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Saint Tammany and the Origin of the Society of Tammany, Or Columbian Order in the City of New York

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Saint Tammany and the Origin of the Society of Tammany, Or Columbian Order in the City of New York 'CHANGE 19)3 SAINT TAMMANY AND THE ORIGIN OF THE SOCIETY OF TAMMANY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK BY EDWIN P. KILROE NEW YORK I-'"- SAINT TAMMANY AND THE ORIGIN OF THE SOCIETY OF TAMMANY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK BY EDWIN PATRICK KILROE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK 1913 COPYRIGHT, 1913 BY EDWIN P. KILROE PREFACE THE following treatise is the result of a study under- taken under the direction of the School of Political Science, Columbia University. Its original purpose was the prepara- tion of a monograph on the political significance of Tam- many Hall. A brief investigation, however, of the pub- lished works on the subject revealed the fact that no authen- tic exhaustive work had been written or even attempted, including the whole or any considerable part of the field. It became apparent that the subject invited a complete investi- gation to reveal the true scope of the movement of the early Tammany Societies, the legendary of Saint Tammany, and the origin and development of the Society of Tammany in the City of New York, as the basis for the proper under- standing of the growth and influence of the institution and " " the evolution of the Democratic machine in New York County. Such a work has been undertaken and the follow- ing chapters are the beginnings of the complete history that is planned. In the search for original sources of information, the writer found himself in a maze of pertinent and interesting but wholly uncollated data, revealing the necessity for a comprehensive bibliography as a guide to the inquiry. Dur- ing its preparation the miscellaneous information which is presented in the form of an appendix to this dissertation was secured. The appendix includes a list of orations de- livered before Tammany Societies in the United States, with contemporary criticisms wherever found; and it may not be amiss to add that the orations reflect the attitude of the societies upon the social, political and economic problems 3 263729 4 PREFACE and conditions of their times an indispensable source of information to the investigator of the movement. The facts and traditions concerning Saint Tammany, which are here collected for the first time, possess more than an antiquarian interest, for they disclose the character of the fetich to which the movement of the Tammany So- cieties was dedicated. No pains, therefore, have been spared in presenting the topic. The amount of information uncovered respecting the several epochs of the history of the Tammany Society of New York City varies greatly. From 1789 to 1800, the important activities are adequately chronicled in contem- porary newspapers, and much documentary information is accessible. During the period from 1800 to 1812 the major functions are briefly treated in the news columns, but the sources are not so abundant as in the preceding decade. A mere outline of the workings of the Society from 1812 to 1825 is provided by the press, and an occasional broad- side or pamphlet issued by the Society, or published by its political opponents, furnishes additional sidelights on the activities of the period. There is a paucity of informa- tion covering the period between 1825 and 1850, broken only by an occasional pamphlet and the passing comment of general works. The daily newspapers of New York City, numerous magazines and periodicals, together with official publications by the Society in the form of broadsides, pamphlets, communications and accounts of its proceedings, furnish abundant material for its history during the latter half of the nineteenth century. In discussing the development of the early Tammany Societies, the article by Francis Von Cabeen, on The So- ciety of the Sons of Saint Tammany of Philadelphia, pub- lished in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biog- raphy in 1902, was of great assistance. The references PREFACE 5 pointed out by Mr. Cabeen were of especial value in de- scribing the part played in the movement by the Philadelphia Society. The author takes pleasure in acknowledging the assist- ance rendered to him by Mr. Albert Matthews, lexicog- rapher and historical investigator, of Boston, Massachusetts, by furnishing references to invaluable sources. The splen- did facilities of the New York Historical Society, New York Public, New York Society, American Antiquarian, Brown University, and Columbia University Libraries, and the Library of Congress, made accessible vast store- houses of information, and the courtesy of their respective librarians is gratefully remembered. Professor Charles A. Beard, of Columbia University, under whose personal su- pervision this study was commenced, has been unstinting in his suggestions and encouragement. To Professor E. M. Sait, of Columbia University, the writer is indebted for helpful, scholarly criticism. Mr. William A. Hildebrand, formerly assistant librarian at the New York Historical Society, has materially aided in verifying references. The author is especially grateful to Dr. Austin Baxter Keep, of the College of the City of New York, who has read manuscript and proof throughout and whose experience in historical investigation has provided a never failing source of assistance and sympathetic interest. Louis E. Swarts, Esq., of the New York Bar, has aided in the revision and arrangement of the work in the same cordial spirit of cooperation that has characterized his professional relations with the writer during the past seven years. E. P. K. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, May 1, 1913. CONTENTS PAGB INTRODUCTION 11 CHAPTER I SAINT TAMMANY 1. Tamenend: Hiawatha and Tammany in history and literature; authentic history of Tammany land grants to William Penn; relations with the early settlers 15 2. Traditions of Saint Tammany: Residence, death, place of burial; successors; Motto; Tammany and the Walam Olum 21 3. Canonization: Correspondence of Dr. Belknap and Hazard; ex- planations of the anomaly; errors of early commentators; John Leacock and his poem on Saint Tammany; Chief Tammany, patron of a Fishing Club; patron of the Province of Pennsyl- vania and of the Continental Army; poems to Saint Tammany 29 4. Sources of Legendary: Oration by Mitchill and reports of early missionaries; comments by Heckewelder; Mitchill's letter; errors of Heckewelder; influence of the Iroquois; legends of Tammany confused with those of Hiawatha 46 Notes to Chapter I. The Delaware Indians; the Iroquois; Tammany as a proper name; Col. Morgan and the name Tamanend; Teedy- " uscung; Poem Song for St. Tammany's Day"; The Prophet; Iroquois traditions relating to Tammany 53 CHAPTER II THE MOVEMENT OF THE TAMMANY SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES PRIOR TO 1789 Celebration of May 1st as St. Tammany's Day; custom inaugurated by Fishing Clubs near Philadelphia; early celebrations; Sons of King Tammany at Philadelphia toasts; activities at Philadel- phia toasts; officers; the movement outside of Philadelphia: celebrations at Norfolk, Harrisburg, Petersburg and Richmond, Va. toasts; in New Jersey constitution; in Georgia cele- brations at Savannah toasts; in the Carolinas celebration at Wilmington, N. C. toasts; character of the celebrations in the 7 8 CONTENTS PACK South; the Tammany Societies and the Sons of Liberty; Celtic influence on the movement in the South; end of the first phase of the movement 84 Notes to Chapter II. Poem "Prophecy of King Tammany"; Law of Liberty of the Tammany Societies; Sons of Liberty and the Liberty Pole; St. Tammany's Day unknown in New England. Ill CHAPTER III THE ORIGIN OF THE SOCIETY OF TAMMANY OR COLUMBIAN ORDER IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK 1. The Founding: Statement by Bryce; conditions in New York from 1783-1789; notices of the Society; early celebrations toasts; meetings in 1789 reorganization Public Constitution 117 2. Objects: William Mooney's activities; John Pintard and his in- fluence on the Society correspondence; The Society and the Cin- cinnati; the anti-Catholic sentiment; patrons; the Bucktail; evolution of the present name 130 Notes to Chapter III. Pintard; the Tammanial laws; William Mooney; the Oneida Indians; William Maclay; toasts of the Tammany Society and the Cincinnati; anti-Catholic sentiment in the Phila- delphia and Washington Tammany Societies; toasts to the patrons 150 CHAPTER IV EARLY ACTIVITIES OF THE SOCIETY 1. Reception to the Indians: The Oneida Chiefs; conciliation of the Creeks; the Ottoway Chiefs 167 2. The Tammany Museum: Establishment; room in City Hall; by- laws and regulations; Broadside June 1, 1791; transfer to Baker; later history 173 3. Promotion of Holidays: May 12 ostentatious pageantry, banquets; July 4th celebrations reading the Declaration of Independence; abandonment of Indian ceremonial; Evacuation Day; celebra- tions in honor of Columbus 177 4. Patriotic zeal and civic interest: Mourning; work on the harbor fortifications Governor's Island and Brooklyn 186 5. The Wigwam :. Various locations; Tammanial Tontine Associa- tion; first Tammany Hall; present hall 189 6. The drift toward politics: Sympathy for the French Revolution celebrations; the Tammany Society and the Democratic Society; Mrs. Hatton and the opera "Tammany"; Washington's attack on self-created societies; the split in the Tammany Society; alignment with the Anti-Federalists 192 CONTENTS FAGX and the Creek Notes to Chapter IV. Col. M'Gillivray; Georgia the Columbus treaty; criticisms of the early anniversaries; Monument; address by the Society; excerpt from Washington's l message APPENDIX 209 Tammany Societies in the United States 214 Orations before New York Tammany Society, with criticisms 241 Orations before the Tammany Societies in the United States ABBREVIATIONS USED B. U. Brown University Library. L. C. Library of Congress. or date of N. p., n. d. No place publication. N. Y. H. S New York Historical Society. N. Y. P. L. New York Public Library. * Indicates earliest date found.
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