Sistemática Do Gênero Dichondra (Convolvulaceae)

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Sistemática Do Gênero Dichondra (Convolvulaceae) GEADELANDE CAROLINO DELGADO JUNIOR SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO DICHONDRA (CONVOLVULACEAE) RECIFE, PE 2019 i GEADELANDE CAROLINO DELGADO JUNIOR SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO DICHONDRA (CONVOLVULACEAE) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – PPGB/UFRPE, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Botânica. Orientadora: Drª. Maria Teresa Buril RECIFE, PE 2019 ii GEADELANDE CAROLINO DELGADO JUNIOR SISTEMÁTICA DO GÊNERO DICHONDRA (CONVOLVULACEAE) Presidente da Banca / Orientadora: _______________________________________ Profa. Drª. Maria Teresa Buril (UFRPE) Tese defendida e aprovada pela banca examinadora em: __/___/_____ ________________________________________________________ Profa. Drª. Maria Regina de V. Barbosa (UFPB) Titular ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Benoît Francis Patrice Loeuille (UFPE) Titular ________________________________________________________ Drª. Sarah Maria Athiê de Souza (UFRPE) Titular ________________________________________________________ Drª. Ana Rita Simões (IBT) Titular ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marccus Alves (UFPE) Suplente ________________________________________________________ Drª. Priscila Porto Alegre Ferreira (FZB) Suplente RECIFE, PE 2019 iii Dedico, aos botânicos taxonomistas, que na solidão, sacrificam a vida para entender as plantas. aos pós-graduandos, que silenciosamente, traduzem as angústias e alegrias vividas, durante 4 anos, em um monte de palavras. iv Certas vezes, somos levados a caminhos estreitos que nos confrontam e nos testam, mas que no fim exuberam a maravilha da descoberta de quem somos... A vida me trouxe uma flor para que eu a desvendasse. mesmo sem encanto a encarei O que era um enigma se transformou em passos amargos por essa flor caminhei e pelo deserto desesperado chorei... Deparei com a angústia da solidão embebido sob a pressão de ter que entendê-la Mas segui! E quanto mais a conhecia mais perdido sentia! E como teu habito flor, Comecei a rastejar sem desistir. E foi nessa jornada que, com muito ardor, eu fui nos desvendar. v AGRADECIMENTOS Eu tive muita sorte de conviver com pessoas formidáveis ao longo dos meus últimos 4 anos e nada mais justo que agradecê-las. Essa tese tem um pouco de cada um de vocês. Agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES) pela concessão de 4 anos de bolsa e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) que financiou parte desta tese. À Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFPE) e o Programa de Pós- graduação em Botânica (PPGBV). Á Teresa Buril que me apresentou o lindo mundo das Convolvulaceae, ainda na época da minha graduação. Muito obrigado pela orientação, pela compreensão, pela paciência, pela amizade, por todo zelo e carinho. Você é uma mulher incrível. Aos curadores e funcionários dos herbários nacionais e internacionais pela hospitalidade durante as visitas. À toda equipe do laboratório LASEA (Antoniela, Diego, Silmara, Swami, Juliana, Tainá, Ketley, Deibson e Joilson) com quem aprendi a conviver e a lidar com diferentes tipos de personalidades. Grato pelas conversas, sugestões, reuniões, discussões, aprendizagem e pelos felizes e estressantes momentos Aos membros da banca examinadora que, gentilmente, aceitaram o convite e tenho certeza que farão valiosas contribuições. Ao projeto Reflora que me proporcionou trabalhar no Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). Obrigado ao staff do MO, em especial ao Jim Solomon por solicitar os empréstimos dos diferentes herbários e a Carmen Ulloa por toda paciência e gentileza durante minha estadia nos EUA. A todos do Laboratório de Citogenética Vegetal da UFPE que me acolheram tão bem e me ajudaram sempre que precisei e precisei muito. Obrigado especial a Amanda Melo, Tiago Espósito e Lucas Costa por me ensinarem toda metodologia da filogenia e a Rafaela Alves, minha colega de turma, que me acompanhou nessa jornada de extração de DNA etc. Vocês se tornaram, para mim, uma referência de um ótimo laboratório. Ao professor Gustavo Souza que foi essencial para a realização do artigo de filogenia, obrigado pela contribuição e discussão. vi Ao professor Francisco de Assis Ribeiro e toda sua equipe que me supervisionaram na execução dos trabalhos palinológicos. Obrigado pela colaboração e sugestões. Ao George Staples, obrigado pela contribuição no artigo de tipificação e por me presentear com Dichondra. À professora Maria Regina, minha mãe-Botânica, que mudou todo meu destino acadêmico ao me apresentar o incrível mundo das plantas. Obrigado por continuar sendo minha referência de como ser um excelente botânico. À Sararh-Athié que me acompanha desde o início da tese, obrigado pelas contribuições e sugestões sempre pertinentes. Aos meus irmãos e irmãs botânicos que fiz ao longo da minha trajetória. Ana Raquel, obrigado por ser quem você é e sempre compartilhar comigo bons momentos e reflexões da vida botânica. James Lucas que entende perfeitamente minhas ausências, mas sempre esteve disposto a colaborar e tirar minhas dúvidas, obrigado pela hospedagem em Feira de Santana. Luciano Soares que compartilhou comigo as angústias e alegrias de um doutorado, obrigado por toda ajuda. Débora Cavalcanti, minha parceira para ministrar minicurso, obrigado por todo apoio na UFPE. Às minhas amigas Luciana Reis e Belanny Carvalho que foram as melhores pessoas que conheci em Recife. Obrigado por dividir um lar comigo e ser minha família por todo esse tempo. Vocês foram fundamentais! A todos amigos espalhados pelo mundo. Em especial a Sterling Heron (EUA), Nora Oleas, Mayra Ninazunta (Equador) e Rebecca Hérnandez (México) por me ajudarem com fotos de exsicatas, bibliografias etc. Aos meus amigos Dannielly Batista, Helen Linhares, Anderson Feijó e Felipe Eloi por proporcionarem felizes momentos. A painho Geadelande Delgado e a mainha Gorete Delgado obrigado por me proporcionarem a chegar ao fim de mais um ciclo. O apoio, o incentivo, amor e o dinheiro de vocês foram fundamentais para essa conquista. Aos meus irmãos, Jovelino Delgado e Layssa Delgado obrigado pela torcida e desculpa a ausência. Estou voltando. Amo vocês. Cheguei ao fim desta jornada que me levou a conhecer o desconhecido e ter experiências jamais imaginadas. Uma sensação estranha, de vazio, mas de dever cumprido. Obrigado! vii LISTA DE FIGURAS REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA Figura 1. Esquema filogenético da família Convolvulaceae baseada em números de cromossomos e caracteres morfológicos proposto por Austin (1973)...................................................................................................................... 17 CAPÍTULO 1: PALINOLOGIA Figura 1. Details of tricolpate pollen under light microscopy. Dichondra serícea (A), Dichondra nivea (B). Optical section showing thickness of pollen wall……………………………………………………………………………….. 38 Figure 2. A-C. Dichondra argentea. A. Polar view. B. Orbicules, microespines conus and digitate C. Surface detail. D. D. brachypoda. Equatorial view. E. D. brevifolia. Orbicules and microespines digitate. F. Dichondra carolinensis. Orbicules, microespine conus and baculiform. G. Dichondra donelliana. Orbicules, microespine conus, digitate and baculiform. H. Dichondra macrocalyx. Orbicules and microespine conus. Scale bars – 2 µm (B, C, E-I) 5 µm (D), 10 µm (A)…………………………………………………………………………........... 40 Figure 3. A. Dichondra micrantha. Orbicules and microespine conus. B. D. microcalyx. Orbicules, microespine conus and baculiform. C-D. D. nivea. C. Polar view. D. Orbiculares, microespine conus and digitate. E. D. occidentalis. Orbicules, microespine conus and digitate. F. D. repens. Orbicules, microespine digitate and baculiform. G-H. Dichondra sericea var. sericea. G. Microespine conus and granules. H. Polar view and orbicules. I. D. sericea var. holosericea. Orbicules and microespine conus. Scale bars – 1 µm (E), 2 µm (A, B, F, G, I), 5 µm (D, H), 10 µm (C)…………………………………………………………….. 41 CAPÍTULO 2 Figure 1. Maximum likelihood (ML) consensus topology of combined plastid matK and trnL-F (left) and ITS1-5.8S (right) data for Dichondra. Numbers above the lines are fast tree support. Branches without number corresponds to fast tree support > 0.7. The color green (subg. Dichondra) corresponds to clade indehiscent and color red (subg. Capsularia) to dehiscent in specie-tree topology...................... 62 Figure 2. The network tree shows the phylogenetic relationship between Dichondra subg. Dichondra (green) into 3 clusters, while species of Dichondra subg. Capsularia (red) diverged into two different linages………………………... 64 Figure 3. A multilocus species-tree inferred by Star BEAST (BEAST) from all loci (ITS, trnL-F and matK) for Dichondra species. The posterior probability is depicted in each branch. As in Figure 1, colors indicated clades dehiscent (red), corresponding to subg. Capsularia (clade I and II) and indehiscent (green) corresponding to subg. Dichondra (Clade III)…………………………………...... 64 Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree shows relationship between Dichondra species. The clade III presents continuous morphologic variation into Dichondra repens. Shape of calyx, apex and density of trichomes overlaps. The age of the genus Dichondra was estimated at 25 Mya……………………………..…………………………… 65 viii Figure 5. Figura suplementar.................................................................................. 83 CAPÍTULO 3 TAXONOMIA Figure 1. a—l. Dichondra argentea. a-b. Habit. c-d. Flower. e-f. Calyx. g-h. Corolla (inside, stames attached on the middle
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