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Bats in Captivity Is the Only Manual of Its Kind, Detailing the Captive Care of Both Native and Exotic Bat Species

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Bats in Captivity Is the Only Manual of Its Kind, Detailing the Captive Care of Both Native and Exotic Bat Species 1 Комплектовано от Хинко www.hinko.org ABOUT THE BOOK A manual intended for all bat-care personnel, Bats in Captivity is the only manual of its kind, detailing the captive care of both native and exotic bat species. Material presented in this text is compiled from many years of experience in the captive care of over a dozen species of bats, from assistance to the zoological community and wildlife rehabilitators nationwide, and from published sources. The book includes successful methods for hand raising infant fruit, vampire and insectivorous bats. Also included is information on bat rehabilitation, transport, exhibition, environment, housing, nutrition, medical and necropsy considerations, plus much more. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Susan M. Barnard holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of the State of New York. She founded Basically Bats - Wildlife Conservation Society, Inc. in 1993, and served as Executive Director until 2008. Currently retired from her position as Assistant Curator of Herpetology at Zoo Atlanta, Ms. Barnard has authored over 25 scientific papers in refereed journals and 2 book chapters. She also co-authored books on reptilian parasites and reptilian husbandry, and has appeared in numerous magazines and on television, including the National Geographic special, "Keepers of the Wild". 2 Комплектовано от Хинко www.hinko.org Sue with her first handraised bat, Egore. Egore, a big brown bat, lived 9 1/2 years, during which time she helped educate thousands of people about the benefits of these misunderstood animals (photo courtesy of Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle, Bat Conservation International). 3 Комплектовано от Хинко www.hinko.org ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My deepest appreciation to Tom and Joann Johnson for their incredible friendship and assistance in constructing bat cages, shipping boxes, and bat houses, Michelle Connor for printing the cover of this book, and to my mother, Kathleen O. Muller, who not only illustrated the soft-sided cage instructions, but also fabricated them for testing. A very special thanks to Dr. Debra Forthman for her helpful comments in reviewing the book manuscript, Grier Holifield and staff at Holifield Farms for their patience and assistance during the many years I collected blood to feed vampire bats, Dr. Ellen Dierenfeld and Gloria Hamor for evaluating the fruit bat diet, Debbie Hoffmann and the other employees at Pet Ag who helped develop infant formulas used for handraising bats, the many people who took their time to help with photographs, illustrations, and translations of foreign manuscripts, and to all the zoo keepers, wildlife rehabilitators and university associates for sharing their experiences in bat care. This acknowledgment would not be complete without recognizing the deep commitment of the many men and women who have helped handraise orphaned bats in the Atlanta, Georgia area. It is through their dedication that animal facilities throughout the United States and Canada have benefited from using these bats in their educational programs. The illustrations and photographs are by the author unless otherwise credited. A PERSONAL NOTE TO THE READER Dear Reader: If you have useful information concerning the care of captive bats, or instructive photographs you are willing to share, please send them to me at the address listed on the title page of this book. With your permission, material suitable for publication will appear in one or more editions of BATS IN CAPTIVITY. For your convenience, APPENDIX I of this book contains names of suppliers of products used for bat care; however, the mention of these products and their availability does not imply endorsement. Occasionally, suppliers discontinue certain products. If you have trouble obtaining necessary supplies, please feel free to contact me so I may help you find a new supplier, and can update the appendix for future readers. 4 Комплектовано от Хинко www.hinko.org To order educational materials, such as pamphlets, slide programs and video tapes, contact Bat Conservation International, P.O. Box 162603, Austin, TX, 78716; (512) 327-9721. This organization was founded to meet the urgent and increasing need to prevent extinction of bat species, to insure survival of viable bat populations, and to inform the public about the value of bats. If you have a previous edition of this book, please share it with a friend or send it to Zoo Outreach Organization, c/o Sally Walker, Box 1683, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641 004, India. Sincerely, Susan M. Barnard INTRODUCTION Incredible ignorance and superstition still surround the image of bats, but bat biologists, conservation groups, and the community of spelunkers are slowly changing public perception. This change, to a more positive attitude by the public, is reflected in the increasing frequency with which rehabilitators are being asked to care for injured and orphaned bats. Unfortunately, few animal- care professionals are familiar with bats, and the literature on their captive maintenance is scarce. Therefore, I hope this manual will continue to serve as a forum for sharing new concepts, recent advances, and persistent problems in bat husbandry. Earlier editions of this manual emphasized the care and maintenance of insectivorous bats, with the rehabilitator as the primary caretaker. Many inquiries by staff in zoological gardens and universities have created a need to expand the text to include both New and Old World fruit bats, and the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus. Considering that the order Chiroptera is distributed worldwide, feeds on a wide variety of fauna and flora, and is comprised of approximately 850 species, information in this manual is limited to bats frequently encountered by rehabilitators, or routinely maintained in zoos and research facilities. 5 Комплектовано от Хинко www.hinko.org Chapter One ABOUT BATS Bats are members of the order Chiroptera, a Greek word meaning "hand wing". The order is divided into two suborders, Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. Bat biologists, however, commonly shorten these names to megabats and microbats. Only one family of bats, Pteropodidae, comprises the suborder Megachiroptera, with all other families found in the suborder Microchiroptera. This nomenclature can be confusing because some of the megabats are smaller than some of the microbats. Bats are the only true flying mammals. Their adaptations for flight, and their ability to navigate with echolocation (biosonar), have resulted in their unique appearance. The bat's wing (FIG. 1) is a modified hand, comparable to the arm and hand of a human; flight is made possible by a flexible membrane of skin stretched around and between the skeletal framework. The thumb is short, free, and possesses a claw that helps the bat cling to surfaces such as trees and walls. The other four digits have lost their claws and only serve to give rigidity to the flight apparatus. Figure 1. Structure of a bat wing. 6 Комплектовано от Хинко www.hinko.org Bats, like most other mammals, have fur or hair, give birth to live young, and feed their infants milk. The baby bat's first set of teeth are the milk teeth (FIG. 2), used for clinging to its mother's teat or fur while she carries it in flight. The milk teeth are tiny and sharply pointed. They erupt in the bat's mouth either prior to, or shortly after birth. As the infant bat matures, they are replaced by permanent teeth (FIG. 3). These teeth are differentiated and include incisors, canines, premolars and molars. All except the molars are deciduous (replaced once). Figure 2. Illustration of infant bat milk teeth (from Kowalski, 1995 Figure 3. Illustration of deciduous teeth of bats (from Kowalski, 1955). Although bats are not blind, insect-eating bats navigate by a well-developed auditory sense known as echolocation, similar to a sonar navigation system. Ultrasonic sounds, defined as those above the range of human hearing (20,000 plus vibrations per second), are generated in the bat's larynx. When these sounds are emitted by 7 Комплектовано от Хинко www.hinko.org bats, they bounce off of surrounding objects and return as echos to the bats' ears (FIG. 4). Those species that have the ability to echolocate, can avoid dangerous obstacles and hunt insects even in total darkness. In addition to producing ultrasonic sounds, these animals also produce lower-frequency vocalizations that are within the range of human hearing. These sounds are associated with social interaction, however, and not navigation in flight. Figure 4. To hunt prey, bats emit ultrasonic sounds which are reflected by surrounding objects. The sounds return to the bat as echos. Among the Microchiroptera, temperate-zone bats are heterothermic. That is to say, these bats vary between acting like an ectotherm ("cold-blooded" animal) and an endotherm ("warm-blooded" animal). To conserve energy, heterothermic bats allow their body temperatures to decrease to ambient temperatures when at rest. When they awaken from torpor, they are able to raise their body temperatures again in order to fly and hunt. In contrast to this interesting thermoregulatory behavior, members of the order Megachiroptera (flying foxes) are like other mammals, obligatory endotherms; they maintain a constant body temperature through homeostatic mechanisms. Collectively, bats eat a wide variety of foods. In addition to insects, they eat fruit, nectar, pollen, flowers, blood, mice, lizards, frogs, fish, birds, and even other bats. They also differ widely in physical appearance. Some bats have plain faces resembling dogs (FIG. 5), while others are elaborately adorned with leaflike structures (FIG. 6); moreover, the sizes and shapes of their ears are equally diverse. Bats exhibit different social behavior; while some species are solitary, others form enormous social groups. Perhaps one of the most amazing features about these small mammals is their incredible longevity. Representative longevity records are summarized in TABLE 1. 8 Комплектовано от Хинко www.hinko.org Figure 5. This flying fox, and many other bats, have plain faces.
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