Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 28 (2): 80-89, 2020 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2020 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2020.80.89

Study on Ruminal and Reticular Foreign Bodies in Cattle Slaugthered at Boditii Municipal Abattoir, Wolaita Zone, Southern

12Temesgen Zekarias, Tadewos Tantasa and 3 Amanuel Ashebo

1Animal Health Researcher, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2Animal Health Expert, Livestock and Fisheries Development Office, , Wolayta Zone, Ethiopia 3Animal Health Expert, livestock and Fisheries Development Office Hadero Tunto Zuria Woreda, Kembeta Tembaro Zone SNNPR, Tunto, Ethiopia

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2017 to April, 2018 at Boditi Municipal Abattoir, Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia. With the objectives of to assess the prevalence and type of ruminal and reticular foreign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Boditi Municipal Abattoir. The study animals were selected by using systematic random sampling method from the total slaughtered animals. From the total of 514 male animals that were examined, 20.8% (n=107) were had foreign bodies at slaughter. When the prevalence was compared between breed, among different age groups, among different body condition score and animal originated from different areas, higher prevalence of foreign bodies 39.6%, 27.2%, 40.1%, 26.1% were observed in cross breed, old animals, animals having poor body condition and animals originate from , respectively. These factors are considered as potential risk factors and found highly significantly associated (P<0.05) with the occurrence of foreign bodies. The rumen harbored mostly non-metallic materials while reticulum was the major site for the retention of metallic objects. Plastics were recovered as the most common foreign bodies followed by fabrics, metallic, leathers and others. Therefore, appropriate solid waste disposal system need to implement in the study area to prevent health risk of ruminants and also to protect the environment.

Key words: Foreign Bodies Indigestible Prevalence

INTRODUCTION of the peoples [3]. Ethiopia is known for its high livestock population, being the first in Africa and tenth in Livestock are a source of high-quality protein (meat, the world [4]. milk and eggs) and also contribute to the economic Ethiopia has an enormous and diverse livestock welfare of people by providing hides, skins, fertilizer and population that plays an important role in the economy power of traction for agricultural purposes, increasing the and livelihoods of farmers and pastoralists with a total productivity of small holdings [1]. They are also a ‘living contribution of 15% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) savings bank’, serving as a financial reserve for periods and 33% of the agricultural output. Current estimates of of economic distress and crop failure and as a primary livestock population show that the total cattle population source of cash income [2]. In many developing countries, for the country is estimated to be about 57.83 million, like Ethiopia, domestic animals play a crucial role in they 28.89 million sheep, 29.70 million goats, 2.08 million constitute as source for traction power, income, in horses, 7.88 million donkeys, 1.23 million camels in provision of meat, milk, honey, eggs, cheese and butter Ethiopia [5]. Ethiopia is one of the countries with the supply provide mainly the needed animal protein that largest number of livestock in Africa and livestock contributes to the improvement of the nutritional status production plays a major role in the development of

Corresponding Author: Temesgen Zekarias, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. P.O. Box: 2003. 80 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 28 (2): 80-89, 2020

Ethiopia’s agriculture. And it has great potential for [19] and it allows leakage of ingesta and bacteria which increased livestock production, both for local use and for contaminates the peritoneal cavity, resulting in local or export. However, expansion was constrained by diffuse peritonitis is the swallowed objects can also inadequate nutrition, improper management, nutritional penetrate pleural cavity causing pleuritis and pneumonitis deficiencies, disease, lack of support services and and into the pericardial sac causing pericarditis [20]. inadequate information on how to improve animal The condition is serious in our country usually in breeding, marketing and processing [6]. urban and peri-urban areas where extensive building are The ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies in cattle carried out and proper plastic material disposal is no is a pathological condition of economic importance which conditioned and so thrown on roads and near the fence leads to severe economic losses as a result of high or anywhere and that is way our dairy cattle are dying morbidity and mortality rates [7, 8]. Because of their mainly associated with foreign bodies [21]. In Ethiopian indiscriminate feeding habits, cattle are known to ingest information regarding the magnitude and occurrence of and, at times, choke because of ingestion of different fore stomach foreign bodies is very limited and the types of indigestible materials referred to as foreign ruminants are kept under poor extensive farming system bodies [9]. Gastrointestinal foreign bodies are among the and they are more likely to be exposed to ingestion of most common cause of death in veterinary medicine. indigestible materials from different sources due to Sheep and goats are highly selective feeder and ingest high environmental contamination with plastic bags significantly less amount of foreign bodies as compared and other materials. The fact that rumen impaction by to cattle [10]. these foreign bodies is mainly asymptomatic in nature Cattle are more susceptible to foreign body syndrome and only diagnosed in live animals if the material is than small ruminants because they do not use their lips accumulated in large amount and thus, it can be for the prehension of food stuff and are more likely to eat adequately studied in abattoirs. Therefore, the objectives chopped feed; lack of oral discrimination in cattle may of this study were to assess the prevalence and type of lead to ingestion of foreign bodies would be rejected by ruminal and reticular foreign bodies in cattle slaughtered other species [11]. Animals with nutritional deficiencies at Boditi Municipal Abattoir. To correlate the frequency and unbalanced dietary habits lead to ingest various of foreign bodies with animal factors such as age, breed, types of foreign bodies deliberately. The indiscriminate body condition and origin of animals. feeding habits and mineral deficiency makes them susceptible to inadvertent ingestion of foreign materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS They are the root causes for various problems in different organ of the animals, mainly in rumen and reticulum [12]. Description of the Study Area: The study was conducted The Industrialization and mechanization of agriculture from November, 2017 to April, 2018 at Boditi Municipal have further increased the incidence of foreign bodies in Abattoir, Boditi town. Boditii is a town in Wolaita zone; the animals [13]. The disease of rumen and reticulum are southern Ethiopia and it is located at 365 km distance great economic importance because of severe losses on southwest of Addis Ababa. Wolaita zone is also one of productivity of the animals sometimes leading to the the administrative zones within the Southern Nations, death of the animals [7, 8]. Nationalities and Peoples Region. The Boditi abattoir is The ingestion of indigestible materials has been constructed in 1986 E.C by the collaboration of missioners associated with feed scarcity [14]. The ingestion of and Boditi town municipal house. Its site of location is in materials other than normal feed gets lodged in the rumen Boditi town near to the river named as Walaca River. and compromising the ruminal space and interfering with It gives a slaughtering service for the market and the normal physiological functions of the rumen [15]. butcher houses in the town. There are some residential This indigestible material hinders the process of people present near the abattoir. The compound of fermentation and mixing of contents leading to indigestion abattoir have a stable ground, well drained, free from [16]. The presence of foreign bodies in the rumen and flooding and wide enough to ensure future expansion reticulum also hampers the absorption of volatile fatty and good road for transportation. Its surrounding area acids and consequently reduction in the rate of animal was fenced with wood but some stray dogs can enter fattening [17, 18]. Traumatic reticulo peritonitis develops easily to the abattoir. It has approximately three karemeter as a consequence of perforation of the wall of reticulum area of land.

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The town has a latitude and longitude of 37°52'E and score prior to slaughter. Age was determined based on 6.967°N, respectively, with an elevation of 2050 meters dental eruption as previously described by Pace and above sea level. It the administrative center of Damot Wakeman [23]. Body condition was evaluated based on Gale woreda, one of the twelve woredas (districts) in the scores ranging from Score 1 (physically thin), 2(medium) Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region of and 3(fat) were described by Pruitt [24]. After slaughter Ethiopia. As part of the , is the rumen and reticulum was removed carefully from the bordered on the southwest by , on the abdominal cavity and opened and any foreign body northwest by and , on the north obtained was washed, dried and identified accordingly. by the , on the east by and on the southeast by . The administrative Sampling Method and Sample Size: The animals was center of Damot Gale is Boditii. The area is divided selected using systematic random sampling using regular into three ecological zones: Kola (lowland<1500m), interval to study the prevalence and types of the foreign Woina Dega (mid-altitude1500-2300m) and Dega bodies in the rumen and reticulum of cattle presented for (highland >2300m). slaughter in the abattoir. The required sample size for this Most of the area lies within the mid altitude zone. work was determined according to Thrusfield [25] using Rainfall is bimodal, with an average amount of about a formula for an infinite population size and with 95% 1000mm (lower in the lowlands and higher in the confidence level, 5% desired absolute precision by highlands). Mean monthly temperature vary from 26°C in considering a 50% expected prevalence of the rumen and January to 11°C in August. Primary occupation of the reticulum foreign bodies in cattle in the area. The minimum zone is farming. Mixed crop-livestock production required sample size was 384 cattle. However, a total of predominates, but there are some pastoralists in the 514 animals were examined in this study to maximize the lowlands. Generally, the climatic condition is conducive to precision. livestock production. The Damot Gale woreda has a number of livestock populations; in the area is estimated Study Methodology to be 77793 cattle, 27591 sheep, 6095 goats, 6139 equines Antemortem Examination: Ante mortem examination on and 89465 chickens [22]. individual animals was done for assessment of sex, age, breed, body condition and their place of origin Study Population: The study was conducted on (Sodo, Humbo, Gasuba and Boditi). Epidemiological data apparently healthy slaughtered cattle at Boditi Municipal is also determined including, the main categorization of Abattoir from November, 2017 to April, 2018. The animals the animals in the study area; sex (female and male) originated from different agro ecological zones which and age is categorized into young (<5 years), adult have different management system. Animals were both (5-10 years) and old (>10years) based on dentition pattern local and cross breed cattle kept under extensive and semi and body condition also low, medium and fat with breed intensive farming systems. Even though, the study differentiation(cross and local). Each animal selected for animals were kept under broad range of management, the study was further identified by providing a unique animals in most of the rural areas were kept to graze identification number that could be used for both ante- pasture on grass land and supplementary feedings of crop mortem and post-mortem examinations of the animal and residue when pasture is scarce especially during long dry each animals mark for the identification by writing a code season. Animals for slaughter were brought on their foot on its gluteal muscle by using ink. by attendants from local market and by vehicle from far areas. Postmortem Examination: In the postmortem examination rumen and reticulum was examined immediately after the Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted animal is slaughtered in the evisceration stage, the from November, 2017 to April, 2018 at Boditi Municipal stomach is carefully removed from the abdominal cavity Abattoir to assess the prevalence of rumen and reticulum and opened for the prevalence of any foreign non dietary foreign bodies and to identify the type of foreign bodies material by visualization and palpation. All the contents and their risk factors in rumen and reticulum of cattle were examined thoroughly for the presence of foreign presented for slaughter. Cattle presented for slaughter bodies. Any foreign bodies were obtained during was identified by sex, age, origin and body condition inspection washed with water to remove adhering feed

82 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 28 (2): 80-89, 2020 material and identify type of foreign bodies. When the The Prevalence of Rumen and Reticulum Foreign Body finding was positive, the location and type of the foreign Based on Associated Risk Factors: The Study animals bodies was recorded otherwise recorded as negative in were grouped into three as young ( 5 years), postmortem record sheet. adult (5-10 years) and old ( 10 years), from them 58, 199 and 257 animals were examined with age in these age Data Management and Statistical Analyses: The data groups, 3(5.2%), 34(17.1%) and 70(27.2%) were found collected were entered and scored in Microsoft Excel positive, respectively. The foreign bodies were more worksheet. Before subjected to statistical analysis, the frequently encountered in old animals than other two data were thoroughly screened for errors and properly groups. The statically analysis also showed that there coded. For data analysis IBM©® SPSS statistics 21(IBM© exist highly significant differences among the three age Corporation, 2012) was used. Descriptive statistical groups (P<0.05) in the occurrences of foreign bodies. analysis such as calculation of percentage was used to From the total 514 animals there are 418 local breeds and summarize and present the data collected. The prevalence 96 cross breeds were examined; from them 69(16.5%) and of rumen and reticulum foreign bodies was calculated as 38(39.6%) of foreign bodies were detected in both breeds percentage by dividing total number of cattle examined. respectively. So the prevalence of rumen and reticulum Pearson’s Chi square (x2) test was employed to assess foreign bodies was higher in cross breeds than local the existence of association between prevalence of breeds. The statically analysis also showed that there the foreign bodies and different potential risk factors exist significant differences among different breed considered. For a Chi square (x2) test, P-value < 0.05 was (P=0.00) which is P< 0.05 in the occurrences of foreign considered significant whereas p-value > 0.05 considered bodies. non-significant. In the Boditi Municipal Abattoir most of the animals brought to be slaughtered were comprised fat, medium RESULTS and low body conditions. From them 129, 198 and 187 animals examined with fat, medium and low body Prevalence: From the total of 514 cattle’s examined for the conditions respectively. The overall foreign body presences of any foreign bodies in their rumen and prevalence in the fat, medium and low body conditioned reticulum, 20.8% (107/514) of them were found positive. animals was 4(3.1%), 28(14.1%) and 75(40.1%) From 107 positive cases of foreign body, 81(75.7%) were respectively. There was statistically significant occurred in rumen while 24 (22.4%) in reticulum and only differences (P<0.05) between different body condition 2(1.87%) were found both in the rumen and reticulum. scores and foreign body distribution in rumen and The types of foreign bodies detected are plastics, reticulum. metallic, fabric, leather and others such as hair ball, The Animals slaughtered in Boditi municipal abattoir stones, ropes and bones. From them plastics 33(30.8%), were come from four different origins like Sodo, Boditi, metals 23(21.5%), fabric 29(27%), leather 7(6.5%) and Humbo and Gesuba. There were 119, 138, 130 and 127 others 5(6.7%) were more frequently encountered the animals were examined from Humbo, Sodo, Boditi and positive cases in the rumen and reticulum. Gesuba respectively. From the examined cattle’s

Table 1: The prevalence and risk factors associated with rumen and reticulum foreign body in cattle slaughtered at Boditi Municipal Abattoir Risk Factors No. of examined animals No. of positive animals Prevalence (%) Chi square (x2) p-value Age Young (<5year) 58 3 5.2% 16.72 0.00 Adult (5-10year) 199 34 17.1% Old (>10year) 257 70 27.2% Breed Local 418 69 16.5% 25.221 0.00 Cross 96 38 39.6% Bcs Fat 129 4 3.1% 72.129 0.00 Medium 198 28 14.1% Low 187 75 40.1% Origin Sodo 138 36 26.1% 4.995 0.172 Boditi 130 24 18.5% Humbo 119 27 22.7% Gesuba 127 20 15.7%

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Table 2: Prevalence of rumen and reticulum foreign bodies according to their nature and site of location Location of foreign body ------Type of foreign body Rumen Reticulum In Both Total (%) Plastic 33(40.7%) - - 33(30.8%) Fabric 29(35.8%) - - 29(27%) Metallic 1(1.23%) 22(91.7%) - 23(21.5%) Leather 7(8.6%) - - 7(6.5%) Others(stone, hair ball, bone) 11(13.5%) 2(8.3%) 2(100%) 15(14%) Total 81(75.7%) 24(22.4%) 2(1.87%) 107 x2=104.136, P=0.001

27(22.7%), 36(26.1%), 24(18.5%) and 20(15.7%) Abattoir and also the report from [35] an overall respectively were positive to the occurrence of rumen and prevalence of 14.8% of rumen and reticulum foreign body reticulum foreign bodies. The highest frequencies of in male cattle slaughtered at Gondar Elfora abattoir. rumen and reticulum foreign bodies observed in cattle However, in contrast to this finding, is slightly lower than originated from Sodo (26.1%) while the lowest from the study conducted on cattle at Hirna municipal abattoir Gesuba (15.7%). There was not statistically significant the prevalence of rumen and reticulum foreign bodies differences (P= 0.172) among the origin of animals. (23.9%) reported by Dawit et al. [36] and similarly lower than the occurrences of indigestible foreign bodies in Prevalence of Foreign Bodies With Regard to Their Site cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal abattoir in, of Location: From the total of 107 positive cases of foreign Tanzania, the prevalence (24.03%) have been reported by body, 81(75.7%) were occurred in rumen while 24(22.4%) Bwatota et al. [37]. This finding is significantly lower than in the reticulum and only 2(1.86%) were found in the the prevalence 59.14% reported by Anwar et al. [30] rumen and reticulum. Most of plastic materials were found where prevalence of indigestible rumen and reticulum in the rumen; while reticulum was the major site for the foreign bodies in Achaia cattle in Pakistan and retention of metallic objects. The statically analysis also significantly lower than the prevalence reported in showed that the Occurrence of foreign body was highly Jordan (77.41%) where the cases of adult dairy cattle significant difference (P=0.00) in rumen and reticulum. suffering from recurrent tympany had indigestible The Plastics were the most frequently encountered foreign bodies [38]. (30.8%) foreign body type in the fore stomach of In present study, the higher prevalence of foreign slaughtered animals. bodies was detected in cattle greater than (old) 10 years age (27.2%) followed by adult cattle 5-10 years(17.1%) and DISCUSSIONS young cattle (5.2%). This study shows that the older animals were more frequently affected with indigestible Ingestion of indigestible foreign materials by materials than the younger ones. This study is in ruminants is a common worldwide problem previously agreement with Abebe and Nuru [27] and Roman and reported from Nigeria [14, 18] Jordan [10], Sudan [26-29] Hiwot [39] who recovered plastics, leather, clothes and and Pakistan [30]. This study showed an overall foreign ropes at higher prevalence from the rumen and reticulum body prevalence of 20.8% (107/514) in cattle slaughtered of old small ruminants. Again this study is similar to the at Boditi municipal abattoir. The occurrence rate of IFB in report from Desiye and Mersha [34] who found (81.25%) cattle obtained during this study is higher than the of foreign bodies in cattle greater than 10 year age and previous report of in Rwanda; reported from [31] (17.4%) Rahel [33] also reported (17.85%) of the animals had foreign bodies in the fore-stomach of cattle at Rwanda higher frequency of foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum [32] 17.16%, of rumen and reticulum foreign body in cattle in the old age. This study agrees with Radostitis et al. [7] slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo Municipal abattoir and the reported old dairy cattle are the most commonly affected report of Rahel et al. [33] 17.07% of prevalence of fore group. Ismael et al. [38] from Jordan also reported the stomach foreign bodies in Hawassa Municipal Abattoir, metallic foreign bodies were found in 10(32.25%) of the Ethiopia. cows from medical records of 31 old dairy cows suffering The present study is far higher than the reports of from the recurrent rumen tympany. The similar finding was Desiye and Mersha [34]13.22% of rumen and reticulum reported from Rwanda by Borden et al. [40] more foreign foreign body in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal bodies (29.5%) were found in older animals (10 years and

84 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 28 (2): 80-89, 2020 above) than in younger and middle-aged animals. rumen and reticulum in Haramaya abattoir, the prevalence This might be associated with increase of exposure of plastics was (79.2%). Because of the wide spread use; through life and many were found accumulate and lead improper disposal of plastic bags and lack of awareness the undead animals to be positive. So the animals with old among livestock owners on the risk of ingestion of these age are more affected than other age groups. This is due materials on the health of their animals also contributed to to the more foreign bodies in older animals may be a result the high prevalence of rumen impaction in this species. of the gradual accumulation of indigestible materials Shortage of feed during the long dry season increase the ingested over a prolonged period of time. likelihood of ingestion of plastic foreign bodies which is The prevalence was higher in the cross breed cattle also associated with a shortage of feed specifically of (39.6%) than local breeds (16.5%). It agrees with the work minerals and vitamins origin. of Rahel [33] who reported fore stomach foreign bodies The reports of Igbokwe et al. [14] and Abdullahi with the high prevalence of (58.82%) in cross breeds. It is et al. [17], cattle and sheep reared within urban and also agree with the work of Desiye and Mersha [34] sub-urban environments indicates that impaction of the who found 70% in cross breed and 10.77% in local breed. rumen resulted from the accumulation of foreign bodies This might be due to associated with the level of body such as plastic bags interfered with flow of ingesta size, production and drought power which requires high leading to the distention of rumen. This finding is in demand of energy and nutrition, hence increase exposure general agreement with various reports from different for foreign bodies. countries like Nigeria showed an overall prevalence of In this study the animals with low body condition 81.6% [18] and 85% from Jordan [41] and Hiwot [47] also were found to be most affected with indigestible foreign reported that plastic bags were the most common cause of bodies. The prevalence of foreign bodies in present study rumen impaction that were found in all of the animals of cattle with low body condition is 75(40.1%), medium examined at Addis Ababa municipal abattoir. Similar study 28(14.1%) and fat body condition 4(3.1%). This finding is in Jordan by Hailat et al. [41], revealed 74% plastic foreign in agreement with the reports of Abebe and Nuru [27] and body prevalence. This study indicated that larger number Hailat et al. [41]. The low body condition by itself might of foreign bodies occurred in the rumen (75.7%) than be due to the contribution of the foreign body that is the reticulum (22.4%) of the examined animals. This may be animal loss weight after it has been exposed or it might be due to that the larger size of rumen as compared to that of due to the interference of foreign body with the reticulum. absorption of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and thus causes Rumen and reticulum foreign bodies can significantly reduced weight gain. Hairball sometimes occur in affect the digestion process by occupying space and ruminants fore stomachs and abomasums and over long blocking ingesta movement which ultimately impair the period of time, these materials form large tight balls inside health and productivity of animals. This finding is in the rumen leading to anorexia, decreased production and agreement with the reports of Nuru [46], Negash et al. [45] loss of body condition as such foreign bodies hinders the and Hewot [47] showed higher frequency of foreign process of fermentation and mixing of contents leadings bodies in the rumen than in the reticulum. This study also to poor body condition [42]. The results of this study are indicated that metallic foreign bodies were most in agreement with those of Tesfaye and Chanie [43] in frequently recovered from reticulum, while nonmetallic Jimma, South-west Ethiopia, Rahel et al. [33] in Hawassa foreign bodies were detected from rumen. The metallic municipal abattoir, Remi-Adewunmi et al. [18] in Nigeria foreign bodies were most frequently recovered from and Fromsa and Mohammed [44] in East Shoa, Ethiopia. reticulum due to retention of foreign bodies by the honey The types of foreign bodies in this study were comb structure of the reticular mucosa and their heavy plastics, metallic, fabric, leather and others such as hair weight result in gravitational attraction force of these ball, stones and bones. From this result, plastics heavy foreign bodies to the ventral part of the fore 33(30.8%), fabric 29(27%), metals 23(21.5%), leather stomach. Again this finding was in general agreement 7(6.5%) and others 15 (14%) were encountered positive with the findings of Abebe and Nuru [27], Hiwot and cases in the rumen and reticulum of slaughtered animals. Roman [42] and Tesfaye et al. [48] and may be attributed From them plastics were the most frequently occurred to the larger rumen volume, the cumulative size and rumen foreign body in cattle slaughtered in Boditi material composition of the foreign bodies and the types municipal abattoir. The result agrees with the reports of of materials, with metals and sharp objects tending to Negash et al. [45] the indigestible foreign bodies in the localize preferentially in reticulum [7].

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The highest prevalence of foreign body was CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS observed in animals originated from Sodo (26.1%) and the lowest in those originated from Gesuba (15.7%). The ingestion of metallic and nonmetallic foreign In Nigeria, prevalence of foreign bodies was observed bodies was the most common problem encountered in to be higher in animals originating from urban settings cattle not only because of its mortality and morbidity but than from rural areas revealing that management of also it decreased the production and productivity of animals plays a crucial role for the occurrence of foreign animals. This study revealed an overall prevalence of bodies. In urban areas, the land available for grazing is 20.8% of foreign bodies in the fore stomach of cattle generally smaller and animals that are kept under slaughtered at Boditi Municipal Abattoir. This study extensive system in urban areas are to graze the refused showed that age and prevalence of foreign bodies were dumps generated from households and factory wastes. association. Most of animals with the age greater than It has been reported that ingestion of foreign bodies is 10 years were more affected than adult animals. associated with shortage of forage and increased Both cross breed and cattle with low body condition pollution of grazing land with indigestible foreign bodies are the most affected groups compared to that of local [41, 49]. The impaction resulting from the accumulation of breed cattle and medium body condition respectively. indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen interferes with the The types of foreign bodies detected in this study flow of ingesta leading to distension of the abdomen and are plastics, fabric, metals, leathers and others such passage of scanty feces [14]. as hair ball, stone and bone. From them the plastics Rahel [33] reported a prevalence rate of 30.5% in were most commonly encountered foreign material Hawassa which is again from urban area. The difference followed by fabric and metallic. More indigestible in the prevalence rate might be due to difference in the foreign bodies were found in the rumen (75.7%) than the origin of animals presented for slaughter and types reticulum (22.4%). Most of the non-metallic foreign of waste management system between the sites bodies were found in the rumen while metallic foreign (Urban and rural). In urban areas pieces of metallic bodies were in reticulum. The animals were originated materials from old fences, from construction of buildings from Sodo has highest prevalence of foreign bodies and also materials used for rolling and packaging of were detected and lowest the animals originated from commodities are left unwisely. So they have more chance Gesuba. Therefore, this study suggests that the of acquiring foreign bodies than rural areas. Ingestion and presence of metallic and non-metallic objects in cattle lodgment of foreign bodies are common in the bovine stomach may have direct and indirect effects on primarily due to indiscriminate feeding habits. livestock productivity which could further hinder the Industrialization and mechanization of agriculture has sustainable production and economic losses due to further had increased the incidence of foreign bodies in severe loss of production and increased mortality rates. these animals [50]. Thus, based on the above conclusion the following In free grazing system, livestock reared in urban and recommendations are forwarded. The grazing animals peri-urban areas often left in market place, road side and should be kept away from urban garbage and near chicken waste. Rahel [33] and Abebe & Nuru [27] dumping places. Animals should be supplied with had stated that urban and semi-urban areas are polluted sufficient feed in order to mitigate the problem of with plastics, ropes, hairs, wool and metals are growing ingestion of foreign bodies. The awareness and problem for grazing animals because of the poor education should be created at different community management system and inadequate availability of feed levels on careless disposal of plastic bags especially during long dry seasons. The animals near to (indigestible foreign bodies) and as well as the urban areas were more easily accessible to ingestion of periodical cleaning of these wastes in the grazing indigestible foreign bodies and they are commonly seen area of animals. The appropriate solid waste grazing along major roads where there are many plastics disposal system should be practiced and protect the and other waste products. This indigestible foreign environment from pollution. The further research bodies and waste products are leading to a high number should be made to emphasize the important of the of mortalities, loss of production and non-digestible problem and address the prevention and control foreign bodies in cattle stomach. measure.

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