Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

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SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Erysipelas • ErytheMa, warMth, tenderness, pain, fever, purulence Epidermis Necrotizing Impetigo • Systemic signs: TeMp. >38°C, HR >90, RR >24 or WBC soft <12,000 or <300 cells/uL tissue Sweat infection gland Hair (NSTI) HISTORY Cellulitis Dermis follicle • Onset of signs/symptoMs? Progression? Abscess • Association with trauMa? Subcutaneous • Burn(s), frostbite, pressure ulcer, post-surgical? tissue • EnvironMental risks? Vaccination history? Fascia Muscle • Severity of pain? Radiation? Furuncle • Loss of function? Joint involveMent? Carbuncle Non-Purulent SSTI Erysipelas Associated with fever, well deMarcated erytheMa Group A Streptococcus (GAS) Non-bullous: painless, erytheMatous base w/ honey-crusted exudate S. aureus, GAS on face/liMbs Impetigo Bullous: clusters of bullae/solidary lesions of exudate + Toxin producing S. aureus desquaMation EdeMa, pain, poorly deMarcated erytheMa. Orbital cellulitis is a Cellulitis GAS, S. aureus Medical eMergency! Generally, rapidly evolving, pain out of proportion, erytheMatous rash Polymicrobial Necrotizing Monomicrobial w/ fever, toxic appearance, & throMbocytopenia. HeModynaMically GAS, MRSA, Soft Tissue S. aureus Most VRE, Infection (NSTI) unstable. coMMon Clostridium Purulent SSTI (Drainable Collection) Cutaneous / Deep Soft S. aureus (coMMunity-acquired Collection of pus Tissue Abscess MRSA), GAS Furuncles, Carbuncles Furuncles (boils) are skin abscesses that involve a hair S. aureus (including MRSA), GAS + Cellulitis follicle. Carbuncles are clusters of furuncles. Mild: cellulitis, erysipelas, + purulence Cellulitis, Erysipelas, Moderate: above w/ systemic signs Furuncle, Necrotizing infection Severe: failed oral antibiotics, systemic symptoms, Carbuncle, Abscess immunocompromised, signs of deeper infection (bullae, skin sloughing, hypotension, organ dysfunction) MILD MODERATE SEVERE MILD MODERATE SEVERE Oral Intravenous Emergent surgical Incision and I&D PLUS I&D PLUS Debridement Cephalexin Cefazolin OR inspection, debridement Cephalexin PO Vancomycin IV (I&D) Cloxacillin OR R/o necrotizing process OR Cloxacillin Cefazolin IV Ceftriaxone OR Empiric Rx: 1) VancoMycin 2) PLUS Piperacillin- C&S for definitive TazobactaM C&S of purulent fluid for management 3) PLUS ClindaMycin* definitive ManageMent NSTIs IN PEDIATRICS EAGLE EFFECT 1) No skin Manifestations in up to 50% of cases. The Eagle Effect is the paradoxical effect of 2) A prolonged prodrome or perceived slow onset reduced penicillin efficacy at higher antibiotic should NOT rule out an NSTI. doses. Clindamycin also inhibits bacterial 3) May present with Multifocal sites. Always check for toxin production. additional sites during the physical exaM. Published December 2020 Alexander Perry (Medical Student 2021, University of Alberta), Courtney Wilkes (Plastics PGY-5, University of Alberta) & Dr. Jaret Olson (Pediatric Plastic Surgeon, University of Alberta) for www.pedscases.coM.

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Coexistence of Antibodies to Tick-Borne
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 98(3): 311-318, April 2003 311 Coexistence of Antibodies to Tick-borne Agents of Babesiosis and Lyme Borreliosis in Patients from Cotia County, State of São Paulo, Brazil Natalino Hajime Yoshinari/+, Milena Garcia Abrão, Virginia Lúcia Nazário Bonoldi, Cleber Oliveira Soares*, Claudio Roberto Madruga*, Alessandra Scofield**, Carlos Luis Massard**, Adivaldo Henrique da Fonseca** Laboratório de Investigação em Reumatologia (LIM-17), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 3º andar, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brasil *Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil **Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil This paper reports a case of coinfection caused by pathogens of Lyme disease and babesiosis in brothers. This was the first case of borreliosis in Brazil, acquired in Cotia County, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Both children had tick bite history, presented erythema migrans, fever, arthralgia, mialgia, and developed positive serology (ELISA and Western-blotting) directed to Borrelia burgdorferi G 39/40 and Babesia bovis antigens, mainly of IgM class antibodies, suggestive of acute disease. Also, high frequencies of antibodies to B. bovis was observed in a group of 59 Brazilian patients with Lyme borreliosis (25.4%), when compared with that obtained in a normal control group (10.2%) (chi-square = 5.6; p < 0.05). Interestingly, both children presented the highest titers for IgM antibodies directed to both infective diseases, among all patients with Lyme borreliosis. Key words: lyme borreliosis - lyme disease - spirochetosis - borreliosis - babesiosis - coinfection - tick-borne disease - Brazil Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease distributed world- The first case of babesiosis in a healthy person, with wide, caused by hemoprotozoans of the genus Babesia, intact spleen, was reported in 1969 in a woman from Nan- which infects wild and domestic animals, promoting eco- tucket Island (Massachusetts, USA)(Wester et al.
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