land size, income from productive safety net program, credit access, farm income, and non-farm income are the statistically significant factors influencing the households’ food insecurity status. Accordingly, access to credit positively affects households’ food insecurity status, whereas the other significant variables affect it negatively. Consequently, improving productivity of land through better production methods, increasing farmers’ participation in safety net programs, Promoting income diversification, Revising credit repayment policies and promoting rural off-farm employment opportunities are suggested to improve the state of food insecurity in the study area. Keywords: Food Insecurity, FGT, Logistic Regression, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia escalating in almost all regions of Africa [2]. 1. Introduction Similarly, poverty and food insecurity remains among Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations major challenges facing Ethiopia. Over 22 million people are (FAO) defines food insecurity as “a situation that exists when living below the national poverty line in 2016, and about 88.2 people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and percent of the population is multidimensional poor. According to the 2015 UNDP report, Ethiopia was ranked nutritious food for normal growth and development and an th active and healthy life” [1]. 174 position out of 188 countries in human development There has been continuous international commitment to index. The estimated food insecure population accounts eliminate food insecurity since the Universal Declaration of about 8.5 million in 2017 [3, 4]. Human Rights in 1948. Consequently, a “world without The severity of food insecurity problem in Ethiopia could hunger” is one of the mottos of the Sustainable Development also be understood by looking at the level of stunting, Goals (SDGs). However, the possibility of achieving the wasting and underweight of children less than five years of SDG target of hunger eradication by 2030 is at risk as age. The 2016 Demographic and Health Survey of Ethiopia evidences suggest that there is a climb in world hunger after has found that nationally 38 percent of children under age a prolonged decline. For instance, the number of people five were stunted (chronically malnourished), 10 percent affected by chronic food deprivation is estimated to have were wasted (acutely malnourished), and 24 percent were increased from around 804 million in 2016 to nearly 821 classified as underweight [5]. million in 2017, around one out of every nine people in the Moreover, the recent inter-ethnic violence in Ethiopia world. The situation is worsening, and appears to be which led to vast internal displacement that limits livelihoods Economics 2019; 8(2): 55-61 56 opportunities, adverse climate change, and crop diseases the west by the Omo River which separates it from Dawro together aggravated the food insecurity situation in the Zone, on the northwest by Kembata-Tembaro Zone, on the country. According to WFP Ethiopia Country Brief north by Hadiya zone, on the east by the Bilate River which December 2018 report, Wolaita Zone is one of the most separates it from Sidama Zone. It is approximately located affected areas in ethnic based violence. Ethnic based conflict between 6.4°-7.1° N and 37.4°-38.2° E latitude and in the country, particularly ethnic violence in Hawassa and its longitude, respectively. surrounding has killed hundreds of individuals and displaced Agriculture is the livelihood for more than 90 percent of thousands of households from Wolaita ethnic group. This the population in the rural areas. Mixed farming involving violence has directly hit the livelihoods of rural households crop production and livestock rearing is the main livelihood in Wolaita zone as now they could not be able to get the of rural community in the zone. The average temperature assistances they used to receive from their families living in varies from 15°C to 31°C, and the estimated average annual urban areas. Moreover, lack of means of production, and rainfall is 801 to 1600mm which has characteristic monthly large family size as high as 300 people per square km are the variation, with peak rainy seasons usually observed during main characteristics of rural farm households in the area [6]. March through May and July through September [15]. Different scholars have conducted studies on food security situation at a national, regional, and household level in Ethiopia [7-14]. Food insecurity situation and its driving forces are different across various regions, zones and districts. As majority of the aforementioned studies conducted outside of the study area in place, they couldn’t be used as reference to design a strategy in that particular area. In addition, there exist inconsistent results across majority of these studies. Moreover, almost all of them didn’t explicitly mention the food insecurity dimension adapted in their study. Besides, as per the knowledge of the researchers, food insecurity situation and its socio-economic determinants in the study area is not well documented. Therefore, this study is aimed at filling the above gaps by adding body of knowledge to the existing literature. Source: Wolaita Zone Finance Bureau (2015) Figure 2. Administrative Map of Wolaita Zone. 2.2. Data Source and Method of Data Collection The data for this study was obtained from primary sources. It was collected from a sample of three kebeles from each of the four Woredas in Wolaita Zone, namely Kindo Didaye, Kindo Koysha, Humbo and Damot Pulasa by using interview schedule. 2.3. Sampling Technique and Sample Size The study used a multi-stage sampling procedure to select the representative respondents from the study area. In the Source: Authors from various literatures first stage, based on pilot study, four Woredas of the zone and three kebeles from each were purposively selected in Figure 1. Food Insecurity Conceptual Framework. consideration of water resources, living standard, food insecurity, and poverty situations in the Wolaita zone. 2. Materials and Methods Accordingly, Humbo, Kindo Didaye, Kindo Koysha, and Damot Pulasa Woreda were selected. In the second stage, 2.1. Description of the Study Area three sample kebeles were selected from each of four Wolaita Zone is one of the 13 zonal administrations of the Woredas by using simple random sampling techniques. Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People Region in Finally, by applying proportional probability sampling Ethiopia, which is located 327 kilometers south of Addis method, a total of 270 household heads were interviewed in Ababa. It is bordered on the south by Gamo-Gofa Zone, on February 2018 based on the 2017/18 cropping year. Though 57 Ermias Ganamo Gazuma and Ayana Anteneh Astatike: Socioeconomic Determinants of Food Insecurity Among Rural Households in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia the data was initially collected on many different variables denote a household is food insecure and y=0, otherwise. from rural and urban kebeles, this study utilized respondents Consequently, the logit model was used in this study to from rural areas only. Consequently, respondents from urban investigate the key explanatory factors that may influence the and semi-urban kebeles were excluded for the purpose of this rural farm households’ food insecurity status. Following [18] particular study. Since the authors’ focus is in studying the and [19], the functional form of cumulative logit model is socioeconomic determinants of food insecurity in rural areas specified as follows: of Wolaita Zone, we have used 168 rural respondents for the (2) study. " = #$ = 1&' = (( . )*+,- /0 2.4. Methods of Measuring Food Insecurity Line and For simplicity, Extent of Food Insecurity 1 * (3) " = #$ = 1&' = (( +1 = Although various methods are used in the calculation of )* )*+1 food insecurity line in literature, the Direct Calorie Intake where, 3 2 = ' 4 = 45 6(4' 6(47'7 6 8 6(49'9. (DCI) method was adapted for the purpose of this study. This is an intercept,
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