1959 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD- HOUSE 3469

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Jackson Day Dinner Address Delivered presence. More important, it provides an op­ At the age of 81, with his you~h and vigor portunity to reevaluate our party's meaning far behind him, Jefferson said, in a letter by Hon. Edmund S. Muskie, of Maine for ourselves, our neighbors, and our chil­ to a friend: dren. "Men by their constitution, are naturally There has never been a time in our coun­ _divided into two parties. Those who fear EXTENSION OF REMARKS try's history when such a reevaluation was and distrust the peopJe-those who Identify OF so vital to our survival and our well-being themselves with the people, have confidence as it is today. We love freedom. We believe in them, cherish and consider them as the HON. STUART SYMINGTON in the dignity and the worth of the indi­ most honest and safe depository of the pub­ OF MISSOURI vidual. We hold that a society which rec­ .lic interest." IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES .ognizes and implements these principles is I don't know what kind of a program best calculated to achieve happiness for each Jefferson would present to us if he were Thursday, March 5, 1959 of us and for our neighbors. Today, all of President today. I don't know what, spe­ Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, on this is in deadly danger, and cannot survive cifically, he would have propos€-d to do about unless we are alert to the danger and will­ the budget, education, the Soviet menace, Saturday, February 21, the distinguished ing to mobilize all our resources to meet our Inilitary posture, labor-management re­ junior Senator from Maine [Mr. MusKIE] the threat-intelligently, effectively, and im­ lations, or any of the host of problems spoke at Springfield, Mo., on the occasion mediately. which beset us. There are those who in­ of our annual Jackson Day dinner. Over the long years of its great history, the dulge themselves in the game of speculating We in Missouri were privileged to play Democratic Party has demonstrated a sen­ upon such things for the purpose of sug­ host to Senator MusKIE. We know him sitivity to the objectives of a free society, an gesting Jefferson's approval or disapproval alertness to the challenges and opportunities of some point of view. Jefferson himself ·as a gracious gentleman and a true _was not so presumptuous. Many times, he servant of the people. of each new day, and a willingness to move forward in the face of great obstacles and warned against those who ascribe to the His speech on that occasion was in­ difficulties, which has been unmatched among men of. the preceding age a wisdom more spirational to all of us who had the political parties. This is not to say that than human, and suppose what they did to opportunity to hear him. every Democrat who ever lived has been, and be beyond amendment. I ask unanimous consent that it be is, more effective than any Republican who I do know that Jefferson's attention was printed in the RECORD. ever lived. We know this is not so. It is -always focused on the ultimate objective of not to say the Democratic Party has always a free society-the advancement and well­ There being no objection, the address being of the people. I know that his ver­ was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, measured up fully to the responsibilities of any given day. We know this is not so. satile and searching mind was not restricted as follows: It is to say that, on the record, the Demo­ by the straitjacket of out moded and out­ SPEECH B~ HON. EDMUND S. MUSKIE, OF MAINE, cratic Party has been a party of great worn ideas and methods, however worth­ AT SPRINGFIELD, Mo., FEBRUARY 21, 1959 ·achievements and that it will continue to while they may have been yesterday. I am I can think of a number of reasons why it ·be if we, who are entrusted with the steward­ confident that he would have chosen means is good to be in Missouri. ship of its affairs, will fortify ourselves with and methods suited to the dimensions of First of all, there was the cordial invitation the best of its traditions. the tasks with which we are confronted. extended to me by your distinguished Sena­ What is required today? He would have believed today, as he be­ lieved in his own day, that there is a greater tors, STU SYMINGTON and ToM HENNINGS, Let me give you some thoughts expressed and your able Congressman, CHARLIE BROWN. risk in standing still than in moving for­ by Thomas Jefferson in 1816 in a discussion ward, that a problem is not solved by half To my previous awareness of their impres­ of the relationship between men and their sive records of public service, I have been ·governments: measures, that a problem does not disappear privileged to add the warmth and · friendli­ because it is ignored: That, above all, the "I am certainly not an advocate for fre­ American people are willing, able, and eager ness of personal association. The fact that quent and untried changes in laws and con­ outstanding Americans of this stature should to know the truth, to understand the truth, stitutions. I think moderate· imperfections ~ and to assume the burdens and sacrifices welcome such a contribution as I can make had better be borne with. But I know also to this great gathering is a compliment I which the truth indicates they must assume. that laws and institutions must go hand-in­ I believe this about Jefferson because he could not ignore. Secondly, I have long had ·hand with the progress of the human mind. a healthy curiosity about the State which understood the nature and the responsi­ ·As new discoveries are m ade, new truths dis­ .bility of leadership in a free society-leader­ entered the Union at the same time as my closed, and manners and opinions change own State of Maine. The compromise, which ship as demonstrated by the J acksons, the with the change· of circumstances, institu­ Lincolns, the Roosevelts, the Wilsons, the made possible that historic coincidence, re­ tions must advance also, and keep pace with flected sharp differences in public opinion Trumans. the times." What is the truth? with respect to the great political issues Expressed and implicit in these words are which were involved; but, more important, it The truth today is that our position in some impressive beliefs: the world, by any standard of measurement was symbolic of the fact that, in America, 1. That change, new and more difficult such differences can be resolved, given mu­ we chose to use, is incomparably weaker problems, unforseen circumstances, are in­ than at any other time since the dark days of tual ·respect, patience, understanding, and evitable in human affairs. good will. ·world War II. The truth today is that there Thirdly, I have enjoyed my associations 2. That the human mind and the human is less than full realization of this fact, and in the Governors' conference with your per­ spirit are capable of recognizing and ad­ that there should be and must be if we are sonable and capable Governor, Jim Blair, justing to them. to ma.ke the hard decisions which are indi­ who has a common sense knack of striking 3. That society and governments must be cated. The truth today is that we are not to the core of a problem which is familiar so constructed as to give free play to this being called upon to make the supreme effort to one accustomed to dealing with practical, great potential for adaptability and change. that those in a position to know the facts down-to-earth Maine Yankees. 4. That our country has the resources­ should realize must be made. The truth Finally, this is the home of Harry Tru­ material, human and ideological-to meet today is that there is a lack of faith among man-the man who made great decisions any challenge, however great. too many- that we have the resources, the with the sure touch and unhesitating cour­ 5. That our people, within the frame­ stamina, and the guts to do all that must be age of a man of clear vision-with an in­ work of a free society, have a capacity for done. stinctive understanding of the importance growth which can carry them to even To these people of little faith, those who of firm and positive leadership in his high greater heights of achievement: but only if indulge in creative thinking are radicals. office. Our times would be different and far they are constantly stimulated by broad and To these people of little faith, those who more fearful but for this fact. wide-ranging thinking, and by imaginative honestly expose our weaknesses as a challenge It is appropriate that Democrats should and purposeful leadership. to greater effort are purveyors of gloom and gather from time to time as you have here, I say these beliefs are impressive. This doom. tonight. It is understandable that we should is so because, although they are as old To these people of little faith, those who indulge in a little partisan rejoicing over as our country, they are a fresh and ever­ believe that a given problem cannot be solved the victories which swept .the country from flowing fountain of inspiration and reassur­ without a greater effort are spenders. coast to coast-from Maine in September to ance at a time when confusion tends to To these people of little faith, our growth Alaska in late November. It is proper that blur our vision, when doubt tends to par­ has stabilized at a level which holds little we take stock of yesterday's. results and to­ alyze action, when timidity and fear of promise of greater things to come. In speak­ morrow's prospects-which have never looked .the unknown feature tends to blunt our in­ ing of people, I am not thinking of indi­ brighter. It is an opportunity to gain in.. stinctive urge to grapple with the problems . viduals or of particular parties. I am, rather, spiration and enthusiasm from each other's of the day in their full dimensions. personalizing an apathy, a complacency, and 3470 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 5 a stagnation in thinking which is seeping It requires, secondly, the establishment of One of the great problems of fisher­ out into the country and which can destroy a military posture which is dynamic, not men is an item of expense arising from us before a foreign enemy can get the chance. static; which utilizes to the full the tools of the cost of insurance which runs into To point out this weakness is not to say scientific research; and which unhesitatingly that the alternatives are prodigal spending, and firmly seizes every advantage and makes hundreds of dollars for each boat. As I wasteful effort, or a frenzy of activity to maximum use of every new development understand it, the high claims and ex­ do everything which comes to mind. There which promises to strengthen our sinews. perience of losses cause the insurance a re things which government must do. There Such a posture is the shield behind which we underwriters to continually increase are other things which government should can mobilize the economic and ideological their rates. not do. There is a great broad area of de­ strength which will give us the ultimate There have been various suggestions sirable activity as to which we must be dis­ victory. as to ways in which the Federal Gov­ crim inating and intelligent in assigning Thirdly, that we develop every resource ernment might help. One of these has proper priorities. There is room in this area here at home. Measured by the tasks to be for differences of opinion-differences which performed, there is plenty of work for all been to underwrite a portion of these in­ can and ought to exist as between the execu­ our people and they must all be kept busy surance premiums, but knowing and tive and legislative branches of government-­ to the limit of their skills and their capaci­ sharing the prejudice against special differences which can and ought to exist as ties. We do not have enough scientists. We subsidies, I have come up with a proposal between Members of the legislative branch. do not have enough teachers. We do not which might indirectly contribute toward It is only by exposing these differences, by have enough doctors, nurses, psychiatrists, a solution by means of greatly reducing subjecting them to the crossfire of debate technicians of all kinds. Everywhere we insurance costs. that we can work out sound and enduring turn, we find shortages of skills. Who says The idea has been incorporated in a answers. there isn't enough work to keep all Amer­ The current concept that the Congress has icans employed? There is work begging to be bill which I introduced today. This no prerogative and no duty to think inde­ done. How do we fit the square pegs in the measure would extend medical, surgical, pendently, to reach independent conclusions, round holes? and dental treatment in hospitals and and to act independently in its sphere of One great bridge between the man and the stations of the Public Health Service activity is destructive of the very vitality of jdb is the educational process. This isn't without charge to seamen on American­ our democratic process. It must not be al­ to say that with the proper school we can owned U.S. flag vessels in excess of 20 lowed to prevail. train anyone to do anything. It isn't to say feet in length regularly engaged in fish­ It is in the area of things that must be that the answer to current unemployment is ing in international waters. done, that we must give our concentrated to send everyone to school. It is to say that and immediate attention. we have great unfilled needs in the field of This medical care and hospitalization This has to do with our national survival­ human skills, that we are doing too little is available, of course, to our sailors and not just as an independent, geographically about it, and that we cannot retain the seamen in larger oceangoing boats. My identifiable state--but as a vital, meaningful image of America as the strength and hope bill would simply extend this service and force which, by its leadership and by its ex­ of the world unless we utilize every potential by the saving to insurance companies ample, can lift the world upward to ever talent which we have wherever it may be through lesser number of claims result in higher levels of social and economic progress found. It is time to deal with a national a reduction in premium rates. for men and women everywhere. Unless we problem by providing a national answer to it. Here is a means of assisting the entire are the latter, we will not always be the These are the kind of great challenges to former. This suggests, I hope, that we are which the Democratic Party traditionally fishing industry. As I see it, all fisher­ concerned with more than Maginot line se­ rises. These are the great crises of the kind men, Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coast, curity. We are concerned with more than a which the Democratic Party has always been would benefit by my bill. Accordingly, I retaliatory capability which can destroy our eager and willing to meet. These are the offer it for consideration with the hope potential enemy. We are concerned with needs for great leadership of the kind which it might invite united support from the more--and I should say something far dif­ the Democratic Party has so often been able fishing industry and thus encourage the ferent--than political domination of other to provide. Congress to give it utmost consideration. areas of the world. We are concerned with We won't do it today, or tomorrow, by demonstrating here, at home, and to the sitt ing on our hands. We will not do it peoples overseas that our way of life does give today, or tomorrow, by smugly glorying in us strength, that it does enable us to pre­ past victories. We will not do it today, or vail over those who would destroy us, and tomorrow, without thinking without taking Think Anew, Act Anew that it is the last best hope of little people the people into our confidence--without everywhere who yearn for opportunity, dig­ asserting the creative and productive capac­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ity which lies in the hearts and minds of nity, and freedom. OF I say that we are concerned with this-and a free people. I mean concern with an emotion that we Someone once said, "The road that have never had to feel before. Our policies stretches before the feet of a man is a chal­ HON. THOMAS ·H. KUCHEL and programs since our beginnings have been lenge to his heart long before it tests the OF CALIFORNIA based on the assumption that we had re­ strength of his legs." What he was saying IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES sources to burn, that no other nation could is that the heart is often capable of greater match them, that our way of life and our decisions than the mind. The heart of Thursday, March 5, 1959 institutions had an irresistible attraction for America is its secret weapon. Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I ask peoples not privileged to enjoy them-the as­ unanimous consent that a speech I made sumption of manifest superiority. This is assumption that is no longer valid. before the San Francisco County Repub­ What we are, what we have, and what we of­ New Legislation To Bring Relief to the lican Central Committee last February fer, are being weighed on the balance against 10 be printed in the RECORD. the supposed attractions of an alien system. Fishing Industry There being no objection, the address Vle are being judged by peoples who are not was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, advocates of either democracy or commu­ EXTENSION OF REM:ARKS as follows: nism, but who are concerned as to their own OF THINK ANEW, AcT ANEW status in life and its improvement. To these peoples, we are no longer manifestly superior. HON. THOMAS M. PELLY (Address by U.S. Senator THOMAS H. KUCHEL before the San Francisco County Republi­ To capture their minds and hearts-and OF WASHINGTON there are more than a billion of them-it is can Central Committee, Elks Club, San necessary that we utilize to the maximum IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Francisco, Calif., February 10, 1959) every resource at our disposal-material, hu­ Thursday, March 5, 1959 I suggest that a very special and funda­ man, and ideological. We must live our na­ mental responsibility devolves upon each of t ional life with a fire, and enthusiasm, and a Mr. FELLY. Mr. Speaker, for reasons us who continues his basic Republican allegi­ confidence in ourselves that we have always which are pretty generally known, fish­ ance at Lincoln's natal celebration in 1959. found it possible to summon in times of ermen and the fishing industry have For the strength of the traditionally Ameri­ national crisis. been suffering from cheap foreign im­ can two-party system becomes pretty much What does maximum utilization require? ports. Tariff relief under regular pro­ of a question of what we Republicans now It requires, first of all, that we become a cedure which should have been available do and now say. That the system of two progressively stronger economic force in the strong parties, not three or four or eight or world, gaining strength not only for our­ to the New England industry, for ex­ ten-and God help us, not one--represents selves, but for peoples everywhere who see'k ample, was denied because of factors of one of the greatest assurances for the main­ to develop an economic climate favorable to foreign policy relating to national se­ tenance of our free American political sys· the recognition of the dignity and worth of curity. That is not an easy obstacle to tern no reasonable citizen can deny. The the individual. overcome. splinter parties of some Western nations 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD..:;....;. HOUSE 3471 which require patchwork coalition ministries And it-1s in precisely -that same- spirit of ness,-was scrapped,... as it ought to have been, do not fit the American pattern. And the man's freedom of . opportunity and of life,. over the anguished objections from the other one-party system.:.._the "one party or else•• and of a never-ending pioneering for new side of the aisle. Excise taxes, on a Federal doctrine of Russia and of communism gen­ hopes and aspirations for all humankind level, generally have been cut under this erally-is as painfully clear an example as which must rekindle our partisan spirit as administration. Small business has been I know of why the American people will we look forward to the presidential and given tax relief. I think Republicans never, never embrace the Red ideologies· of congressional election of 1960. . brought back a decent measure of fiscal Moscow. Our conception of freedom in­ The Republican Party must, and ought to, sanity. cludes freedom of choice at the ballot box. attract to its cause men and women from In the Lincoln field of human dignity, we It is unquestionably true that the two-party every walk of life and from every creed passed the first civil rights law since the system, American style, has effectively pre­ and color and race. Thus Lincoln's philos­ Civil War, and we did it over frenetic Demo­ vented the destruction of individual liberty ophy will live on in our party. We are, and cratic objections. which the one-party Communist system has we should be, dedicated to human freedom. My fellow Republicans, all problems con­ enforced. We are an American party, and thus eter­ fronting our :.'1\ation are minor when meas­ Thus, for us who constitute the presently nally dedicated to America and America's ured against the threat to our national life remaining membership of the minority party welfare. We ought to gain our strength as and the lives of our people posed by inter­ in California and in much of the United our country gains her strength: from hav­ national communism, and the policies which States what we do, what we say, as par­ ing among our members citizens of diverse Soviet Russia has consistently practiced for tisans, will have a telling-perhaps I can religious and racial ancestry, and from every at least the last 25 years, and her growing fairly say a crucial-impact upon the future walk and segment of our national life. potential to wage nuclear war. All of us now of our wonderfully unique kind of personal We a.re not, and we do not intend to be, know that from the date of our official recog­ and political freedom which the Colonies of a party of extremists. We seek man's prog­ nition of Russia down through the years of 1776 fought for and won and sought to pre­ ress by avoiding the two opposing poles on the Second World War, the Russian Govern­ serve in constitutional guarantees, and for the political spectrum. We believe that ment, although professedly an ally in the which Mr. Lincoln, one of the grer.test leaders man is entitled to a reasonable compensa­ war, was unremittingly advancing its secret in the cause. of .freedom in all recorded his­ tion for his toil, and we respect the virtues policies aimed at the destruction of all free tory, gave almost all his adult years, and of thrift and savings. Thus, we want to institutions. Soviet policy has utilized the gave his life as well. consider the problems of both the wage techniques of indoctrination and prop­ What then, my fellow Republicans, can earner and the person living on a fixed in­ aganda. Infiltration has been advanced by we now do, or begin to do, to attract to our come. Republicans believe in free enterprise, two groups: First, the professional espio­ banner men and women who are registered but we do not intend to permit any group to nage agents who successfully sought secret in the Democratic Party or who are regis­ take advantage of the people as a whole. We information of a military character, particu­ tered in neither party, or who-though believe there is a national interest in the uarly with reference to the atomic bomb; registered Republicans-habitually stay health and the economic well-being of all and second, the followers organized into cells at home or habitually vote against our people without condemning them to the and carefully nurtured in the deadly teach­ Republicans? J;egimentation of a welfare state. We believe ings which already have caused infinite Can we not first agree that the Repub­ there is a national interest in the proper damage to Western civilization. lican Party deserves to win only when it education of our youth, regardless of color, Ever since the Second World War, the represents the better. or the best, means of and we applaud the Federal Government's Western Powers have sought to achieve a assuring the maintenance of our free con­ record of reclamation assistance to western lasting peace rooted in international law and stitutional system? This must be true, and America under a policy initiated by the Re­ justice. The beginning of these efforts was we recognize that, on many occasions, may­ publican Roosevelt over 50 years ago. We the Atlantic Charter, and continued through be almost all, that question is entirely a accept the responsibility of leadership in innumerable war and post-war conferences matter of opinion of the people. And on the cause of a just peace in the world, and of varying·effectiveness but the most produc­ many, many occasions, let the record show, we extend our hand of friendship to free tive of which was in this beautiful city when the people of our State and country have peoples all around the globe. the Charter of the United Nations came into voted Republican. I predict they will again. To be given the people's faith, the Republi­ being. Is it not also true that the best means of can Party cannot be antilabor, organized or Long before the war was well underway, assuring--or of honestly trying to assure-­ unorganized, nor can it be prolabor either. Soviet wrecking crews were busily engaged the maintenance of this free Republic, is Labor reform legislation, on a national level, in their deadly work. In the end they broke to chart our course, our partisan and our is long overdue and Republicans need here up the wartime alliance, viola ted war and political course, .as Americans as well as to keep the public interest uppermost in postwar agreements, virtually paralyzed the Republicans, on one basis and one alo_ne-­ mind. We have had, alas, Republicans who United Nations with its "Nyet" and thus far the old textbook maxim, "the greatest good have almost genuflected before some labor have prevented any successful agreement for for the greatest number"? leaders. Those Republicans are just as offen­ effective control of atomic warfare. The so­ Mr. Churchill said to the American Con­ sive to the public weal as those other Re­ called peace treaties signed by Russia with gress in the early days of the war that in his publicans who automatically say ·"No" to the former Balkan States were only a means father's time in Great Britain, it was deemed anything which organized labor through to achieve complete political subjugation of that government was meant "for the few their leaders espouses. In this connection, I suggest that we cannot shift with the winds. them. Now, some 17 have gone down the and for the very few." He and his political drain. party overcame that special interest creed We cannot in one election campaign exalt the right of labor to bargain collectively, Now the Soviets have offered a new chal­ when they came into power in England tn lenge to the West. They have handed us an the early days of World War II. The ex­ and to enjoy job security, and then, in the next election, advocate legislation to de­ ultimatum with a time limit, telling us to get hilarating path for Republicans to travel in out of Berlin or risk an all-out atomic war. 1959 is the way of government for the many stroy job security or to undermine collective and for the very many. bargaining. ·This is no idle threat, and we cannot be Mr. Chairman, friends, Lincoln and his With equal finality, we, the Rep\lblican lulled into any false appraisal of Soviet mo­ fellow Republicans were abused and de­ Party, decline to act as the political advo­ tives or intentions, despite Mr. Mikoyan's nounced in their day, a century ago, as cate of any business organization or individ­ charming suggestion that we must forget the dreamers and political radicals. Is there not ual, or, for that matter, of any special in­ past and look to the future. The Kremlin some basis here, now, in this new era of terest group, as against the great unorganized has been able to exploit, periodically, the human life, for us to rededicate our party body of people as a whole. To the contrary, earnest desire of the West to discover reason­ to the Lincoln role, the role of neither we--Republicans--ought, I think, now tore­ able motives in Soviet policies by launching dreamers nor radicals, but the role of one dedic~;J.te qur party t9 the splendid theme: policies of peaceful coexistence. "We will group of fellow citizens whose love of man's "Let us raise a standard to which the wise bury you," you will remember Nikita S. freedom strengthens them and gives them and honest may repair." Khrushchev has said, speaking about us, courage to keep it and, beyond that, to Republicans, there is a tremendous record while his Chinese counterpart, Mao Tse-tung share it with all humankind? of constructive accomplishment by our party has declared: It is the people--the best interests of all during these last 6 years. The earnest thanks "Political power grows out of the barrel the people--which our Republican Party of peace-loving Americans go to Dwight of a gun. • • • Yes, we are advocates of must strive to serve. That is the Lin­ Eisenhower for helping to deter aggression the omnipotence of the revolutionary war. coln tradition. And that is the way, my and for fending off the terrible hazards of a which • • • is good and is Marxist." fellow Republicans, by which I believe the red hot global confiict. America is waging We have come to believe that dictators do rehabilitation of our honorable .political peace. At home, in the early days of this mean what they say, a belief founded upon part y must surely come. administration, we banished wage controls the painful experience of finally discovering This great century-old, free Republican and price controls when many. of our Demo­ that Hitler's "Mein Kampf" was a complete Party of ours_ came _into existence by the cratic colleagues demanded that they be con­ and factual statement of futUre Nazis' plana courage of those Americans who were deter­ tinued as a part of what they called the and actions. mined to wipe out human bondage and. to needs of a planned economy in peacetime. Perhaps a fitting contemporary illustra­ push on our frontier to the Pacific Ocean The phony misnamed "excess profits·~ tax, tion of this thesis is furnished us by put­ limits of this Nor~h: American Conti~~nt. :With its unfair and uneven impact on busi- ting in juxtaposition the fo!lowi~g news 3472 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- HOUSE March 5

item which appeared in a recent wire serv­ situations effectively, so that our obvious "In all that the people can individually ice news story from the town of Presque readiness will deter such wars or keep them do as well for themselves, government ought Isle, Maine: small and handle them quickly. We have not to interfere.N "The management of the Presque Isle need of maintaining the defenses of the It is in keeping with this philosophy that Star-Herald has reason to believe there must' continental United States. We must keep the administration proposes to abandon al­ be news of international interest in its col­ open the sea lanes which are essential to. together the model T machinery for helping umns. The Aroostook County weekly said maintaining our commitments with allies farmers gain a fair price for their products the Washington Embassies of the Soviet throughout the world. All these needs have and gear farm price supports to the open Union and the Polish Peoples Republic re­ been carefully considered. market. cently have ordered 1-year subscriptions. "It is my belief that the program pro­ The New York Times described current Presque Isle is the site of the Air Force Base vided in the new budget meets these needs farm legislation as a chronic festering sore which soon will be one of the Nation's first adequately. This is not only my belief, it is on the economy since it was adopted e.s an operational Snark guided missile sites." also the view of the President. emergency measure at the outbreak of This is only one form of the Soviet threat. "Moreover, it is shared by the Joint World War II. This legislation has cost the At the 21st Communist Party Congress in Chiefs of Staff, who have said to me in Treasury a billion dollars a year just to Moscow a few days ago, Soviet Premier writing that they consider that the fiscal maintain storage facilities for farm surplus - Khrushchev predicted that the balance of year 1960 proposed expenditure figure is ade­ and nearly $5¥2 b11lion a year to carry out world economic power will soon shift to the quate to provide for the essential programs the price support program. I submit to you Communist bloc. And by 1970, Khrushchev necessary for the defense of the Nation for that this is not a legitimate object of gov­ argues that the Soviet Union will outstrip the period under consideration. The Chiefs ernment. "The need to reduce the incen­ the United States in productive capacity. state that they find no serious gaps in the tives for excess production has been explicit Soviet successes in achieving the goals set key elements of the budget in its present in the three special messages I have previ­ in their new 7-year plan between now and form. While expressing these views as to the ously sent to Congress," the President con­ 1965, will, according to the Soviet Premier, adequacy of the overall programs, each tended, and it remains to be seen whether .. attract millions of new adherents to so­ Chief does of course express some reserva­ the Congress, under Democratic control, will cialism and bring about changes not only tions regarding some of the program items go along-and go along for the benefit of all in our country, but in the whole world." of his own service." the people. While we may doubt the validity of these A concomitant of our mm tary policy "The material foundation of our national assumptions, we cannot afford to be san­ which is designed to insure national sur­ safety is a strong and expanding economy," guine about this newest form of Soviet vival, has been our mutual security pro­ the President declared in his state of the competition. For Khrushchev reiterated his gram. Initiated shortly after the Second Union message, and central to that material confidence that it will be by success in this World War, it has continued to be of funda­ foundation is the employment of every economic competition that communism will mental importance to the western alliance. American at a job of his choice, in e. place triumph on the world scene. As the President put it, "The need for eco- of his choice, and at a wage commensurate The administration views these threats in nomic growth among the underdeveloped with his responsib111ty. We Republicans their true dimensions. The President has countries continues to be of paramount im­ must support, as a national policy, legisla­ declared our intention to maintain our de­ portance to the enlightened self-interest of tion designed to encourage high employment fense forces in sufficient size to meet both the economically developed nations, especi­ and to protect the jobs of all Americans. the possibility of limited war and to retain: ally our own." By the same token, we as Republicans be­ their fundamental role of deterring aU-out Since 1954, the Communists have seized lieve the public interest requires labor re­ aggression. Unlike the Soviet's, our objec­ upon the social and economic aspirations of form legislation. Such legislation on a na­ tives are not conquest and control of other the free world's less fortunate peoples, as tional scale is very long overdue. In the last peoples. The President declared in his state fertile ground in which to extend Commu­ Congress, I voted for such things as democ­ of the Union message: • nist influence. Of the world's population, racy in unions, including provisions for the "We seek victory not over any nation or now estimated at 2,800 million people, 35 secret ballot and specified terms for all offi­ people but over the ancient enemies of us percent, or 950 million, are under the con­ ces, complete disclosure of union receipts all: victory over ignorance, poverty, disease, trol of the Sino-Soviet bloc; 25 percent, or and expenditures, with subpena power in the and human degradation wherever they may 700 million people, are located in newly in­ Secretary of Labor, and fines and jail sen­ be found. dependent countries like the Sudan, Libya, tences for failure to comply. I regret no "We march in the noblest of causes­ Ghana, and so on, with the remaining 40 legislation was enacted. I hope it will be human freedom. percent located in the free world. The this year. "If we make ourselves worthy of America's Sino-Soviet bloc, during the last year, ap­ Also central to a material foundation is an ideals, if we do not forget that our Nation plied more of its resources to expanding educational system which will insure ade­ was founded on the premise that all men trade and credit ties with less developed quate schooling to all our people. This does are creatures of God's making, the world countries than in any similar period since not ·mean that Government should super­ will come to know that it is free men who the start of its economic campaign. sede the States in their control of this his· carry forward the true promise of human Such aid is highly concentrated on se­ toric function. It does mean that Govern­ progress and dignity." lected targets, with 5 of the 17 countries ment must continue its support of research Now there has been considerable discus­ which receive Soviet aid being recipients of especially in the physical sciences, but in sion abroad in the land which questions the 90 percent of the total. These five are Af_­ the social sciences and the humanities as adequacy of our Armed Forces and weapons ghanistan, the United Arab Republic (Egypt well. It does mean that our Nation must systems to meet the continuous military and Syria), India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia. recognize a real relationship between educa­ pressures of the Soviets. · Let me remind You can appreciate the relative facility tion and survival. You may ask how much you how difficult it is to answer charges with which Soviet policy can be adjusted Government support? To that question no about our defense posture. The President quickly to seize the initiative in a moment's definitive answer can be given. No blanket must weigh, in the most delicate manner, notice, whenever an opportunity is pre­ program of massive aid-to-education is likely the advantage to other nations of any mili­ sented. The Kremlin needs consult nobody to achieve the promises of its advocates, al­ tary or defense information made available but itself in deciding what to do. Consider though the fact is that the Federal Govern­ to the American public. His recommenQ.a­ the much greater difficulty involved in a ment has supplied aid to education since at tions for defense spending are always based governmental system like our own, where least the time of Lincoln when the Land on what the military joint chiefs of staff agreement must be worked out between the Grant College Act came into being. themselves recommend and, of course, on executive and legislative branches· of our As a party, we have an obligation to see what the civilian service Secretaries and the Government, and thereafter, where foreign to it that the teaching profession at all levels Secretary of Defense recommend to him. policy is involved, discussed with our free be made a more attractive work. We must Listen to what the Secretary of Defense allies abroad. attract greater participation in our party of said to me, in writing, a few days ago: Much of our concern must be with inter­ young people and the members of the aca­ "As Secretary of Defense naturally I have national affairs and the security of the Na­ demic community. Plans to implement this complete access to the best intelligence in­ tion; yet all our efforts in this direction are idea ~re currently being developed and have formation available to this Nation. I also pointed to one end, the right of each of us the warmest support of the President. have the help of the top military brains in to develop along our own lines to the full There are many urgent problems confront­ the country interpreting this information extent of our ability. ing us as a Nation and as a party. For ex­ and developing a program to meet the But what of other problems confronting ample, the crisis over civil rights precipitated threat to our national security. us? What is the Republican answer to do­ by the public officials of some States to re­ "I can say to you that our present and mestic questions? Here I think Lincoln ex­ fuse to obey the law. We may remind our planned programs adequately meet the re­ pressed what our philosophy ought to be Democratic friends that the solution to the quirement of protecting this Nation's se­ when he said: school problem offered by some members of curity." .. The legitimate object of government is their party has been to close the schools al­ "This country must be in a position of to do for a community of people whatever together. The Republican Party has been in sufficient retaliatory strength to deter a po­ they need to have done, but cannot do at all the vanguard of equality .'l?efore the law since tential enemy from launching general war. or ca.nnot so well do for themselves-in their its very inception. The civil rights law of We must be prepared ·to handle limited war separate and individual capacities. the last Congress is the result-of Republican 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 3473 leadership, a.nd we have a. right to be proud Mr. Speaker, you will note that the toms Enforcement Division is not estab­ of that accompUshment. resolution speaks of the increased vol­ lished by law. This was the time when Our party has a rich heritage, the central ume in the traffic of narcotics and the the Customs Border Patrols were discon­ theme of which has been the greatest freedom for the individual consistent with the basic seriousness of the problem. It then tinued entirely and the Port Patrols were needs of society. We hold to that noble idea urges appropriate measures to combat decimated to the point of ineffectiveness. even more strongly today. Let us then, as this illicit traffic and recommends five The doorways of entry into our country Lincoln said, "Think anew, and act anew" steps. I should like to call your atten­ remained wide open and practically un­ to strengthen our party and to merit and to tion to step (a) which advocates guarded. Narcotic control had ceased receive the people's faith. Republicans in strengthening the measures for appre­ then, and soon thereafter we read in the the next century must continue to hold high hending those who traffic in narcotics, newspapers of school children buying the banner of human freedom, as our party's and step (c) which calls for a review narcotics from peddlers and dope.:;ters on first President so nobly envisioned. of preventive measures to ascertain that our city streets. the competent administrative agencies It is absolutely necessary to expose the have the power to combat this traffic. narcotics trade and the evil men who Regarding the first of these steps re­ smuggle this poison into our country and Enforcement of Our Antismuggling Laws ferred to above, it is interesting to note force it into the inexperienced hands of that instead of strengthening the ranks thrill-seeking youths. Narcotics are EXTENSION OF REMARKS of customs enforcement officers whose smuggled in by ship and plane, as well as task it is to apprehend traffickers in nar­ across our borders, and then distributed OF cotics, their ranks have actually been to the dope traffic. If we can succeed in reduced to a point where we now have plugging up this evil trade and the cor­ HON. VICTOR L. ANFUSO fewer officers in the Customs Enforce­ rosion of human lives, we will have solved OF NEW YORK ment Division since its establishment in much of this problem. Several years IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1909. ago, Harry M. Durning, the collector of Thursday, March 5, 1959 Furthermore, in order to make up customs for the port of New York, stated budget deficits, it has recently become that only one out of every five ships Mr. ANFUSO. Mr. Speaker, during customary to close customs offices on entering New York can be searc2.ed f0!" the past dozen years or so since the end Federal holidays and to give the enforce­ smuggled narcotics because of the lack of World War II there has been a con­ ment officers time off. Smugglers are of sufficient personnel in the customs siderable increase in the illicit traffic in quick to take advantage of this situation service. This situation has not im­ narcotics throughout the world, and we which provides them with a safe period proved since then, if anything it is worse know that there is much smuggling of in which to carry on their operations. today. narcotic drugs into our country. We It should be realized that law enforce­ Congress must take effective action to also know that the growth of juvenile ment should be carried on at all times. suppress this vile trade by giving the delinquency in recent years is attributa­ Crime does not take a holiday. Customs Service the means and the per­ ble in large measure to narcotic addic­ Not to be confused with customs sonnel for the proper enforcement of our tion among teenagers, who are driven to agents or customs inspectors, the cus­ antismuggling laws. In order to achieve · commit serious crimes in oraer to obtain toms enforcement officers are the only this, I am introducing a bill to establish funds to purchase these drugs. armed personnel regularly assigned to a Customs Enforcement Division in the In a report to the United Nations Eco- our ports of entry and international Bureau of Customs in order to improve ·nomic and Social Council regarding its airfields on a 24-hour basis in order to the enforcement of the antismuggling session in Geneva in May 1957, the Com­ detect and apprehend anyone engaged laws. The purpose of the bill is to make mission on Narcotic Drugs discusses the in smuggling activities. · Thus the cus­ statutory the position of the Customs resolution it adopted concerning the il­ toms service has sole responsibility to Enforcement Officer and the Enforce­ licit traffic in narcotics. The resolution prevent smuggling and its enforcement ment Division under which he operates. states: officers constitute our first line of de­ This branch of customs was originally ILLICIT TRAFFIC fense against smuggling. It is impera­ created by Executive order of President The Commission on Narcotic Drugs, no­ tive, however, that this remain a 24- Taft, but since 1947 its effectiveness in ting that the volume of illicit traffic in hour-per-day service if is to be effective. enforcing antismuggling laws has been narcotic drugs throughout the world is con­ As for the other step listed above, that seriously impaired due to budget de­ siderable and that there are indications of is, a review of the preventive measures to ficiencies. a.n increase in this traffic, considering the In addition to narcotic drugs, the bill seriousness of the problem of this traffic in give the agencies the power to combat its different stages (production, transit, con­ the traffic in narcotics, it is quite obvious also advocates the enforcement of laws sumption). recalling that the Economic and that at the present time the competent relating to the prevention of clandestine Social Council has, on several occasions, re­ administrative bodies do not have such introduction of biological, chemical or quested Governments to give particular at­ power everywhere to stop this traffic. In radiological weapons into the United tention to the control of illicit traffic- the same connection, it is interesting to States. This is a very important phase 1. Urges governments to apply strictly the reproduce the opinion expressed a little of our national security for which ade­ provisions of Economic and Social Council quate means should be taken now to safe­ resolutions 159 II A (VII), 246 E (IX), 436 over a decade ago by the then Commis­ sioner of Customs in a letter to our dis­ guard our Nation against future dangers. C (XIV) and 548 J (XVIII). be 2. Again urges Governments to take appro­ tinguished majority leader, the Honor­ It should done through specially priate measures to combat the illicit traffic, able JoHN W. McCoRMACK, when a reduc­ trained enforcement officers, with spe­ in particular by: tion in the Customs appropriation was cial equipment and established at stra­ (a) Increasing their efforts to detect and considered. Mr. McCoRMACK inserted tegic locations. suppress the illicit production and illicit that letter into the CONGRESSIONAL The bill stresses that the Customs En­ manufacture of drugs, and strengthening RECORD of March 11, 1947, and from it I forcement Division is to be a major law · the measures for apprehending traffickers. quote the following paragraph: enforcement body with adequate and (b) Imposing on persons convicted of nar­ most efficient means and facilities avail­ cotic offences very severe penalties in every Careful examination of the possibilities for country. meeting this situation (i.e. curtailment of ac­ able, including radio-equipped motor ve­ (c) RevieWing preventive measures for the tivity) satisfied me that the only activity hicles, small watercraft and other equip­ purpose of satisfying themselves that the that can be discontinued without a substan­ ment, for use in enforcement work in our competent administrative bodies have the tial revision of statutory law is that directed harbors, airports and along the U.S. power everywhere to combat the illicit traffic. toward the prevention of smuggling. While coasts. Enforcement officers shall be (d) Arranging for the direct exchange of this is a clear statutory duty of the customs assigned to carry out their activities information with the authorities which in service, there is no statutory prescription as on a 24-hour basis, and they shall be em­ other countries are responsible for the con­ to how it shall be conducted a.nd the effec­ powered to make searches of all vessels, trol of the illicit tra:tHc. tiveness of our smuggling control has always as well as make seizures and anests in (e) Discharging fully the obligations depended upon the action of the Congress in accordance with U.S. laws. placed on the states parties to the interna­ furnishing funds. tional narcotics treaties, in particular so far It should be noted also- that In en­ as the communication of information re­ This clearly shows that the extremely forcing the antismuggling laws the cus­ lating to the 1111cit traffic 1s concernect. important work performed by the Cus- toms enforcement officer renders other 3474 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 5 important public services. ·He belps Europe's challenges are many-the crisis This·, then, is the inconsist"ency of the So- · safeguard the public -health from dis­ over Berlin, the question of atomic arms for viet position. It is not a logical position, it is eases brought in by ·parrots, monkeys, West Germany, the problem of German re­ self-contradictory, but as usual, that does unifl.cation, the controversy over proposed not bother the Soviets. For one pattern and other animals used as pets. He disengagement 1n central Europe, the dis­ which they always observe and reject is what helps protect our agriculture from de­ putes over free trade and the European Com­ they regard as their own raw self-interest. structive insects which accompany cer­ mon Market, the Geneva. talks on nuclear And· they feel that their self-interest re­ tain imported plants. He similarly helps test suspension and surprise attack, and quires the exploitation of the conditions of protect the livestock industry from for­ many other problems as well. Asia, Africa, and the Middle Eas~the ex­ eign animal diseases, such as rinder­ Most of these issues have been rather well ploitation of south Asia, for example, where pest, foot-and-mouth disease, and so publicized. But tonight I should like to income per capita stm averages only $50 per fDrth. Furthermore, he helps to appre­ turn to an even more crucial area, a less year, the exploitation of hunger, hopeless­ hend stowaways who might be subver­ understood area, Asia, Africa, and the Middle ness, fear and misery, illiteracy, and disease. East. While I was in Moscow, I could see certain sives, to intercept obscene and seditious For one of the principal findings on my passes of the Soviet Asian pattern developing. literature, and the enforcement of ex­ recent trip is confirmation of this fac~the Let me refer to three such evidences: port-control and navigation laws. Soviet Union 1s la-ying plans and executing 1. In the streets of Moscow, in the theaters, Passage of this bill would once again plans on these developing areas to a degree the auditoriums, the schools, I could see a tighten the cordon of men in our ports that we of the United States have not begun tremenodus proportion of visitors from Asia. of entry and deal a formidable blow to to match. Many of these visitors were from the Central the nefarious peddlers of narcotics. It Soviet agitation in these devoloping areas, Asian Soviet Republics which are part of the would make the enforcement of the anti­ Soviet propagandizing in them, has unfor­ U.S.S.R. itself. smuggling laws a mandatory function of tunately long since begun to pay off in terms But many were visitors from Asian coun­ the Bureau of Customs. Our failure to ot rising Soviet influence and prestige there. tries. For example, I spoke with students We need only look at the disturbing head­ from Hanoi-the Viet Minh capital. I en­ pass this bill will result in continued lines in the United Arab Republic, in Iraq, in countered youngsters from mainland China violation of our laws, increase in crimes, Yemen and elsewhere to see proof of that and other Asian countries. and growing costs to the Nation and to fact. Always the emphasis of the Soviet is on the individual taxpayer. Hospital fa­ But most Americans regrettably do not yet youngsters-youngsters who are the leaders cilities would have to be increased to perceive the overall dimensions of the Soviet of tomorrow, youngster~ qn exchange pro­ handle drug addicts, State and munici­ threat in the underdeveloped part of the grams, youngsters who will work in Russia, pal police forces would have to be in­ world. ~ot just for a year, but for many years, and cl·eased to cope with crimes and crimi­ In other words, in the years up ahead, whom they hope will ultimately return as unless we take immediate effective action, we the leaders in the Communist world of nals, and the budgets of welfare agen­ tomorrow. cies would have to be increased to aid are going to ilnd that the grim problems which we now face, for example, in the 2. In addition to the Asians whom we en­ victims and their families. Middle East, are multiplied manyfold in countered, Mrs. Humphrey and I recall very Mr. Speaker, there is no doubt in my South Asia, Africa, and yes, in South America. vividly a Soviet motion picture which we mind that parents, teachers, welfare saw entitled "Panorama." It is basically the I, for one, believe that there is still time American cinerama-type motion picture workers, church leaders, civic organiza­ for us to maintain and strengthen freedom tions, and especially our young people, with three cameras projecting on a wide among the one-third of the world which 1s angular screen. Its subject was a travelog whose health, morale, careers, and their uncommitted. of the vastness of the Soviet Union. whole future life are at stake, will heart­ As you know, it is my privilege to serve as But the most powerful part of the film was ily support this legislation. For the chairman of the Middle East Subcommittee the sequence taken at a mammoth inter­ sake of our Nation's future, Congress of the Senate Committee on Foreign Rela­ national student festival which was held in • must safeguard our youth. tions. In that capacity, I have noted the many facets of the Soviet offensive in this Moscow, attended by some 100,000 youngsters part of the globe: the economic facet, such as of whom around one-third came from abroad. Soviet purchases of Egyptian cotton; the We cannot forget the sequence showing military facet, such as Soviet barter of arms the students in particular from Asia and All-Out U.S. Effort To Combat Soviet for that cotton; the cultural facet, such as Africa, parading in the huge Moscow sta­ artistic performers from Eastern Europe dium, seating 110,000. The sequences were Penetration of Asia, Africa, and the pouring in to the Middle East; the psycho­ staged as a great propaganda. spectacle, one Mideast logical facet, such as the playing on· deep which we know is designed for the eyes of seated resentments, frustrations, and fears Asia, as well as Europe. within the Middle East against Western 3. And let me cite a third point now. The EXTENSION OF REMARKS Powers. key theme of Soviet propaganda to the devel­ OF In all this, the Soviet Union is playing for oping part of the world is: enormous stakes. In the Middle East, 1t is "In 1917, we were relatively a primitive HON. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY playing for ultimate control of the billions country. Now we are the second strongest OF MINNESOTA of dollars of petroleum reserves lying beneath industrial power on earth. What we have done you can do and just as fast. Follow m THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES the hot desert sands. Indeed, everywhere, it 1s playing for access to raw material reserves o'ur example." Thursday, March 5, 1959 upon which the Western World vitally de­ This theme one could see throughout So­ viet propaganda in Moscow. It has a power­ Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, it pends, both for its factories and mills and for its earnings. Everywhere the target is ful appeal to Asia-Africa. For these coun­ was my privilege to be the guest speaker people--discontented, disenfranchised, un­ tries are experiencing what Prof. Arnold at the World Affairs Council meeting in happy people-millions of them in the neu­ Toynbee has called a revolution of expec­ Troy, N.Y., on Friday, December 12, 1958. tralist part of the globe. tations. The subject of my address was "America The philosophy of the Kremlin is that the These countries are impatient. They want Needs a Constructive Program in Asia, entire developing area of the world 1s in a to jump overnight from the age of kerosene Africa, and the Mideast." state of revolution against present or past oil lamps to the age of mammoth hydro­ I ask unanimous consent that excerpts imperial ties with the West. The Kremlin electric dams. They want steel mills and all believes, as Premier Khrushchev told inter­ the other symbols of Western industry, and from that address be printed in the they may be attracted to the Soviet mirage RECORD. viewers, that the West has no right to seek to impose a status quo in the face of this that only a collectivist society can fulfill There being no objection, the excerpts anticolonial revolution. Premier Khru­ their overnight expectations. from the address were ordered to be shchev has indicated without saying so that FOUR POINT PROGRAM printed in the RECORD, as follows: the Soviet Union has the right to advance What then must be our answer to Soviet ExCERPTS FROM ADDRESS BY HON. HUBERT this anticolonial revolution as it sees fit. action and propaganda in the developing H. HUMPHREY, OF MINNESOTA, BEFORE THE But when he says "anticolonial" he means, areas? Let me suggest the following pro­ WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCIL, TROY, N.Y., DE­ of course, only Western colonialism; he does gram: CEMBER 12, 1958 not include colonialism of Moscow or Peking. 1. We must greatly increase our program I want to talk to you tonight about the By contrast, Premier Khrushchev denies of exchanges and leader grants with Asia, challenges to the United States on the world the right of revolution 1n central Europe. Africa and the Middle East. At present, for scene. Here he insists that the status quo-mean­ example, we have a total of 45,000 foreign I will base my remarks to a considerable ing Soviet imperial occupation-continue. students studying in the United States. This e~tent on my fib.dings during my recent 3~ And he further insists that the West cease may seem like a large figure, but actually weeks' trip in Europe, particularly my week and desist from any" effort to impair that when you see the breakdown, country by 1n the Soviet Union. status quo. country, you note how relatively thin is our 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 3475 coverage of some of the distant countries the virus was on its way. And so we were the recession ~ll tend to be self-per­ which are the principal SOviet targets. able to prepare vaccine for our citizens. petuating as purchasing power is re­ We have a great many Latin American Even with that vaccine, our economy suf­ exchanges, for naturally .we are interested fered a serious loss in working days because duced even further. in inter-:-American relations. I hope . that of Asian tlu 1llness. In our own State there are some we wlll increase the number of .students · The important fact to remember, however, 40,700 persons unemployed-10.9 percent from this hemisphere studying here and the is that the first news about Asian flu virus of the total working force. In some number of Americans studying below the originated inside the Chinese mainland, but communities the percentage is two \.o Rio Grande. But I also hope that we will it did not reach the outside world in time. three times higher. Of those without greatly !~crease the number of youngsters The result is that 2 crucial months elapsed jobs, 19,400 are now receiving unemploy­ from elsewhere in the world, in addition to before the world learned that a new strain sending many of our young people to hereto­ of type A virus with epidemic possibilities ment compensation payments. In less fore larger unfamiliar countries in the East. was on its way. Only subsequently when a than a year, 32.7 percent of those eligi­ 2. In ~he second place, we must greatly letter arrived from the mainland to a WHO ble for unemployment compensation increase our overall familiarity with Asia, official was this fact confirmed: The virus payments-9,900 of the jobless-have Africa and the Middle East. We Americans could have been attacked 2 months ahead of exhausted their benefits. This means have tended to be Europe-oriented for many time--if only there had been better com­ an additional bu!'den on towns for re­ reasons. Most of us stem from European munications with the mainland. lief payments at a time when there are origins. Europe traditionally has been the SO the feeling among many health officials seat of power in the world, the seat of cul­ is that the world cannot afford to continue increased demands for education expen­ ture, of economic strength. to be ignorant about even the most elemen­ ditures. On April 1, the beginning of But a new day is dawning. No longer can tary health facts inside the Chinese land the new benefit year, some of these we afford to be ignorant of or indifferent to mass. workers will receive payments again, but the economics, the culture, the religions and Even, however, if this health factor did at a reduced rate. aspirations of the Asian-African-Middle East not exist (and it does), the question is: How The Maine State Legislature has area. long can even the most elemental contacts closed the door to any improvement in Our universities must develop centers of between the West and mainland China be familiarity with the heretofore exotic cul­ barred? the unemployment compensation pro­ tures of the East. Our newspapers and mag­ These are problems which cannot be ig­ gram at this time. By refusing to ex­ azines, television and motion pictures must nored. The Peking government is, of course, tend the benefit period, even on a seek to give still greater emphasis to these seeking to exploit our interest in facts such temporary basis, and by refusing, for regions--not simply to the headline crises as those I have mentioned above. We know the second time within 1 year, to take but rather to the long-range developing that it has failed to date to fulfill its obli­ advantage of the Federal emergency trends. gations as a member of the society of man. program, they have dramatized the need 3. The backbone of our policy must be to It has much to account for to the conscience strengthen the capacity of the newly of the world. These facts, too, must not be for Federal action to establish adequate emerged nations to fulfill their aspiration forgotten. standards in the unemployment com­ for a better life for their own people. Loans But above all, we must ask ourselves the pensation program to deal with extended at more favorable terms than presently question: How best can freedom be main­ recessions. available through the Development Loan tained and strengthened with all of Asia, There are many ways of looking at Fund, through the Export-Import Bank, the Africa, and the Middle East? Closing our the impact of unemployment. We are International Bank for Reconstruction and eyes or "sweeping issues under the rug" can conscious of the 4.7 million persons Development, must be provided if, for ex­ hardly serve to satisfy the needs of our without jobs across the country; the ample, the second Indian 5-year plan and Nation. similar efforts are not to flounder. empty factories, sitting idle in a land of And as I have repeatedly stressed, we must plenty; bills in the home of an unem­ use the bounty of America's soil, our farm Unemployment Compensation ployed worker, where even inadequate crops, through Public Law 480 sales to anti­ unemployment payments have stopped, dote the hunger and the shortage of capital where children are hungry and where in these regions. EXTENSION OF RE:MARKS hope is dim; and lost purchasing 4. A fourth essential point in our pro­ OF power which reduces demand for prod­ gram is that we come face to face with HON. FRANK M. COFFIN ucts and causes other unemployment. reality on the big problem of Asia which oc­ However we view the problem, a crying cupies so much of the thinking of Asian OF MAINE need confronts us. Congress must take peoples-namely, America's future relations IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES with mainland China. action and adopt legislation for Federal As we are all aware, the question of rec­ Thursday, _March 5, 1959 standards for unemployment compen­ ognition, as such, of Red China is one of Mr. COFFIN. Mr. Speaker, I wish to sation and extended duration for the tremendous complexity. It has moral, legal, payment of these benefits. such action political, economic, military, social, and place in the RECORD, on behalf of my distinguished colleague from the State will give our economy needed stimulus other overtones, none of which can be ig­ and it will restore hope where there ~s nored. The aggression committed by the of Maine, Mr. OLIVER, and myself, a Communist Chinese in Korea as confirmed by statement regarding the unemployment fear. The legislation which we are sup­ the indictment of the United Nations, still situation in Maine, and its implications porting will not increase the Federal stands for all to see and remember. regarding proposals for legislation to im­ budget and it will not contribute to in­ What I am urging, however, is not any prove the unemployment compensation flation. It is a minimum step designed premature off-the-cuff approach to the com­ program. to combat the recession and provide a plex problem of Red China. Instead, I am basis for confidence for those who are urging a factual reappraisal of u.s. Chinese The continuing unemployment crisis, relationships,.so that we can carefully chart with its attendant human suffering, without work. our future policy, based upon the best in­ waste of productive capacity, and de­ terests of our Nation and of mankind. moralization of workers and their fami­ The minimum fact Of the matter is that lies, demands early action by the Con­ we cannot any longer permit a news black­ gress. There is a danger of becoming Debt Reduction a~d Government out on Red China. We cannot afford to be callous to the needs of the millions of as relatively ignorant as we are of precisely Spending what is going on in that vast land mass of unemployed as the recession stretches 600 m1llion people. out beyond the shock of the initial job We must have more facts about the main­ losses. Within a month the temporary EXTENSION OF REMARKS land. Federal program extending benefits to OF While I was in Geneva visiting at the workers who have exhausted their eligi­ World Health Organization, I saw one par­ bility under the unemployment compen­ HON. BRUCE ALGER ticular phase of the serious consequences of s.ation p:r;ogram will cease, even for those OF TEXAS our lack of information about the mainland. workers in the 17 States which have IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVl!S You will recall that the Asian :flu virus taken advantage of this gesture toward Thursday, March 5, 1959 which struck the United States and the rest the plight of those without work through of the world was first reported. via health Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker. as one listening and reporting posts in places like no fault of their own. As unemploy­ Hong Kong, Malaya, Japan, and other coun­ ment continues, unless necessary legis­ who has long been concerned over our tries on the periphery of the mainland. For­ lation to establish adequate benefit apparent unwillingness in Congress to tunately, we had this advance warning that levels and payment duration is adopted, play fair with generations of Americans 3476 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - HOUSE. March 5 yet unborn, February 25 was a red­ show a self-discipline to' match our Senator CASE, we all pledge you our whole- hearted·support. - letter day for me. I do not know when heralded good ·intentions. With such men as New Jersey Republi­ I have been more heartened or encour­ As a gentleman from Wisconsin so cans have sent to Washington, I do not aged than I was on hearing two Texas aptly put it the other d~y. "all new re- · fear for --the. future of our party. I see colleagues come out squarely, not o~y . cruits to the economy block" are certainly no reason for· any of us to fear the fu­ for a balanced budget, but for a sensible to be welcomed with open arms by an ture as long as we face facts, stick to our start toward paying off our debt-to­ encouraged minority and a grateful Na­ principles and begin working now for vic­ ward lifting the staggering mortgage we tion; and surely no one would be so mean tory in 1960 and beyond. have all too heedlessly placed upon our· as to suspect that any Member's votes As Chairman Meade Alcorn said in Des Moines: children's futures. might not jibe with his avowals. How­ "We have a great party. Throughout Though the plan specifically advanced ever, I cannot help but recall a Demo­ its history of more than a century, the the other day involves no new idea, as cratic leader's recent admonition about Republican Party has consistently risen to its sponsors freely concede, I truly be­ setting a coyote to guard the herd of great challenges. Its greatest hours have lieve the Wright-Ikard resolution points sheep. Well, our Federal expenditures often· followed time of adversity and even the way to solvency. Of course, point­ are based on votes, not speeches; and af­ defeat." ing-just pointing-is really pretty · ter a series of sheep killings, most of us This is the first large Republican audience pointless, unless one is willing to travel would tend to judge a dog's trustworth­ I've addressed formally since the election in the direction pointed. In govern­ last November when we took a plain, out­ iness, not by the wag in his tail, but by and-out beating. We were licked pretty · ment, as in each of our households, the wool in his teeth. thoroughly from coast to coast with a few there is little difiiculty in formulating a notable exceptions, some of which, I'm glad balanced budget. The trick lies in liv- . to say, were here in New Jersey. ing up to one-in showing enough forti­ But there are no alibis. From President tude to say "no" to our own wants and Principles Which Should Guide the Re­ Eisenhower on down, there have been no desires until such time as a family or a publican Pari}• alibis. And I want to tell you tonight that government is living on its income. I'm proud to be a Republican and I believe We are fortunate that, unlike many you are too. In the hour of our defeat of the problems confronting Congress, EXTENSION OF REMARKS is our greatest challenge. OF It takes a defeat now and then to make this one is entirely uncomplicated; even us take a hard look at ourselves-and where a schoolboy knows that he cannot reg­ HON. CLIFFORD P. CASE we've been and where we're going. ularly spend more than he regularly It takes adversity sometimes to bring into takes in without facing· bankruptcy. He OF NEW JERSEY focus the principles for which we stand­ knows, too, that incessant borrowing to IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES to recognize anew those ideals which have meet regular current expenses will only Thursday, March 5, 1959 made republicanism a symbol of America. since the days of the first great Republican beget the need for heavier borrowing to Mr. CASE of New Jersey. Mr. Presi­ President whose 150th year of birth we are meet interest costs, and will ultimately dent, I ask unanimous consent to currently observing. destroy his credit, and with it, himself. have printed in the CONGRESSIONAL Abraham Lincoln tasted defeat often in his I am perfectly confident that the RECORD an outstanding speech by Sec­ rugged life. Don't forget that Lincoln's de­ Wright-Ikard resolution will be roundly feat of 1858 was transformed 1Iito the victory retary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson of 1860. His victories were few, though mem­ endorsed by those of us who have tried at a recent meeting in New Jersey. His consistently, over the years, to tighten orable. In virtually the very hour of his frank statements about the principles greatest victory tragic death overtook him. our governmental belt to the point of which should guide the Republican Party Yet even as he rose to become a greater and solvency. What encourages me mightily deserve the most thoughtful considera­ greater man from each of his life's defeats, is the fact that, judging by the speeches tion. he has risen in death to a degree of im­ made here the other day, the resolution There being no objection, the address mortality accorded few men. He has achieved will apparently command the support was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, a permanent victory. He truly belongs to of a good many others, as well, some of the ages. And as Republicans we are humbly ' whom have, to say the least, not acquired as follows: proud it was Lincoln-100 years ago-who led any reputation as nickel-nursers during ADDRESS BY SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE EZRA our party to the White House. TAFT BENSON, AT NEW JERSEY REPUBLICAN Lincoln's party is made of much of the their political careers. That strong STATE COMMITTEE FUND RAISING DINNER, same stuff. Even before the final devastat­ support for fiscal responsibility should ESSEX HOUSE, NEWARK, N.J., FEBRUARY 25, ing vote total was tabulated last November, develop, and that it should spring from 1959 Republicans from coast to coast were say­ some of the quarters where it appears to It is an honor and also a pleasure for me ing: The 1960 campaign begins today. be developing, is indeed most heartening. to be here with you tonight in the home Not for a moment have I seen any signs But while this resolution, as I said, State of your outstanding Senator, CLIFFORD of defeatism. Ideas wel"e immediately ad­ points the way, let us not kid the public CAsE. He typifies the high quality Repub­ vanced toward strengthening the party for about what it can actually accomplish. lican congressional delegation that New 1960. The Congress assembled with new and Any proposed budget whether submitted Jersey has sent to Washington. They're vigorous Republican leaders on both sides of doing a good job for New Jersey and the the Capitol. by a Republican or a Democratic a,dmin­ Nation. There were signs of fight and vitality at the istration, can be only a list of projected I'm happy that this district has continued party's conclave in Des Moines in late Janu­ expenditures measured against an esti­ its Republican representation in Congress ary. There is a strong feeling of strength mate of anticipated income. No ad­ with GEORGE WALLHAUSER hard at Work in within the administration under the leader­ ministration can stipulate the amount of his first term. We all wish his predecessor, ship of President Eisenhower and Vice Pres­ money to be expended nor can it deter­ Bob Kean, were in the Senate. However, ident NIXON. I sense much of that same vigor mine in any way the amount of the Gov­ we're pleased that New Jersey is maintain­ here tonight. ernment's income.· Only Congress can ing its healthy ratio of nearly 2 to 1 Repub­ This is an opportunity then for self-exam­ licans in Congress. I'm sure your goal is to ination, for restating our principles, in this appropriate money, and even Congress improve even further this majority-mean­ hour of uncomnron challenge. can only estimate the anticipated reve­ while yours is an excellent example for Re­ The Republican Party must be first of all nues from taxes imposed by the Congress. publicans throughout the Nation. a party of principle. It must stand as a. Just as in our households, all the "budg­ It is my privilege to bring to this meeting rallying point for sincere, patriotic, and en­ eteering" any administration may do, the greetings of our great President, Dwight thusiastic people who want good government and all our directions to a Treasury Sec­ D. Eisenhower. His leadership is a chal­ in this blessed land. · retary to include a swn for debt retire­ lenge to us all. As a great midwestern newspaper put it ment in his anticipated expenses, will not I want to pay tribute to Senator CASE and recently in an editorial entitled "First Prin­ mean a thing in the world unless we here the able representation he is giving your ciples," if the party. "must compromise its State in the Senate. character to win, the victory is better lost." in Congress show the fortitude and de­ Senator CAsE has shown a keen understand­ I call your attention to this because char­ termination to live within our govern­ ing of agriCUlture. It woUld be easier to get acter is the one thing we can build in this life mental income. We can neither wish constructive, sound farm legislation 1! we and take with us into the next. The integ­ nor legislate away· the obligations we. had a few more like him in Congress. rity of -the Republican Party is dependent have already contracted, nor can we. We need him there for many more years. upon the character of lts· members and sup­ simply direct a Treasury Secretary to do He's setting a good example for all of us porters. When you give freely of your money something about it if we ourselves fail to· by having -already started working for 1960. to a political party-as you ·have here to- 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD _~ HOUSR 3477.: night-you have a right to ex11ect, and the government. Republicans wtH continue to For the coming ·fiscal year_. .the President, party has a duty to reflect, character-build­ wage a hold-the-line battle on this threat. . has presented a budget of $TI blllion. It is. ing qualities. This means to formulate and This administratlon has made progress in a balanced budget, even though it is the adhere to sound basic principles. "' getting the Government out of your busi· biggest budget in our peacetime history. The Republican Party must be more Inter­ ness. The Government is in too many busi­ Yet some of our expert thrift opponents have ested in preserving and strengthening ·the· nesess now. It is not right. for the Govern- · called it a skinflint budget. competitive system-:-more interested in real. ment to be in business in competition with Actually, as the President stated, it wlll , Americanism-than In- winning the next its own taxpaying citizens. "help prevent further increases in the cost election. Fifth. We must ever be mindful of our of living and the hidden and unfair tax that Here are some of the basic principles which traditional Federal-State relationship. This inflation imposes on personal savings and I believe we as a party shoUld adhere to administration has been determined to re­ incomes." religiously: verse the trend to bigger and bigger Federal It has been. truthfully said that our free First. We should follow those courses of Government. We will continue our fight to enterprise democracy is the greatest economic public action which seek to build character strengthen the States. The Federal Gover-n­ system the world has ever evolved. But there and integrity. We must hold tenaciously to ment did · not create the States o! this Re-' is one controlling requirement, and it must · those basic concepts which have built this public. The States created the Federal Gov­ never be overlooked. The system is based great Nation. What is right. What is best ernment. on salven government and sound money. It for the Nation. These objectives should · State and local governments must accept is in this requirement that we have allowed guide us. This Is so basic a · matter that I the responsibility for problems that are es- · ourselves to become weak. need not dwell further upon it, except to say sentially local and State problems. Inevi­ We cannot spend ourselves Into higher that such a concern has motivated my every t ably, in centralized Federal programs the prosperity but we can spend ourselves into. act during more than 6 years as Secretary money is not as wisely spent as if the States real trouble. Nor can we preserve our pros­ of Agriculture. If a thing is right it should participated financially. We believe that a perity and our free enterprise system by fol- ·. be done. And if a thing is right, in the long larger proportion of our tax dollars should lowing a reckless policy of spending beyond run, it will also be the best politics . .If the be spent at local and State levels. our income in peacetime. I hope and pray time should ever come in this country when Sixth. The Republican Party stands for that the present Democratic leaders of Con-. this is not true, it will be a sad day for the expansion of markets and the strength­ gress will act in a way to avoid the label of a America. ening of our private marketing machinery­ spendthrift Congress which 1s already be- . Second. We should pursue public policies. not Government handouts. Only In this way ing attached to it by many of our right which seek to keep men free. Free agency can we insure that honest economic effort thinking citizens who have watched with is an eternal God-given principle. The will be amply rewarded. deep concern its actions in recent weeks. The great majority of our people need to struggle for freedom is a never ending one. : As our most recent platform emphasizes, We have an obligation to unborn generations a sound program for agriculture, or for any become a ware of the dangers they face from to leave this country in a state more con­ other segment of the economy, must create ever bigger government and loose fiscal policy. ducive to freedom of individual action than the widest possible markets and highest at- . We must wake up. We must alert the, we found it. tainable income for our people. various forces In our citizenry to make sure With respect to agriculture, one of the of two things: First, whatever funds are principal goals of this administration has I refer to our platforms because we do not really needed for defense, for space explora­ been, is now, and will continue to be to emphasize often enough just what we stand tion, and for other essential m111tary and unshackle the farmer from burdensome Gov­ for as Republicans. Although expressions of civ111an purposes must be provided, and pro­ ernment controls and to restore to him the differences of opinion during the drafting of vided soundly. ability to take hfs full part in the dynamic a platform are healthy and desirable, once Second, we must continue our fight to economy that has made this Nation the the party has decided upon a course of ac­ eliminate waste, duplication, continuance of envy of the world. Our goal is a prosperous, tion, we should close ranks and stand firm. unsound governmental subsidies and serv­ expanding and free agriculture. I mention this because, as you know, the ices no longer needed. We must live within administration's farm program, based upon our income. We must keep our economy. As the 1952 Republican platform stated the party platform, has experienced some so well, "the tending .of the soU is a sacred sound. It cannot be done by going further damaging opposition from within the party. into debt. We must maintain fiscal in- . responsibility. • • • Any program that wlll This is destructive, not helpful. benefit farmers must serve the national wel­ tegrity. fare. And a prosperous agriculture with free The 1956 platform makes it clear that the We know that our dollar tobogganed in and independent farmers is fundamental to Republican farm program does not envision value to 52 cents from 1939 to 1952. Today the national interest." making farmers dependent upon direct gov­ it is worth about 48 cents. This has hit our The issue is clear indeed. Are the people ernmental payments for their incomes. farmers hard. From 1939 to 1952 farm costs · In this country to manage their own eco­ Rather it underscores the principle that our more than doubled. Since 1958 farmers' nomic affairs? Or, are they to be managed objective is the building and expansion of costs have increased only 4 percent. from Washington? Which better serves our markets at home and abroad e.nd the devel­ We know what inflation has done to the opment of new uses for farm products. The people of France where the cost of living individual interests and the Nation's wel­ platform recognizes, as this administration fare? Shall Government continue to sub­ today is 37 times what it was about 30 years has asserted since the day it took office over ago. sidize the various segments of the economy, 6 years ago, that a Government warehouse is including agriculture, in such a manner that not a market. Farmers want to produce for I am told that a pound of butter that cost it also takes complete control? Or shall 10 francs in 1927 is 410 francs today. Government implement private decisions markets -and not for Government bounty. Don't say it can't happen here. The peo­ and actions In the role of a servant or Capitalism-through our God-given free­ ple of France never thought it would happen partner? dom of choice;-not government decree, there. Third. We must stand firmly and un­ creates markets. Capitalism not government All of us as Americans have a patriotic re­ eqUivocally for the free- enterprise system. decree can best reward productive effort. sponsib111ty not to contribute to the inflation We enjoy many economic benefits today This the Republican Party should never for­ danger by needlessly building still higher the get else it fall by the wayside in its struggle because great Republicans devoutly defended mountain of total debt. public policies which had as their aim the for public support. What is true of agri­ Here are some of the thingn we can do to enhancement of a capitalistic economic sys­ culture is also true of other segments of our· meet President Eisenhower's objective of es­ tem, with its emphasis upon private owner­ economy. tablishing a firm economic foundation for ship and private management. Our economic order is not perfect, because the months and years ahead: Our abundant blessings have come to us it is operated by imperfect human beings. First. We must live within our means, and through an economic system which rests But it has given us more of the good things that means to me a balanced Federal budget. largely on three pillars: of life than any other system. Let us admit, Second. We must strive for price stability 1. Free enterprise, the right to venture, to the weaknesses that exist. Let us work ag­ as a national goal as proposed by the Presi­ choose. gressively to correct them. But let us never dent in his economic report to the Congress. 2. Private property, the right to own. make the catastrophic blunder of putting' Third. We must maintain a sound credit 3. A market economy, the right to ex­ the chains of big government on our basic policy and.guard against the danger of low- · change. economic freedom. cost credit which can feed Inflationary ap­ This means permitting-not preventing­ Seventh. The Republican Party stands for petites. the market forces of supply and demand to fiscal integrity. Fourth. We in the Federal Government allocate resources into the most productive Closely allied with the trend toward bigger must set an example of stability for the channels and to determine the rewards for­ and bigger government is the tendency. whole economy. Certainly here President hard work and honest endeavor. toward loose fiscal policy. This 1s of the ut­ Eisenhower is exercising vigorous leadership. Fourth. We must keep Government !rom most. concern to every citizen. A nation can For example, he recently established a Cabi· trespassing on private -initiative. Lincoln's hang 1tself·on the gallows of excessive public net Committee on Price Stab111ty for Eco­ precept, as emphasized by President Elsen­ debt, and we are no exception. The Repub­ nomic Growth, of which I am privileged to hower, that the Government-should do for lican Party believes 1n fiscal Integrity, 1n be a member. We are already at work. citizens only that which they cannot do for· living within oilr Income especialiy in peace­ Fifth. We must see to it that fair compe­ themselves is the Republican phllos.ophy of. time prosperity such as we ·enjoy today. tition operates in our economy. This we are CV--220 3478 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 5 doing through judicious application of the them, except where the law required their In all this we must hold a proper regard antitrust laws, for example. mandatory use at unrealistic levels. for the importance of our political faith. I Part· of our overall respOnsibility 1s to do . On JUly 1, 1959, it is estimated that the believe it no exaggeration to say that world all in our power to make sure that our Gov­ Commodity Credit Corporation investment peace and our national security depend di­ ernment programs are sound and realistic. in commodities for which price support 18 rectly on the maintenance· of the free-enter­ I am particularly interested that·this be true mandatory will total $7.6 billion. All but prise system, which is the foundation stone of our farm programs. · $100 million--$7.5 billion-will consist of of· the Republican Party. What is the agricultural situation today? these crops for which price support is man­ The maintenance of peace, of course, is Presumably, in this audience, there are not datory: Corn, cotton, wheat, rice, peanuts, the No. i goal of any God-fearing people. many directly involved with farming as an and tobacco. Thank God, this Nation under· the un­ occupation. But agricultural policy is of Yes, price supports are valuable, but they wavering leadership of President Eisenhower national import and is a concern of us all. should not be used to destroy markets and has maintained the peace. Most of you know we are plagued by large fill warehouses. · The President would be the first to give surpluses, but only in a very few crops. Re­ But there are areas in which Government high credit for our role as keeper of the member, when you hear and read about our can provide permanent assistance to help peace to a courageous, brillant leader who surpluses and their shocking cost, that most the American farmers achieve adequate in­ has been stricken seriously ill. I refer, of of agriculture is healthy today and that our come. Important areas, for example, are course, to our great Secretary of State, John farmers-the best in the world-are doing a through public research, education and Foster Dulles. wonderful job. Only 12 out of 250 farm prod­ market expansion. Lincoln tasted defeat in 1858 but he led ucts produced commercially are Government During the past 6 years the budget for the Republican Party to victory in 1860. supported. agricultural research has more than One hundred years later-in 1958--our party But bear in mind, also, that we should be doubled. Any long-range farm policy which suffered defeat; so let us resolve to let thankful for the blessing of abundance. We is going to serve agriculture and the Nation Lincoln's example spur us on to victory in should be grateful that our problems are must give a prominent place to research, 1960. those of oversupply rather than scarcity. education and market expansion. With God's help, we will build a pros­ Not many peoples in the world can say this. American agriculture-our farmers, ranch­ perous, expanding and free agriculture in If we look at our agriculture over the broad ers, and their families-has been victimized a prosperous, expanding and free America­ scope, it is today a fairly bright picture. during the past 10 years through the failure an America which is economically, socially Production is at the highest levels in his­ to make such needed changes in old, out­ and spiritually sound. tory, so is gross and per capita farm income. moded legislation. Many of our farm fami­ Farmownership is at its highest level, and lies will continue to reap the sad economic so is the farmer's net equities. consequences of obsolete rigid programs un­ Transportation, telephones, television, elec­ less recommended changes governing our tricity, and other aids to abundant living price support laws are made without delay. Thomas G. Masaryk: Defender of are more· widely available than ever before. The President has pointed the way to Freedom The standard of living on our farms is the necessary changes again this year. I have highest we have ever known. amplified them in appearances before both There are still serious unsolved problems, Senate and House Agriculture Committees. EXTENSION OF REMARKS including the cost-price squeeze, though we It is my hope that the Congress recogniZes are making progress. the urgency of the situation and will make OF Farming is a hazardous occupation. the adjustment that only Congress can HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND Farmer~ are not as highly organized as make. · other groups in our economy. They have Only in this way can we achieve the ob­ OF MASSACHUSETTS only limited control over the supply of their jective which we seek-a more prosperous, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES products. In other words, they lack ade­ expanding, and free agriculture for all quate bargaining power. However, they are America. Thursday, March 5, 1959 moving in the right direction through their As Republicans we must stand up and Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, S-aturday farmer-owned and farmer-controlled organ­ be counted for what we believe to be right. March 7, is the anniversary of the birth izations. It is not too early to start, especially for you Most of agriculture is free of controls. here in New Jersey. I understand you have of Thomas G. Masaryk. And this free part, representing more than a vital State election coming up in No­ · It is especially appropriate for us in four-fifths of our agriculture, is doing fairly vember. the United States to honor Thomas wen. The problem narrows down to a few The way to victory is through hard work. Masaryk. Here was a man who, as the crops-only 5 of them controlled-for which First, get the best possible candidates for founder and first President of the Czech­ outmoded programs have been too long con­ the legislature, for if anything was proved oslovak Republic, stood for the principles tinued in the mistaken belief they would last November it was that a sound and an embodied in the Preamble to the Czech­ serve farmers. appealing candidate is one of the basic in­ oslovak Constitution, which bears a close The legal requirement that the Federal gredients of victory. Second, work hard for resemblance to our own. The preamble Government support a few crops at unrealis­ their election by dint of plugging away on a tic levels is pricing us out of world markets door-to-door basis. unequivocably states the desire to con­ and may be doing irreparable harm to vital We Republicans have a good story to solidate the people in a Republic which exports. For example, as is generally rec­ tell. But we must sell that story, and go shall establish a reign of justice, con­ ognized, cotton has lost markets at home forth as missionaries of republicanism. tribute to the welfare of all citizens, and and abroad-to foreign producers and to Thus, I was most pleased to note the plans secure the blessings of liberty to com­ manufacturers of synthetics. Tobe.cco is for getting our story across to the American ing generations. pricing itself out of markets at home and people that were developed at the recent abroad also._ meet.tng of the national committee. In it was stated alsO, that it was the But at this moment the classic example We must continually be thankful for the desire of the newly formd Republic to of our mistake is in wheat. After the leg­ blessings of good government, but, at the take its place in the family of nations as islation enacted at the last session of Con­ same time, b~ eternally mindful that this a member at once "cultured, peace-lov­ gress, wheat today comprises a very major God-given blessing is ours only because there ing, democratic, and progressive." part of the problem. If you combine wheat, are those who fought and always will fight The ideals of this new nation were corn and cotton you have represented 85 to preserve it. those of Thomas Masaryk, who led it, percent of the Government inventory of price Yet these very blessings could prove to be and who genuinely stood for all of these supported commodities. But these three our undoing unless our perspective is right crops produce only 20 percent of the total and our idealism more concerned with things. Among his personal character­ cash farm income. eternal standards and value than with mate­ istics was a passionate love of truth. He We are growing much more wheat than rial gain and worldly honors. advocated the scrupulous preservation we can consume and sell abroad. Most of History tells the story again and again. of the rights of individuals and the fair the costs under the wheat program result As nations become wealthy and standards of and just treatment of minorities. A from the production of a comparatively few living rise the tendency is to concentrate on man of the people himself, he champi­ large growers; in fact, to less than 10 per­ preserving material security, not on keeping oned the people's cause. He succeeded cent of those who grow wheat. ever fresh and alive the .basic concepts that in building a progressive democracy. The obvious answer to this problem is to made the Nation great. Security is too often eliminate as rapidly as practicable ineffec­ sought as an end in itself. That is our When he died, in 1937, one of his bl· tive controls and use price supports at levels mortal danger in this perilous age. Our Na­ ographers wrote: that will preserve and build markets. tion, established on great spiritual and moral He had founded a state in which freedom Price support programs of a realistic na­ principles, ca.nnot afforcl to lose its sense of was the watchword and he had educated a ture can be a valuable tool in helping to fa­ uprightness. We as a people must keep our nation to be conscious of both the rights cilitate orderly marketing. This adminiS­ eights raised above the dollar sign. We muat and duties of democratic citizenship. • • • tration has so considered. them and so used look beyond material things. But he never forgot the need of "a faith, a 1959 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD-· HOUSE 3479 Uving faith 1n something higher than our­ changes ·his job is obviously impossible They ask only justice, fair play, and selves, something great, sublime, eternal." and unjust, especially in · crowded equal treatment with fellow citizens liv­ That this nation to which he gave so metropolitan areas. But we unfairly ing under different conditions. It is rich a heritage should have since fallen pressure such a person in this direction time, I believe, for Congress to recognize behind the Iron Curtain with all of its when we discriminate against him by that America is no longer a rural nation. curtailment of individual freedom, its refusing to permit normal, standard tax It is time for us to give the city and insistence that man should serve the treatment for- his necessary costs of suburban dwellers of America a fair state alone, and its denial of a faith in traveling to and from work. break. anything higher than that state-that This legislation would in no way favor this should have happened to Czecho­ one group of taxpayers as against an­ slovakia, conceived in the democratic other. It would simply recognize a situa­ Work Being Done by the Department of ideal of its great leader, is the greater tion that has grown increasingly signifi­ Health, Education, and Welfare in tragedy. But that that ideal lives on in cant in recent years-the great migra­ the heart of Czechoslovakia today we tion to the suburbs of America. It would Implementing the National Defense have no doubt. No more have we doubt help restore a measure of fair and equi­ Education Act of that than we have of the permanence table treatment for these millions of our and effectiveness of the contribution of people. And it would remove the unjust Thomas Masaryk himself, defender of price tag from one of our country's most EXTENSION OF REMARKS freedom. precious freedoms-the freedom to live OF where one wants to live. My second bill, Mr. Speaker, House HON. JOHN V. LINDSAY Metropolitan Area Residents Affected by Joint Resolution 288, proposes to amend oF NEW YORK the Constitution by prohibiting any IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Federal and State Tax' Laws State from taxing the wages or salaries Thursday, March 5, 1959 or other compensation for personal serv- EXTENSION OF REMARKS ices received by a person who is not a Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, I wish OF resident of that State. once more to illustrate the impressive This measure, too, has been intro- work being. done by the Department of HON. FLORENCE P. DWYER duced by several of our colleagues, and I Health, Education, and Welfare in im­ OF NEW .JERSEY am hopeful that with greater awareness plementing the National Defense Educa­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the elementary justice involved in tion Act. It gives. me great pleasure to this proposed amendment there will advise this House that a counseling and Thursday, March 5, 1959 come the support necessary to win the guidance training institute will be con­ Mrs. DWYER. Mr. Speaker, I have approval of the congress. ducted at Hunter College July 1 through reintroduced, . for consideration by. the While· the problem this amendment August 7, 1959. Hunter College is lo­ 86th Congress, two bills I first intro- · would solve affects residents of New cated in the heart of Manhattan and in duced during the preceding Congress. Jersey and Connecticut especially, it also the heart of New York's 17th Congres­ Both represent efforts to deal fairly and affects residents of several other States sional District. Hunter is one of the equitably with residents of metropolitan who have-been recently subjected to the many institutions in the 17th District areas, especially those areas that are lo­ tax laws of the States in which their that makes the 17th one of the truly cated close to State boundary lines, in­ jobs are located. great communities of the Nation. sofar as such re3idents are affected by Here, again, we are confronted with The selection of Hunter as the site for Federal and State tax laws. the same fundamental questions: Shall one of the Nation's training institutes The first bill, H.R. 5307, would allow American citizens be free to establish under the National Defense Education as a deduction from Federal income their homes wherever they choose? Or Act results from preliminary arrange­ taxes, the reasonable and necessary ex­ shall we permit citizens who exercise this ments concluded between the U.S. Com­ penses incurred by individuals for right to be penalized because of it? missioner of Education, Lawrence G. transportation to and from work. The Not only is there a cherished principle Derthick, and Dr. Harry N; Rivlin, dean maximum deduction in any one taxable involved here-and who does not, in of teacher education, College of the City year would be $300, and the deductible theory at least, subscribe to the dictum, of New York, representing the four mu­ expenses would include transportation there shall be no· taxation without rep- nicipal colleges-City, Hunter, Brooklyn, costs either by private automobile or resentation-but there is also much at and Queens. public transportation. stake from a practical viewpoint. In- A central feature of the institute at I share the conviction with many of come taxes levied by some States have Hunter will be a reexamination of guid­ our colleagues that this is a long over­ grown steadily heavier, and, of course, it ance policies in the light of today's needs due reform in our tax structure. Espe­ has been this growing burden that has as the core of a training program for cially for those who live in the suburbs prompted some to seek added revenues counselors. of our large_ metropolitan regions, the from outside their boundaries. But What are some of these needs? The costs of transportation to and from States like New York have gone even Congress has declared that the Nation work-the costs of commutation-are further and discriminated against non- is losing too much of our most valuable considerable. In my own Sixth Con­ residents in such a way that the non- and precious resources-the talents of gressional District-where the number resident's tax is more than the resi- our children in our schools. We know, of con1n1uters represent a fair average dent's tax, when both are in similar cir- for example, that many able students do for the metropolitan New York-New cumstances. Of course, the nonresident not continue their education beyond the Jersey-Connecticut area-l know of a receives few if any of the benefits and high school. At any time, but espe­ great many instances where people services provided residents, for which the cially in these critical times, we cannot must pay from $300 to $1,000 in com­ tax was levied in the first place. afford such waste. The survival of our mutation costs each year. ' But then there is little reason to ex- democratic way of life demands nothing These travel expenses, I believe, are a pect logic where there is no justice. less. necessary and legitimate cost of holding Mr. Speaker, 60 percent or more of the Consequently, the Congress, through one's job, just as necessary and just as American people have chosen for a the National Defense Education Act of legitimate as those expenses presently variety of reasons to live in metropolitan 1958, authorized a program of federaliy authorized to be deducted on income tax areas. They are fully aware of the spe- financed coun3eling and guidance train­ returns. It is not always possible or even cia! problems, as well as advantages, ing institutes. They represent one of desirable for families to establish their which life under such crowded condi- several features of the act designed, in homes in areas immediately adjacent to tions means. And they are willing and the words of the act itself, "to insure their jobs. Jobs change and employ­ able to solve these problems if they are trained manpower of sufficient quality ment opportunities shift, and seldom is allowed the means to do so. They ask and quantity to meet the national de­ it possible for the employee to control no speqial privileges, no subsidies, no un-:. fense needs of the United States." 1 these circumstances. To insist that the Warranted ·exemptions from civic respon- ' ·· Title v of the act is entitled "Guidance, taxpayer move his ·home every time he sibilities. Counseling, and Testing; Identification 3480 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 5 and Encouragement of Able Students." African people of this State, but.for all statue of Lincoln for New Salem, Ill.; The cited title suggests the problem men and women who believe in human and a statue of Albert Woolson, last sur­ which the program of counseling and freedom, individual dignity, and justice. vivor of the Grand Army of the Republic guidance institutes-such as the one at In the 2 years since its independence, for the cemetery at Gettysburg. He also Hunter-will attack. It will do so by the State of Ghana has made significant created the 9lst division memorial at expanding educational programs for ~he economic, political, and social advances, Fort Lewis, Wash.; and the Marcus professional preparation of counselors.· despite the difficulties of its new state- Whitman statue in the Capitol. The need is great for professional per­ hood. It has evidenced a strong ca- The heads unveiled by Senator CooPER sonnel to identify, counsel, and motivate pacity for leadership in which the insti- and me at the ceremony depicted "The the more able students to continue their · tutions of free and democratic govern- Young Lincoln" and "Lincoln, The Pres­ schooling. This does not mean that ment everywhere in the world have a ident." They were commissioned as two current educational programs for coun­ vital stake. How great is this stake is of a series of four busts by Broadcast selors are not good. It is simply that a made clear by the words of Prime Min- Music, Inc., of New York City, whose national condition exists, which the ister Nkrumah, of Ghana, who said re- president, ·Mr. Carl Haverlin, is a distin­ Congress has recognized by calling on cently: guished Lincoln collector and an bon- our colleges and universities to meet it. The hopes and ambitions of the African orary member of the Lincoln Sesquicen­ The institute at Hunter is a response to peoples have been planted and brought to tennial Commission. this challenge. maturity by the impact from western civili- The completed heads-these were We can take pride that we are in a zation. The West has set the patterns of plaster models that we unveiled-will be good position to help meet the challenge. our hopes and by entering Africa in strength 21 inches high, 10 inches wide and 9 Physical facilities at Hunter, and near­ has forced the pattern upon us. Now comes inches deep. They now can be seen at by, will lend themselves admirably to our response. the Broadcast Music, Inc., exhibit of Lin- the purposes of the institute. In fact, The American people feel these ties colniana at the Statler Hotel in Wash­ since 1950, there has been an on-going and are personally gratified, therefore, ington. program of graduate training in guid­ by the progress which the State of Gha- The other two heads, when completed, ance and school counseling at our munic­ na has made under the banners of dem- . will depict Mr. Lincoln at other stages ipal colleges. The standards of this ocracy and freedom. Mr. Speaker, on of his life. program are high and well recognized. this occasion, as a Member of the House These are inspiring works which re­ At; a result, skilled training resources of Representatives of the United States, fleet fully the statement made by the will be available to meet a critical need. and of the Foreign Affairs Committee of sculptor that, "The truth of spirit is This insures the leadership of a faculty the House, I would like to extend con- more important than external form." for an imaginative program contributing gratulations to the State on Ghana on The external form is there, however, for to the maximum development and utili­ its second anniversary and on its prog- the model used by Dr. Fairbanks was the zation of the rich talents possessed by ress and success. I am certain all of us Volk life mask of Lincoln, cast in 1860. the young people of the metropolitan share intimately the hopes of this people Mr. Haverlin, speaking for his com­ New York area . . for a future that finds them an increas- pany, said that the four heads will be. This institute is but one of some 40 ingly strong and free nation working executed finally in marble by Dr. Fair­ that will be conducted this summer among the family of nations for dignity, banks and will be donated to the Lin­ throughout the Nation under the :tu­ peace, and friendship among all man- coin Sesquicentennial Commission and thority of title V-B of the National De­ kind. thereafter made available for perpetual fense Education Act. But it represents display at an appropriate place in Wash­ the imaginative way in which the Office ington where ·our millions of visitors, of Education is implementing this · im­ Broadcast Music, Inc., Has Rendered a both American and from foreign shores, portant legislation. It is an example of may take from them the same inspira­ the sound principle of building on Real Service to the People of America tion that those of us who participated in strength by utilizing the outstanding by Commissioning Four New Busts of this ceremony experienced last Monday. skills and resources of institutions well Lincoln, Two of Which Were Unveiled Among those present on that occasion qualified to tackle this problem. New from the Congress of the United States York City and other urban areas--in­ February 9 in Washington in addition to Senator Cooper were Sen­ deed school systems throughout the Na­ ator Frank E. Moss of Utah, the Honor­ tion-stand to benefit enormously from EXTENSION OF REMARKS able Arthur V. Watkins, former Senator this militant attack upon the problem of OF from that State and Senator Ralph Yar­ America's loss of able manpower. borough of Texas. I call upon the Congress once again to HON. FRED SCHWENGEL I believe that Broadcast Music, Inc., act promptly on the President's request OF IOWA has rendered a tremendous service to the for additional funds to carry out this IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES people of this Nation through this gen­ and other vital programs authorized by erous gift. the National Defense Education Act. I Thursday, March 5, 1959 know that friends of education every­ Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, on where join me in urging this action. Monday, February 9, I had the honor to participate with the distinguished Sen­ State-Owned Ferries Should Be Exempt ator from Kentucky, Mr. JOHN SHERMAN From Excise Tax CooPER, in unveiling two magnificent Independent State of Ghana new heads of Abraham Lincoln executed EXTENSION OF REMARKS by the internationally known sculptor, OF EXTENSION OF REMARKS Avard Fairbanks. OF This event took place at the head­ HON. THOMAS M. PELLY quarters of the Lincoln Sesquicentennial OF WASHINGTON HON. CHARLES C. DIGGS, JR. Commission in the Archives Building IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF MICHIGAN and was one of the numerous affairs Thursday, March 5, 1959 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES scheduled in connection with the cele­ bration of the 150th anniversary of Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, I have long Thursday, March 5,1959 Abraham Lincoln's birth. held the opinion that a State-owned Mr. DIGGS. Mr. Speaker, 2 years ago, Dr. Fairbanks, the sculptor, is consult­ nonprofit ferry system is a link between on March 6, 1957, as an official repre­ ant in fine arts to the University of State highways similar to a bridge or a sentative of the United States Congress, I Utah and resident sculptor on that cam­ tunnel, and as such no ferry tolls, more had the great privilege of witnessing the pus. He will be remembered as the than tolls of a State-owned bridge or emergence of the Gold Coast of Africa sculptor of the bronze statue in Greece highway, should not be subject to Fed­ into the independent State of Ghana. To­ of Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver; the eral transportation excise taxes. day that occasion is being commemorated doughboy of Idaho; the pony express·for The Washington State Toll Bridge Au­ in the world as a triumph not only for the the Utah centennial; the celebrated thority, which ·constructs and operates 1959. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 3481 both toll bridges and ferries, held this In Further Support of My Bill To Curb congratulations on the job you are doing in same view in contrast to the claim of Washington for the people of the First Dis­ the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. the National Conspiracy of Gangsters trict of Florida. In this resulting dispute to allow for an Through the Enactment of H.R. 5186 NICK NUCCIO, orderly judicial determination, an agree.,. Mayor. ment was arrived at whereby the State MARCH 5, 1959. in 1957 increased its ferry system fares EXTENSION OF REMARKS Hon. NICK NUCCIO, in the amount of the Federal tax and OF Mayor of the City of Tampa, the amount of revenue accruing as a re­ Tampa, Fla.: sult was to be deposited in escrow. This HON. WILLIAM C. CRAMER I wish to express my appreciation for your fund contained originally 3 percent of OF FLORIDA wire supporting my b111 to curb national IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gangster conspiracies. I am fully aware of property freight charges and 10 percent your announced purpose to wage a vigorous of fares of passengers. Subsequently, Thursday, March 5, 1959 campaign against all types of criminal ac­ when Congress repealed the 3 percent tivity. tax on freight, I had hoped for a refund Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, I am in­ I congratulate you in this effort. or some relief to the ferry users on ac­ cluding in the RECORD a copy of a wire I trust that neither you nor my respected count of the termination of the one received from the Honorable Nick Nuc­ constituents of Tampa misinterpret any of transportation tax but the agreement cio, mayor of Tampa, in support of my my remarks or actions as being critical of provided for the taxes under the modi­ bill to give the Justice Department and Tampa's present local law-enforcement ef­ the FBI jurisdiction to punish the use forts. fied law to .be held until final settle­ I have referred to the 19 unsolved murders ment. of interstate commerce in the further­ in Tampa's past history, without reference So until final judgment the escrow of ance of conspiracies to commit terroris­ to the most recent k111ing that I understood funds is continuing, but if the United tic crimes and activities of gangsters the grand jury had found was outside the States repeals or otherwise modifies ex­ and hoodlums. His wire clarifies, and scope of the type of k1lling my b1llis directed isting laws so as to specifically exempt properly so, the present situation in toward, that is, of interstate character in­ Tampa. spired by a national gangster conspiracy: States from the 10 percent tax on pas­ but it is my considered opinion, buttressed sengers, the deposits, of course, would I also include my reply to the mayor by information provided by the FBI, the cease. which clearly indicates that my re­ Bureau of Narcotics, and the Justice Depart­ The funds on deposit collected from marks, consistent with the position of ment, that other k1llings in Tampa's past users of the Washington State ferry the mayor, as made on the floor of the history have the earmarkings of being part systems on property is $114,862.05; the House on March 3 was in reference to of an interstate conspiracy. My b111 aims at amount which is regularly being added the previous record of unsolved murders that type of conspiracy because of its inter­ which, in my opinion, in order to have state nature, which is beyond the reach of on account of possible tax liability from local law-enforcement officials, the area passenger transportation at the end of been perpetrated, must have been con­ where Justice Department and FBI assist­ January 1959 was $239,060.97. spired on an interstate basis. ance is needed to assist in stamping out In the 85th Congress, 1st session, I I also include a copy of my letter to such outside influences on communities such introduced H.R. 2028 to amend the In­ the Attorney General, written on March as Tampa. ternal Revenue Codes to make it clear 4, in transmitting a copy of my bill for I am forwarding by airmail a copy of my that this tax on transportation of persons his consideration, which further ampli­ letter to the Attorney General dated March 4 in which I transmitted my b111 for con­ and property did not apply to ferry serv­ fies on my remarks. sideration of justice which I think clearly ice provided by State-operated ferry­ I firmly believe that legislation of the states my position. I am making your wire boats. That was before the repeal of the nature I have introduced is essential and this reply together with my letter to tax on property. But other legislation if the people of this Nation are to be the Attorney General a part of the CoN­ took precedence and the Ways and protected-whether it be in Tampa or GRESSIONAL RECORD as further amplification Means Committee was unable to con­ in another community-from the nefar­ of my remarks of the third in order to avoid sider my bill. ious activities of national criminal and any misconstruction. Now I have introduced a new bill to racketeering conspiracies. As will be Wn.LIAM c. CRAMER, exempt these State-operated ferryboats noted from my letter to the Attorney Member of Congress. from the tax imposed by section 4261 on General, even the sheriff of Hillsborough CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, persons transported on a nonprofit basis County, on August 12, 1953, requested HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, by a State as defined in section 7701 such help and my bill will provide Fed­ Washington, D.C., March 4, 1959. 00) or by an agency or instrumentality eral assistance when the crimes com­ In re H.R. 5186, a b111 to establish the crime thereof. The tax under my bill would mitted are of an interstate nature. My of conspiracies to commit terroristic cease on and after January 1, 1959. bill would make avaliable to local law crimes and activities when interstate I hope now the committee will take up commerce is used with the objective of enforcement the very type help re- stamping out national racketeering. this bill promptly. Meanwhile, let me quested. · The Honorable WILLIAM P. RoGERS, make it clear that the passage of my bill The above-mentioned follows: Attorney General of the United States, would not admit any previous liability TAMPA, FLA., March 5, 1959. U.S. Department of Justice, of the State. Rather its passage would Hon. Wn.LIAM C. CRAMER, Washington, D.C. clarify the State exemption which I be­ New House Office Building, DEAR ATTORNEY GENERAL RoGERS: You will lieve already exists, and, of course, the Washington, D. C.: :find enclosed herewith a copy of the b111 excess fares which are being collected I wish to congratulate you on introducing above referred to which I introduced on be a b1llin Congress yesterday to curb terroristic March 3 and about which I made a speech and placed in escrow would no longer conspiracies. As we have discussed before on the fioor of the House, a copy of which required. in regard to your thinking on this matter I have previously forwarded to you. 1 am The text of the bill is as follows: this is a law which is vitally needed and I herewith forwarding to you a copy of the Be it enacted by the Senate and House of am sure that all good citizens in our county b111 for your consideration, anticipating that Representatives of the United States of join me in urging you to push for speedy the b111 will be officially forwarded to you America in Congress assembled, That section enactment of this bill during this session of by the Judiciary Committee for a report by 4263 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 Congress. However, I would like to call your your Department. Of course, I am hopeful (relating to exemptions from tax on transpor­ attention to the fact that Tampa is not the that this b111 w111 result in favorable con­ tation of persons) is amended by adding at criminal city it was several years ago. It sideration of some legislation that will ac­ the end thereof the following new subsec­ has always been my belief that organized complish the same objective. tion: · crime cannot exist without the blessing of To amplify on this matter, I am sure your "(g) STATE-OPERATED FERRYBOATS.-The tax law-enforcement officers. Since my election files will indicate that some 4 years ago, imposed by section 4261 shall not apply to as mayor of the city of Tampa 2 years ago, subsequent to the occurrence of one of the amounts paid for ferry service provided by a I have waged a vigorous campaign against murders which I referred to in my remarks ferryboat operated on a nonprofit basis by a all types of criminal activity and wm con­ as one of the "19 unsolved sawed-o1f shot­ State (as defined in section 7701(a) (10)) or tinue to do so. Because of this Tampa today gun gang murders," I directed a request to by an agency or 1nstl"umental1ty thereof.'' . 1s living down its past reputation as a center the Justice Department that the FBI and SEc. 2. The amendment made by the first of organized crime. The only recent ki111ng­ the Department act favorably upon the re­ section of this Act shall appiy only with re­ was found to have no gangland connection quest of the local law en!orcement· officials spect to amounts paid on or after January 1, after thorough investigation by city, county, and assist those officials 1n attempting to 1959, for transportation on or after that date. and State law-en!orcement agencies. Again solve this murder by placing the Mafia on CONGRESSIONAL RECORQ- H.Q:USE March 5 the subversive. list which would make it Tampa or anywhere else, the Department of A well-circulated cartoon depicted a kneel­ subject to Justice Department surveillance. Justice will have jurisdiction to investigate ing Al Smith inviting his running mate, I stated at that time that it was mY the matter. Senator Joseph Robinson, to kiss the Pope's opinion .that becaus~ t:1is was a murder I believe this matter is of sufficient con­ ·bare toes. At the upper end of the intellec­ similar to those that had occurred in the cern for you to give personal attention to tual scale, a noted attorney, Charles C. Mar­ past and which wer~ a,lso unsolved, appar­ it and that is the .reason for my forwarding shall, addressed a 5,000-word open letter to ently it was being done on the basis of the to you a copy of my .remarks and a .copy of Smith in The Atlantic Monthly, question­ killer being shipped in and out rapidly in my bill and for calling this to your atten­ ing the Governor's qualifications on the interstate commerce and that there was a tion again, it being a follow-up of my basis of the past pronouncements of various connection between such killings and na~ previous correspondence and discussions Catholic spokesmen. In reply, Smith is­ tional gangsterism and possibly the Mafia with the Department on this matter. sued a moving 4,000-word manifesto. or Murder, Inc, It was on this basis that I Thanking you for your attention to and Nevertheless, historians now believe that thought the FBI could accept this responsi­ consideration of this matter, and with kind­ the religious issue was only one of several bility but I was advised that the Department est regards, I am, that caused AI Smith's downfall. Quite of Justice had determined that it had no Sincerely, .probably it was not even the most important jurisdiction in the matter because no Fed­ WILLIAM C. CRAMER, one. For AI Smith's America differed greatly eral crime was involved and that the Mafia Member of Congress. from the America of the space age in one did not come within the definition of sub­ almost forgotten respect. Bishop Cannon versive and thus could not be placed on your also attacked Smith as the master hench­ list pursuant to Executive Order 10450. man of evil forces representing the foreign­ The purpose of my bill is obviously to plug populated city called New York. William up the loophole and in the future to make Full Text of Senator Douglas' Article: Allen White of Kansas' Emporia Gazette the FBI and the Justice Department avail­ "A Catholic Can Become President" railed against him as the agent of saloon, able in similar instances with the presump­ prostitution, and gambling interests. tion that interstate commerce is involved It is a little difficult not to smile at the when this type of killing or other crime takes EXTENSION OF REMARKS notion today, but the fact is that in A1 place. OF Smith's day much of rural America was in I want it clearly understood that my re­ a state of undeclared war against its .urban marks in the RECORD refer to the national HON. BARRATT o~HARA counterpart. To many voters in the rural activities of Murder, Inc., the Mafia, and OF ILLINOIS South and Midwest the stereotype :of the other gangster conspiracies which prey upon cigar-chewing machine politician from the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES cities such as Tampa, and I cite~ Tampa as East spelled government by city slickers, an example that I think is one of the clearest Thursday, March 5, 1959 corruption, and foreigners. Happily, educa­ indications that this nefarious outside influ­ tion,. automobiles, television, and other uni­ ence is affecting the local community and Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, fying factors have pretty much wiped away that, because such influence is of an inter­ by unanimous consent, I am extending these prejudices. Moreover, about 63 per­ state nature, the local law enforcement of­ my remarks to include the following ar­ cent of the population now lives in urban ficials have not been capable of coping with ticle by the senior Senator from Illinois, areas. this problem. Such officials . obviously are the Honorable PAUL H. DOUGLAS, in the Most difficult for Al Smith, perhaps, was not equipped to cope with this problem when current issue of Coronet: the prohibition issue. Again, it may be it is of an interstate nature as is clearly hard for voters now in their 20's anti 30's to indicated by the request of Sheriff Ed Black­ A CATHOLIC CAN BECOME PRESIDENT picture how many people ~incerely-and ve; burn, Jr., of Hillsborough County, for the (By Senator PAUL H. DOUGLAS) hemently-opposed the legalized sale of assistance of the FBI and the Department of I think a Catholic can be elected President liquor. Smith was an ardent wet and said Justice to place the Mafia on the subversive of the United States. so. After the votes were in, Prof. William list pursuant to Executive Order 10450, his Given the right man, a Catholic should be F. Ogburn of the University of Chicago made request having been made in the fall of 1953 elected President. a study of 173 counties and concluded that and my request having been made to back It saddens me that it should still be nec­ the prohibition sentiment was 3 times him up. My predecessor, the Honorable cessary in America today to document these more decisive than the. religious issue. Courtney Campbell, properly initiated the beliefs. Yet the issue is clouded by so much I am convinced, in view of this, that Al sheriff's request by forwarding it to your confusion that both non-Catholic and Cath­ Smith's fate should not be too significant Department. olics can profit by its frank discussion. For for any Catholic candidate of the future. Since that time when we were advised that the closer we move toward the 1960 political Since I am a Protestant, I feel I can dis­ no Federal crime was involved and that the conventions, the greater the danger that, in cuss objectively the claim that the teachings Mafia was construed not to come within the the heat of debate, matters of principle may of the Catholic Church would lead a Catholic definition of subversive, you know, in that become further distorted by the cobwebs of President into inevitable con:flict with our I have been in consultation with the De­ myths and religious suspicion. laws. Frankly, this so-called danger does not partment on a number of occasions concern­ . The chief argument advanced for the con­ worry me. ing it, that I have been in the process of tention that a Catholic either cannot or · It is, of course, possible to find some basis considering legislation to make such inter­ should not become President are: for con:flict between church and state in state gangster activities a Federal crime and 1. Gov. Alfred E. Smith, of New York, the the writings of the Catholic hierarchy of the the enclosed bill is the consummation of only Catholic presidential candidate in U.S. past. This is particularly true of Pope Pius those efforts. history, lost disastrously in 1928 because of IX, who asserted in 1864: "To say in the I want to make certain that you under• his religion-and the memory of his defeat case of conflicting laws enacted by the two stand that my citation of Tampa is for the remains too fresh. powers, the civil law prevails, is error." The purpose of indicating a concrete example 2. The religious views of a Catholic Presi­ statements of Pius IX were, however, made of where, in my opinion, the outside in­ dent would necessarily conflict with his con.; primarily in reference to European condi­ :fluence of gangster conspiracies in the past stitutional duties. tions, and were issued a long time ago. I has had a very telling effect beyond the 3. The electorate st111 is not sufficiently am convinced, however, that in our modern power of the local law enforcement officials tolerant to elect a Catholic. United States such areas of potential clispute to cope with and my reference to the city's 4. Even if the electorate might prove wm- would seem to exist chiefly in the realm of having one of the worst crime records of 1ng to elect a Catholic, the professional poli­ theory alone. Certainly Al Smith thought course refers specifically to the 19 unsolved ticians would be too cautious to nominate so when he answered Charles Marshall in murders in the past. It is obviously not him. the Atlantic Month.ly:· in any way intended as a reflection upon Let us examine each of these argume.nts. "I believe in absolute separation of church the efforts of the local law enforcement There can be no question about the over­ and state • • • I believe in the support of officials to clean up the city. To the con­ whelming extent of AI Smith's defeat. He the public school as one of the cornerstones trary, it is my opinion that in recent years lost to Herbert Hoover by more than 6 mil­ of American liberty • • • I recognize no much has been done within their juris­ lion votes. He failed to carry four States of power in • • • my church to interfere diction to clean up Tampa but that this the _solid South. He even lost in his be­ with • • • the Constitution of the United national conspiracy still poses as a threat to loved native State of New York and wound States." the future safety of the citizens of this up with just 87 electoral votes. In other words, Catholicism is a matter of community and communities throughout It is also true that the Democratic can­ faith and morals for most members of the the country. didate's Catholicism was a long and bitterly Catholic Church. Catholic officeholders have It is my hope that legislation of this O,iscussed issue. Methodist Episcopal Bishop had no difficulty reconciling their faith with nature will be enacted, first, in that it will Jamec Cannon, Jr., argued th;;,~.t "no subject their politics in this country. As the mill• be a deterrent to future national activities of the Pope" should be President. The Re­ taritly Protesta,nt journal, Christian Century, of gangsters having local effects similar to publican national committeewoman from poi~ted out during the 1928 campaign: those that have happened in Tampa in the Virginia declared: "We must saye the United "Catholic political action in modern times past, and, second, should crimes be com­ States from being Romanized and rum-r.id­ has shown itself more modern than Catholic. mitted of this nature in. the future in den, and, the call is to the women to .do so." France was overwJ:iel~gly Catholic; it 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 3483 threw off the yoke. Italy was overwhelming­ of anti-Catholic votes in the public opinion olic Governor of Pennsylvania. Three Cath­ ly Catholic; it destroyed the temporal power polls were cast by Republicans who would olics already were Governors of other States of the papacy. Catholics do not act as a not vote for him anyway. and making good records: Stephen L. R. Mc­ unit at the wave of the Pope's baton. In 3. The above figures compare with a "No" Nichols of Colorado, Albert D. Rosellini of actual practice, American Catholics love vote of 31 percent in the same. poll taken in Washington, and Foster Furcolo of Massa­ their country as inuch as Protestants do." 1940. chusetts. Nor was Lawrence the only newly­ To which I would add: just what could 4. The October 1958 Gallup poll also elected Catholic Governor: Chosen in the a Catholic President of the United States shows that anti-Catholic prejudice is sig­ last election were Christopher Del Sesto of dcr-against the wlll of the non-Catholic nificantly lower among younger voters and_ Rhode Island, J. J. Hickey in Wyoming, majority-to aid the Pope? The Constitu­ voters with a college education. Michael V. DiSalle in Ohio; and, most tion provides ample checks against the usur­ Clearly then, the trend is toward less re­ notably, Edmund G. (Pat) Brown in Cali­ pation of powers by the executive branch, ligious prejudice in our voting habits. And fornia. Brown defeated Senator William F. so that we need not--and indeed we must it should be. Historically anti-Catholic Knowland by 1,029,000 votes. not--deny to 36 million Americans the right feeling in this country has been an anti­ I think, therefore, that an impressive case to have a qualified member of their faith immigrant prejudice against the stereo­ can be made for the argument that the vast elected to the White House. typed Irish cop, saloonkeeper or favor­ majority of today's voters look their candi­ Not only do I think that a member of peddling ward heeler. Catholics, Protes­ dates over for merit, not for religious be­ a minority religion would do nothing to of­ tants, and Jews live in more or less sepa­ liefs. Now what about the politicians who fend the beliefs of the majority; I believe rate social compartments. Nowadays, eco­ nominate Presidents? there is strong evidence that Catholic office­ nomic and social barriers are dropping Here we are on more speculative ground. holders would bend over backwar:ds to avoid rapidly. There is much more interfaith Politicians are worriers. Worriers are cau­ charges of religious prejudices against them­ communication than ever before. We know tious. I am afraid there is evidence that selves or their coreligionists. and understand each other better than we a Catholic presidential candidate might aid, There is, for example, no record that ever did . .The war and military service in rather than hurt, the cause of the Demo­ Catholic members of our highest tribunal, a common cause melted away many hatreds. cratic Party. At least this is the conclu­ the Supreme Court, ever found themselves Few Americans stlll blindly believe that a sion of a careful statistical study sponsored in conflict with the laws they were chosen man wears invisible horns because he wor­ in 1956 by John Bailey, the Democratic State to interpret. This is true of two Catholic ships the same God in a different church. chairman of Connecticut. Its most intri­ chief justices, Roger Brooke Taney and Ed­ Recent election results bear this out. The guing findings were that Catholics tend to ward Douglass White, who presided over the electorate of Maine is only 26 percent Catho­ vote more diligently than do Protestants, Court about 40 years. More recently, an­ lic and not noted for upsetting political and that their voting strength tends to be other Catholic justice, the late Frank Mur­ apple carts. It was a State with a firmly concentrated in 18 large cities of 12 key phy, voted in favor of the right of a fixed tradition that no man of immigrant States. The study concludes: Jehovah's Witnesses minister to set up a stock and no Catholic could be elected to "The Catholic voters in these cities can public address system in a municipal park high office. Yet in 1954, Maine elected usually determine the size of the Democratic and make anti-Catholic broadcasts on Sun­ MusKIE-a Catholic and the son of a Polish margin in these cities. The size of the days. Currently, Supreme Court Justice immigrant tailor-as the first Democratic Democratic margin in those cities usual­ William J. Brennan, Jr., a Catholic, has also Governor in 20 years. In 1956, it reelected ly determines whether these States go Demo­ shown himself to be a stout defender of indi­ him by the greatest majority ever given a cratic. Whether these States go Democratic vidual rights and civil liberties. Governor of either party. In 1958, it made usually determines whether the Democrats Looking over the ranks of my Catholic him the first Democrat ever popularly win the election." Democratic colleagues in the Senate, I must elected U.S. Senator from Maine. This is a rather coldly clinical approach confess that the average quality of their Analyses of the 1952 and 1956 election re­ to the issue of religion in politics. But the performance seems to surpass the average sults also show that quite a few Catholic men on the floor of our nominating conven­ performance of my fellow-Protestants. tions are clinicians who should be impressed There is Senator JOHN F. KENNEDY of candidates for Congress ran substantially ahead of Adla~ E. Stevenson. Among these by such statistics. They should also be im­ Massachusetts, who is considered the front­ pressed by the consistently spectacular runner for the Democratic presidential nom­ were Representatives LEo W. O'BRIEN and JAMES J. DELANEY Of New York (who ran 16 showing made in the Gallup polls by Sena­ ination in 1960; Senator MIKE MANSFIELD Of tor KENNEDY, whose Catholicism is not pre­ Montana, the Democratic assistant majority and 15 percent ahead of the national ticket, respectively); PETER W. RoDINO of New Jersey cisely a secret. leader; such veterans as Senators JAMES The second point I would raise with our MuRRAY of Montana and JosEPH O'MAHONEY (21 percent); Senator KENNEDY (12 percent); Senator PASTORE (12 percent); Senator over-cautious politicians is the same that of Wyoming; newer Members like Senator I want to raise with all Americans: Hasn't JoHN 0. PASTORE of Rhode Island, FRANK LAuscHE (26 percent); Representative CLEM­ ENT J. ZABLOCKI Of Wisconsin (33 percent); the time come for us to quit thinking of LAUSCHE of Ohio and PAT McNAMARA of our public oftl.cials in terms of their religious Michigan; and newly elected Senators PHn.IP Representative (now Senator) EuGENE Mc­ CARTHY (12 percent); and Senator MANS• faith? A. HART of Michigan, EDMUND S. MusKIE of I think it has. Maine and STEPHEN M. YouNG of Ohio. In FIELD (21 percent). Many of these front runners undoubtedly This is the 20th century, not the 18th or addition, there are two other freshmen Sen­ 19th century. We should not let the fears ators who have served with distinction in come from areas with relatively heavy Cath­ olic populations. But I believa that most of of the past dominate our thinking today. the House of Representatives: EUGENE Mc­ And surely it is essential that we cast aside CARTHY Of Minnesota, and THOMAS J. DODD Of their constituents voted for these men simply because they thought they would do a good all remnants of prejudice in a time when the Connecticut. In the House, for the first whole world is watching to see whether we time, there are nearly 100 Catholic Members. Job. live democracy, or merely talk it. Personal­ I find these men remarkably free of preju­ By the same token, I wlll concede that ly, I believe that when the right candidate dice and, as a group, less self-righteous than many southern delegates who jumped on the comes along-regardless of his religion-the a large proportion of my fellow-Protestants. KENNEDY-for-Vice-President band wagon at American people will do the right thing. It may be that most Catholic legislators are the 1956 Democratic convention did so largely They usually do. above-average at their jobs because they had because of their distaste for the alternative above-average obstacles to overcome in choice, my friend ESTES KEFAUVER of Ten­ achieving election. Whatever the reason for nessee. But it was an historic change to see their collective stature, I would like to see delegates from the South (where, according more such men in Congress. to Gallup, only 51 percent of the voters would The REA and Trinity Power If a Catholic is nominated for the presi­ accept any Catholic Presidential candidate) dency in 1960, or at any other time in the rally to the KENNEDY banner--even for the foreseeable future, I must admit that his second place on the national ticket. It EXTENSION OF REMARKS religion would-regrettably-be held against showed that the South was willing to live OF him by some voters. with a Catholic Vice President. The Gallup poll has been asking a cross There is no question in my mind that the HON. THOMAS H. KUCHEL section of voters: "If your party nominated a increased acceptance of Catholics in public OF CALIFORNIA generally well-qualified man for the presi­ office is also attributable to the efficiency and IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES dency this year, and he happened to be a fairmindedness of most Catholic officeholders Catholic, would you vote for him?" at the municipal level. Robert F. Wagner, Thursday, March 5, 1959 In 1955, 23 percent replied "No." In 1956, Jr., in New York, Richard J. Daly in Chicago, Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I ask 22 percent. Last October, 25 percent. John B. Hynes in Boston, deLesseps S. Mor­ unanimous consent that the text of a To me, however, the more significant rison in New Orleans and David Lawrence in points established by these polls are: Pittsburgh have two characteristics in com­ speech which I made before the 17th 1. Anti-Catholic voters are clearly in a mon. All are catholics. All have been ex­ annual meeting of the National Rural minority. cellent mayors. Electric Cooperative Association on 2. Since a Catholic candidate almost cer­ Because of his fine record, the voters last February 9, 1959, in Washington, D.C., tainly would be a Democrat, the majority year elected Mayor Lawrence the first Cath- be printed in the RECORD. 3484 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 5 There being no objection, the address , But -now it ts proposed to emasculate. the. 4 mUlion acre-feet-of water; if it had only to was ordered to be printed in the RECORD# foundation of the rural electric cooperatives. serve the needs of power production, it could Other speakers duri~g this meeting_will dis­ lJe of a capac~ty of a relatively few thousand as follows: cuss the attempts to exact higher fees for acre-feet. THE REA AND TluNITT PoWER the money which cooperatives must borrow. Reclamation was found-under the admin­ .(Address by U.S. Senator THOMAS H. KUCHEL,. They Will remind the public that the rate istration of a great Republican President, of California., before the general session. of interest paid on REA loans in most of Theodore Roosevelt--to be a legitimate ob­ 17th NRECA ann_ual meeting, Washing­ ~hese past 23 years has exceeded the interest ject of the U.S. Government. No individual ton, D.C., February 9, 1959) · rates paid by the Government in the money could possibly cope with a reclamation un­ President George, Mr. E111s, members of market. They will note that under the dertaking costing hundreds of millions of the National Rural Electric Cooperative As­ "area covenants" which a cooperative under­ dollars; but it was both possible and prac­ sociation, and friends, I am delighted With takes when it accepts Federal assistance, that ticable for the community of people, the this opportunity to exchange views with the cooperative must give service to any farmer Government, to do so. And thus, in the best organization which has brought millions of in the territory even if the individual ac­ sense, it was in the Lincoln tradition. Americans one of the means of better living: count may not be profitable. This, of course, The disposal of the water from these proj­ electricity. the private utilities cannot be compelled to ects, and of the power, was dealt with on Much as the pioneers did who put the do; and until the idea of rural electric co­ behalf of the community. A limitation was plow to our broad and fertile land in order operatives was born, many such farmers had placed upon the number of acres an indi­ that there might be a plenitude of food for to endure a standard of living which re­ vidual might own if he accepted the irriga­ the people ·and an ample supply of fibers flected the lack of electrical service. tion benefits; and, in order that its benefits for their needs, the rural electric coopera:.. These financial policies, as I say, are not might be shared by a maximum number of tives have blazed a trail through the wilder­ within the scope of my remarks; but they people without profit to any at the expense ness of technological maladjustment so that interest me very much. In this connection, of the Government, the electric power was ·the American farmer and his family might I hope you wlll permit me also to remind put at the disposal of Federal installations receive the benefits. of this convenient form you that I am a coauthor in the U.S. Senate and public agencies. of energy at prices tolerant to their income. With Senators AIKEN, HUMPHREY, SPARKMAN, . This preference, with respect to power, Thanks to the cooperatives, 19 out of 20 KENNEDY, MILTON YOUNG, COOPER, MANSFIELD, constituted the forms of assistance which farmhouses today can command the assist­ Hn.L, HENNINGS, CURTIS, MURRAY, LANGER, and the Federal Government could make avail­ ance of electricity at the flick of a switch. CLARK on the resolution to clarify the lend­ able for rural electric cooperatives. If the Clean incandescent and fluorescent lighting ing authority of the Rural Electrification preference policy were to be eroded away, has literally eclipsed the kerosene lamp. Administration. the Federal agencies would have to come to The electric motor has accepted the strains The aspersions upon REA interest and Congress for more money to cover the of human ton· in the house and the shop loan policies constitute a threat to the mag­ mounting costs of their power bills. The and barn~ ·Even the human hunger for en­ nificently successful rural electrification pro­ cities which have established municipal tertainment is filled in part by devices gram. I want to discuss another, equally power distribution, and the electric coopera­ utilizing the magic of electrokinetics. In­ serious threat--the attack upon the govern­ tives, would lose one of their principal deed, the farmer who is a member of his mental policy of giving preference to pub­ means of helping to build America. With electric cooperative may have today all the licly owned and operated agencies when it half of your systems directly dependent conveniences of city living-plus the joys disposes of federally generated power. By upon Federal projects for wholesale power, of living in the country. definition those agencies include military in­ you have cause to be deeply concerned. The banding together by neighbors for stallations, irrigation districts, municipali­ It is with respect to a great new Federal the purpose of obtaining electrical service ties, and rural electric cooperatives. project in my State that such erosion is be­ 1s clearly in consonance with the philosophy The present battleground in the war upon ing attempted. If the private power in­ of government expressed 100 years ago by the preference policy is my own State of dustry succeeded in preventing the Govern­ Abraham Lincoln. This greatest of Ameri­ California. Hydroelectric power is a feature ment from making the electricity from the cans said, "The legitimate.object of govern­ of Federal multipurpose reclamation proj­ Trinity available to "preference" customers, ment is to do for a community of people ects. Great dams are built to impound I think it only logical to expect that a like whatever they need to have done, but can­ quantities of water for irrigation. As these attempt would be made with respect to all not do at all, or cannot so well do for them­ waters fall over the dam, or, rather, go Federal reclamation projects, in being or 1n selves in their separate and individual ca­ through a penstock, they turn electric gen­ prospectus. The efforts of the community pacities." erators. You are far more familiar with the of people to accelerate the economy of rural Your meeting is being held in a historic process than I. America through electric cooperatives would setting. Washington has been the seat of Revenues from the power sales have con­ suffer a disastrous reversal. American Government for 169 years.. In the tributed substantially to project construe-! · Congress authorized the Trinity divis.ion old Supreme Court room of the _capitol, a tion costs. The reclamation projects of the of the Central Valley project in July 1955. mile or two from this armory, one of the 'united States are not built for profit. Their My former colleague, William F. Knowland, most useful applications of electricity was purpose is to serve the needs of the people. and I coauthored the bill in the Senate. I accomplished when Samuel F. B. Morse ~hey incidentally-and lmportantly-assist was proud to have the opportunity of suc­ demonstrated the first telegraph, sending in controlling floods and in controlllng sa­ eessfully presenting the necessary legislation his message, "What God hath wrought," over linity. They provide new recreational op­ in committee, and in the Senate as a whole~ the wires instantaneously from Washing­ portunities. And, utilizing the inevitable As finally approved, th.e Trinity blll was the ton to Baltimore. hydro head, they produce power. version passed earlier by the House of Rep­ Northward, a couple of hours from here Whenever we study these governmental resentatives. by automobile, lies Philadelphia, where projects, it must be borne in mind that the . By reason of the lateness of the season, Benjamin Franklin interested himself, size of the dams is governed not by the out­ Representative CLAIR ENGLE requested the among many other subjects, in the phe­ put of the powerplant, but by the needs of Senate to take up his House-approved bill. nomenon of electricity. Franklin was a prac­ irrigation. Irrigation is the primary pur­ It was similar to the Senate version, except ticing scientist of government. He per­ pose. These are reclamation projects. that it provided also for a continuance of ceived, as Lincoln did later, that the people They are power projects only incidentally. studies and a report to Congress by the Sec­ have to do jointly many things which they The ability of the Government to receive in­ retary of the Interior on proposals for power cannot accomplish as individuals; for it was come from the power has, of course, helped development through the purchase of falling Ben Franklin who established the Post to guarantee a dependable and economical water at Trinity by a non-Federal agency, Office Department in order that the public supply of water for crops. the result of proposals made by the Pacific might have a far better mail service than Moreover, if the dams had been built sim­ Gas & Electric Co. they could supply for themselves. He car­ ply for power, they would be small. Their The Trinity project is unique. It will take ried out a legitimate object of government. capacity for irrigation needs would be irrel­ a million acre-feet of water annually from About 23 years ago, the Congress of the evant. There is an excellent example of this the Trinity River on the west side of the United States concluded that if rural in my State. There, on the great Feather coast range of mountains in northwestern America were to receive electric service, this River, the private utility has built a series California, and dump it into the upper would have to become a "legitimate object of dams. Each produces a hundred thou­ reaches of the Sacramento River on the of Government" through Federal assistance sand kilowatts or so of electrical energy. But other side. The transfer Will be accom­ to local cooperatives. The undertaking has they do not hold back much water for sum­ plished through several tunnels through the been successful. A tremendous amount of mer irrigation. Their flood control values mountains. As the waters descend, they new business has been developed; which are negligible. In the disastrous flood · of will develop electricity at three powerplants benefits the total American economy; for 1954-55 in the Sacramento Valley, it was not in a total of 330,000 kilowatts of :firm power. when thousands upon thousands of farm the Sacramento River which caused the loss , When the water has reached its from the use our surpluses to help better the lives A bill to provide for the establishment of a welfare department or equivalent agency of of our own people. Following her ar­ food stamp plan for the distribution of any State of political subdivision thereof, ticle, I submit for the REcoRD the full $1,000,000,000 worth of surplus food com­ or who is, in the opinion of such agency text of H.R. 1359, so that the details of modities a year to needy persons and fami­ or agencies, in need of welfare assistance the bill will be available to all those lies in the United States but is ineligible to receive it because of State Be it enacted by the Senate and House of or local law. interested in this matter. Representatives of the United States of SEc. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture, in First, Mrs. -Roosevelt's column from America in Congress assembled, That in consultation with the Secretary of Health, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch of March order to promote the general welfare, raise Education, and Welfare and the Secretary 2, follows: the levels of health and of nourishment for of Labor, shall make a study of, and shall persons whose incomes prevent them from report to Congress within six months after DISTRIBUTING SURPLUS FOOD enjoying adequate diets, and dispose in a the date of enactment of this Act, on the (By Eleanor Roosevelt) beneficial manner of food commodities ac­ feasibility of, the costs of, and the problems REXBURG, IDAHO, March 2.-1 have several quired by the Commodity Credit Corporation_ involved in, extending the scope of the food letters in my mail about the question of our or the Department of Agriculture in carrying stamp plan established by this Act to in­ national food surpluses. People read about out price support operations or diverted from clude persons receiving unemployment com­ the great surpluses p111ng up in storage in the normal channels of trade and commerce pensation, receiving old-age and survivors 1959 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- HOUSE 3'487 insurance (social security) pensions,- and direction. of devising a new legal code for the to man's constant spiritual and material ad­ other low-income groups not eligible to re­ space age. vancement. ceive food stamps under this Act by reason There are some who underestimate the . These are the broad outlines of the Gov­ of section 6 of this Act. serious consequences of any lag between ernment's response to the nonscientific prob­ SEc. 8. There are hereby authorized to be legal and scientific developments. They re­ lezns of outer space. I advocate two addi­ appropriated, out of any money in the call with nostalgia the centuries required for tional steps to complete our reorganization Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such the flowering of the common law, and fondly for the space age. First of all, I propose sums as may be necessary to carry out the anticipate similar development o~ the new that there be established a Federal Depart­ purposes of this Act. space law. I grant that law is shaped and ment of Science and Research or its equiv­ nourished by experience--but I also insist alent. Such a department could coordinate that it is fundamentally based on necessity. the efforts of agencies such as the NASA, the The necessity for new laws and concepts in Atomic Energy Commission, the National this case is overwhelming. There will be no Science Foundation, and the Bureau of Legal Control of Outer Space time for legal craftsmanship and judicial Standards. It would consolidate under one speculation after rival claiins are made to roof all fields of scientific endeavor in which the moon or to space itself. Civilization our Government has an interest. This wou~d EXTENSION OF REMARKS has now reached a point at which a gap be­ facilitate the coordination of all these activ­ OF tween our moral and technological tools ities and guarantee cabinet-level considera­ could be fatal. The rule of law in the age tion of the Government's overall undertak­ HON. JAMES G. FULTON of space is not a matter of philosophy, but ings in this field. OF PENNSYLVANIA a matter of survival. My second proposal is that there be estab­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The legal problem is not a new one. Down lished a Joint Congressional Committee on through the ages man has striven to attune Outer Space modeled after the Joint Com­ Thursday, March 5, 1959 his legal codes to progress in other fields. mittee on Atomic Energy. At present each Mr. FULTON. Mr. Speaker, under Constant change to insure maximum justice House has its own separate committee on leave to extend my remarks in the REc­ has been · the hallmark of progressive and outer space. In addition, other committees successful legal thought. History reveals in both Houses, such as the Armed Services ORD, I include the following statement by that the physical sciences did not reach and Foreign Affairs Committees, are contin­ Senator KENNETH B. KEATING: fruition until the proper moral climate had uing to exercise their jurisdiction over some STATEMENT OF SENATOR KENNETH B. KEATING been achieved in civilized sectors of the of the problezns in this area. This· has (REPtmLICAN, OF NEw YoRK), FoRMERLY world. This was brought about by the rise meant that a great deal of valuable time of RANKING MINORITY MEMBER ON THE HOUSE of mature religions and the promulgation our top scientists and military experts is JUDICIARY COMMITTEE, BEFORE THE HoUSE and acceptance of legal standards by which being spent on Capitol Hill instead of in the COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND AsTRONAUTICS man's conduct could be guided. laboratories and on the proving grounds. ON MARCH 5, 1959 We have made some progress in dealing While the testimony of these experts is, of The United States has made great scien­ with this new dimension of our national course, essential to the work of Congress, the tific strides in the year and a half since existence, but much remains to be done. creation of a single Joint committee would Sputnik I began its historical orbit around One of the important steps in the right di­ avoid duplication and greatly expedite the Earth. Within a few months we had rection was the enactment of legislation: for matters. our first satellite, Explorer I, circling the a new National Astronautics and Space These are problezns primarily of Govern­ globe with an apogee of some 1,600 miles. Agency. This legislation authorizes the ment organization. There are many, many This has been followed by about half a dozen agency to develop a comprehensive program more legal problems of direct practical con­ other successful orbiters and two space of research and development in aeronautics cern. One of these is the question of who probers which penetrated into space to dis­ and space science "and related matters." owns space--or even more fundamentally tances of 71,300 and 63,580 miles, respec­ I emphasize the phrase "and related mat­ the problem of what is space. In "COke on tively. And just 2 days ago our first Sun ters"-which was added to the original bill Littleton" we find the maxim: "To whom­ rocket was successfully launched. by this committee. In my judgment these soever the son belongs, he owns also to the I am· confident that within the next dec­ words were added among other reasons, to sky and to the depths. The owner of a ade we shall place a man on Earth's own make it clear that the agency should con­ piece of land owns everything above and satellite--the Moon. Nothing should be sider the legal as well as scientific aspects below it to an indefinite extent." This spared to assure our eventual leadership in of our space program. I hope that this maxim barely survived the age of aeronau­ this new field of astronautics. A second­ committee will confirm my interpretation tics. It holds little promise for the age of best position behind. Russia in this space and reexpress the intention of Congress astronautics. race could spell disaster for the whole free that the exploration and regulation of our In 1902, shortly after the Wright brothers' world. interplanetary exploits must develop hand­ first flight, a convention was proposed under Americans are fully aware of the scientific in-hand. which the air would be free to commerce challenge with which we are confronted, and I have also been very gratified by the pro­ and travel just as is the sea. This proposal I have no doubt of this Nation's willingness posals made by the United States to the was rejected. During the First World War, to make whatever sacrlfice is necessary to United Nations for international coopera­ each nation began to assert exclusive con­ meet that challenge. But it would be a fatal tion in the exploration of outer space. trol of the airspace over its territory. After mistake to approach the space era solely in This was concrete evidence of this Nation's the war, the law of absolute sovereignty over terms of satellites and solar probes. While determination to foster world peace and se­ airspace was formalized in the Paris Conven­ we must not slacken our great technological curity. It revealed in a most dramatic and tion of 1919. This provided that "every effort, it is of importance also that we de­ impressive manner our intention to do all power has complete and exclusive sovereignty velop an appropriate basis for meeting other we can to use the new discoveries from over the airspace above its territory." This vitally significant aspects of the. space era. space exploration for the benefit of all man­ principle has since been consistently adhered I believe that there has not been enough kind. to in domestic legislation as well as in inter­ emphasis on the necessity for adapting some I have long advocated such a course by national treaties. of our earthbound concepts to the require­ the United States. More than a year ago, I Significantly, the term "airspace" has ments of this new age. For that reason I urged the following three-point program for never been defined in any of these treaties. am very gratified at this committee's ini­ international action: First, an immediate Scientists have now established that there tiative in centering attention in these hear­ declaration that outer space was not sub­ is no fixed separation between airspace and ings on one of the most pressing of all the ject to appropriation by any nation; sec­ outer space. It is apparent that law and new nonscientific problezns raised by the ond, an international agreement barring the science will have to join forces in arriving space age--the need for new rules of law for use of outer space for any military pur­ at an acceptable definition of these terms. the settlement of space controversies. pose; and third, the creation or utilization Suppose one were to attempt to apply the It may be, as many people claim, that it of an international agency for the Joint ex­ principles of established international law by will be the scientists who wlll chart the fu­ ploration of outer space. extending the boundaries of each nation into ture course of the world. Their spectacular Such a program is urgently needed to pro­ outer space. Because of the curved face of achievements certainly have merited them mote a universal dedication to the develop­ the earth, the extension would produce an unparalleled eminence. But the scientists ment of outer space for peaceful, scientific inverted cone which would grow bigger and cannot be counted upon or expected to keep and humanitarian objectives. bigger in relation to the country as it reached our moral progress abreast of our scientific We should all be gratified at the initiative farther into space. At some point these advances. This responsibiUty ultimately taken by the United States to block the use cones would overlap and more than one lies with the people, a~d they will properly of outer space for military purposes and to state would be occupying the same airspace. expect their lawmakers '(;o take the lead _in shower its benefits on all mankind. Our Moreover, the continuous movement of the proposing the new concepts and principles proposals in this field should have a pro­ earth on its axis means that the relationship which are necessary. These hearings . can foundly favorable effect on world -opinion. of particular areas on the surface of the serve a historic purpose ~f they result 1~ They.are a most fitting response to the chal­ earth to space beyond the atmosphere would even the most tentl!-tive first steps in the lenge of outer space by a nation dedicated be constantly changing. 3488. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 5 • These solar facts 1llustrate the impossi­ or without Soviet cooperation. If we suc­ You all remember what happened follow­ bility of applying existing concepts of in­ ceed in promulgating a code which is rea­ ing that report. Many of you here in this ternational law to the control of outer space. sonable and fair, world opinion might force room were up in arms. Some of you, who In my opinion, spa.ce beyond the atmosphere its enactment as the law of the universe. now belong to the Realistic Freeway Asso­ must remain the common property of all the Success in this effort, in the long run, may ciation; re-alized that your properties were nations, or, what is the same thing, the constitute our Nation's greatest contribu­ endangered and you fought bitterly to pre­ property of no nation. tion to the cause of peace and progress vent such a catastrophe. The result was a . Another legal problem is determining the in this new era. compromise. Raymond Smith, who decided rights of nations to terrestrial bodies. Here to migrate to our city, recommended Third again it is doubtful that the present earth­ Street as such a measure. I cannot believe bound rules of discovery and occupation are that he had any notion of what this would suitable. · I believe that only an early and entail from an engineering standpoint. firm assertion of international jurisdiction Fight To Save Reno From Freeway One bridge alone, in the form of a Y must over such areas will avoid the kind of ter­ diagonally cross the Truckee River at the ritorial conflicts in outer space which have Destruction city police department building at a cost plagued the earth for its entire history. of some $2 Y2 to $3 million. Looking ahead, it is apparent that we will EXTENSION OF REMARKS Eighty-six thousand dollars fiew out the also need new laws for the protection of OF window, because the firm engaged by the persons, industries, and territories, from mis­ State highway department did not even sur­ guided missiles and plunging Pioneers. HON. WALTER S. BARING vey Third Street as a possibility. Rules will have to be devised with respect . During the events which led to the selec­ to liability for injury or damage from activ­ OF NEVADA tion of Third Street, letters of protest began ities in outer space. What would you say IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to fiood my office. People of Reno pleaded as to the launching Nation's liability for Thursday, March 5, 1959 with me to stop William Howard Smith, damages if a satellite were to come crash­ field engineer of the Bureau of Public Roads, ing down on this room at this very moment? Mr. BARING. Mr. Speaker, under from throwing his weight around, as they ex­ I believe that an immediate start should leave to extend my remarks in the REc­ pressed it. They accused Smith and Houston be made in drafting a code for outer space ORD, I should like to direct attention to a Mills, our State engineer, of acting like a which would cover such contingencies and prepared statement of mine before the couple of dictators. numerous others. It could provide for such It is not uncommon for people to petition things as the filing of flight plans to pre­ Special Investigating Subcommittee of their Representative in Congress when things vent inters·tellar collisions and confusion; the House Committee on Government are not going well, and it was only in the it could regulate spacecraft broadcast so as Operations investigating the Federal In­ line of duty that I responded to the voice of to avoid interference with present frequency terstate Highway selection through three-quarters of the population of Reno in allocations; it could set fol"th return-to­ Reno-SparkS-Verdi, Nev.: their cry for help. I, too, am a taxpayer and earth covenants, navigational guides, and BARING FIGHTS To SAVE RENO FROM FREEWAY a citizen of this city. As such, I opposed any the like. If we act in this field now, we routing of the freeway through town, and will can avoid the pitfalls which confront at­ DESTRUCTION fight to the end to prevent such a calamity, tempts to deal after the fact with compar­ Mr. Chairman, colleagues and citizens of because once the freeway is built it is too able problems arising out of travel on the Reno, we meet here today in defense of the late. The damage is done. Reno is fenced high seas and in the air and in the ex­ city of Reno. We here constitute a vanguard in and cannot expand. Its industry is ploration of Antarctica. to stave off a concrete onslaught upon the knocked out. Homes are destroyed. Busi­ Many legal scholars are pondering these Biggest Little City in the World. nesses are destroyed. Men are thrown out of problems. The American Bar Association We are gathered to prevent a project that jobs and many heartbroken citizens of Reno, has already organized a standing committee would wipe out every vestige of industry that who have worked hard all their lives to buiJd Reno has today, and it would forevermore on space law. The International Astro­ the city will never again invest th~ir money nautical Federation has become active in block a further advancement of industry in and their efforts to rebuild what they have the field. Articles on the subject have been this city. lost. appearing in the legal periodicals. A report I intend to prove that the Third Street Yes, I will fight, and fight hard, not only of the International Law Association deals route is in violation of the Federal-Aid High­ as your Congressman, but as a member of extensively with these problems. way Act of 1956, which in part reads that your community and my community to pre­ I have been very pleased to learn that "Any State highway department which sub­ serve our city against the onslaught of a these questions are being given serious con­ mits plans for a Federal-aid highway proj­ concrete monstrosity. sideration even by Soviet legal experts. A ect involving the bypassing of, or going However, beyond representing the will of recent issue of a Russian legal periodical through, any city, town, or village, either some 17,000 of the people of Reno, there was carried an article urging that no govern­ incorporated or unincorporated, shall certify another responsibility that I had to face. ment be permitted to incorporate any por­ to the Commissioner of Public Roads that it TLe Congress of the United StateE> is charged tion of interplanetary space under it~ juris­ has had public hearings, or has afforded the with the respon.;ibility of policing the ex­ diction. The article suggests that a gov­ opportunity for such hearings, and has con­ sidered the economic effects of such a loca­ penditure of Federal funds. As you all know, ernment's sovereignty over the space above the interstate freeway project is to a very its territory should be llmited to a height tion." large extent to be financed by our Federal sufficient to safeguard each nation from I do not believe that any consideration Government. In the State of Nevada, some encroachments on its territory or from has been given whatsoever to the economic 95 percent of the cost of this freeway will be threats to its independence. In a more effects of the Third Street location. assumed by the Bureau of Public Roads in practical vein, the author urges that all The situation we face today had its begin­ Washington. This money is appropriated by satellites and other bodies sent into space ning back in 1955. The issue then played a Congress, and I am a Member of that body. be required to have identifying marks so very important part in the city elections of If I have been accused of interfering in a that responsibility can be assigned for any that year. Mr. Len Harris, who was a can­ local matter the accusation is unfounded. damage caused by their falling back to didate for the important post of mayor of and without the support of fact. earth. The article also recognizes the need the city of Reno, declared that he would Realizing its importance to the defense of for international agreement on assignment never tolerate a dual-lane highway through this country, ·the Congress of the United of radio frequencies for signaling apparatus Reno. States appropriated a vast sum of money, sent into space. This is particularly inter­ Those aspiring to be city councilmen, with which has now been raised to $27 billion, to esting, since a complaint has been filed the exception of Mr. Mastriani, who was later build an interstate freeway system across the with the Federal Communications Commis­ appointed, stood firmly on their denuncia­ United States. sion protesting the Russian sputnik's use of tion of a transcontinental highway bisect· According to reports of the national cham­ radio frequencies in violation of interna­ ing this city. ber of commerce, the program has already tional agreements for radio frequency al• I propose to introduce in evidence during bogged down because of local selfish inter­ location. this hearing newspaper advertisements to ests. Some cities have attempted to exploit The official Russian line expressed by its support these statements. After the elec­ moneys appropriated to defend our country representatives at the U.N. does not justify tions were over things were difi'erent. When by diverting such funds to city improve­ too much optimism about the adoption the time came to decide upon the routing of ments. Some city fathers have put their of needed international agreements for the the freeway through or around Reno, the hands in the grab bag for local construction, legal control of space. Still we must not State highway department employed a firm because their city treasuries were exhausted. give up hope. A genuine international ef­ of engineers to survey the several possible This happened right here in Reno. Certain fort to define the rights of all nations in routes. The project cost the taxpayers city omcials boasted that the only way to space is one of the world's compelling needs. $86,000, and their report rocked the people ot build railroad overpasses was with Federal Anarchy in space could be more danger• our city like a supersonic blast. funds. This greed has already taken a tre­ ous than anarchy on earth. The United Court Street had been recommended u mendous toll, both in loss of time and in States should move ahead in this field with the path of the interstate defense freeway.. increased costs. 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - -HOUSE 3489 To the north of aeno there_ is a natural bers that he had been notified that. the I maintain that the State highway de­ bowl. The entire distance from Verdi to Bureau of Public Roads would only support partment did not follow Federal law in re­ Vista can today be traveled by jeep. The scheme J. submitting Third Street without a new pub­ inside rim of this bowl is referred to as They then passed a resolution reversing lic hearing, and that there have been ir­ the north rim route. It is approximately their previous decision, and subsequently regularities throughout all of the events 17 or 18 blocks north of the post office in scheme J was submitted through the State leading to the approval of the Third Street downtown Reno. It forms a natural line for high_:way departmen't! to . the Bureau of Pub­ line. the construction of a transcontinental de­ lic Roads in Washington, requesting Federal I want to call it to the attention of this fense highway. . approval. Third Street advocates were suc­ committee that the people of Reno are Not only this, but ~he _people of Reno cessful. They had gotten a foot in the door fighting mad. Many of these people are want the freeway to skirt the city. I know and had practically railroaded a downtown fighting for their very homes. They are this, because since I took up the fight some routing of the freeway through Reno. fighting to protect their city against the 3,500 people have written me commending Then followed the so-called public hear­ small handful of men who have always dic­ me for the stand I have taken. These let­ ings at Reno. To say that inadequate· no­ tated what shall be and what shall not be ters came from all over Washoe County, as tice was posted in the local papers is the un­ done. well as other counties throughout the State­ derstatement of the year. As was the case Yes, for the first time in their lives, the not just the people along the Third Street at Verdi, no mention whatever was made of people have stood up against the city fathers. line. any specific route. The papers did carry a This issue is bigger and hotter than any As a child I fished the Truckee River from notice that consideration of several pro­ issue that has ever faced the people of Reno. Lake Tahoe to Vista, and I do know every posed routes would be the subject of a pub­ It was made an election issue. Two bend along the way, as many of you do. lic hearing 4 or 5 days later. county commissioners, a Governor, a State Also, as a college student, I took a course The meeting was a farce. Third Street controller, an attorney general, and one city in geology, and I have prospected the greater supporters immediately stole the show. They councilman who sought a position in the part of Peavine Mountain. Two of my four were given every opportunity to speak their State legislature, were defeated at the polls­ years in college were in the department of piece, and the mayor was booed off the stage this because they supported the Third Street engineering, and I certainly understand the for belying his campaign promises. As the routing, while at the same time my vote topography of Reno. If the freeway, starting day faded, the people became tired and rest­ increased in Washoe County by some 8,500 from the State line, followed a northeasterly less, many having already left. Members of votes, each of them a vote for the north course to skirt Verdi to the north, the entire the United Freeway Association were finally rim route. route could be constructed without super­ recognized late that evening, but were given Had the freeway question been submitted structures, and with the use of a couple of admonition to make their stories brief. Ac­ to the people as a referendum, the Third steam shovels and bulldozers the entire 19 tually, in the presence of Bureau of Public Street issue would have then been resolved miles could be made ready for concrete in Roads officials, the Chair explained that no in triumph for the United Freeway Associa­ short order, and the construction could be routing outside of the city of Reno was tion, and the citizens of Reno. completed by snowfall of this year to service under consideration, as the Bureau would Immediately after the election, with a new the winter Olympics. not provide Federal funds, except for a selec­ highway board, consisting of Governor Saw­ There is no sane reason for following tion through the city. yer, Attorney General Foley, and Controller scheme J. That scheme crosses a deep ra­ Furthermore, the transcript of the hear­ Keith Lee, I asked the Bureau of Public vine, and would require the construction of ings included the startling information, evi­ Roads to stop all further work and to freeze a trestle 125 feet high-as high as the Mapes denced by a statement made by Mr. Hol­ Federal funds until the new highway board Hotel-at a probable cost of $3 million. comb, assistant engineer, who was in charge could either affirm or disaffirm the decision There Is no justification at all for the of the hearings, that he did not know where of the old board. construction of an elevated freeway through the north rim route was. Congressman BLATNIK, chairman of the Reno, at a cost of approximately $40 million, The Third Street selection was dressed up Government Operations Subcommittee on or $8 million per mile. Legal and Monetary Affairs, formally re­ like a Christmas tree in all its tinsel and quested Mr. Turner of the Bureau of Public The Third Stre_et line includes 13 turns, spangles. The people were told that it in­ several bridges, and it has been said by an cluded railroad overpasses, and, as a matter Roads to issue a stop order. When he re­ expert that, as designed, it would give a of fact, this was the biggest selling point. fused, Congressman DAWSON, chairman of hotrodder a loop the loop, shoot the shoot, the full Committee on Government Opera­ For years, north and south bound traffic has tions, made a similar request. I will not say cheap thrlll, driving 40 miles per hour. been held up by passing trains, sometimes To offset the destruction of the city, the here, but [ have a strong suspicion that it by long and slow moving freight trains. At was not until a person even more influential destruction of industry, the destruction of last Reno would be rid of this bottleneck. homes, the destruction of established busi­ than either of these two gentlemen inter­ This was the big selling point, yet after the ceded that Mr. Turner finally agreed to with­ nesses, and I could go on, the Bureau of Bureau of Public Roads in Washington de­ Public Roads has, in approving Third Street, hold Federal funds until this issue could be nied the Third Street routing as submitted decided. relied entirely on what they term a cost­ and explained to Mr. Houston Mills, our benefit factor. The benefit assigned to this former State engineer, that the Federal Gov­ I had already asked for a congressional factor is derived from a traffic study made ernment could not build railroad overpasses, investigation of the whole mess, based on an back in 1955, and is nebulous at best. The Mills took the trimming off the tree and re­ excessive and unwarranted expenditure of cost Is conservatively four times greater than turned the Third Street proposal to Wash­ Federal funds, as well as irregularities in the the north rim routing. ington without the railroad overpasses, and selection of the Third Street route. Never­ It is amazing that such a nebulous bene­ deliberately omitted a new public hearing. theless, Mr. Houston Mills, our former State fit factor conceived 5 years ago can have the This was a flagrant violation of the Federal engineer, stated publicly that he didn't care force to offset the expenditure of $30 million law which requires that a public hearing be whether BARING had asked for a congres­ of taxpayers' money. held and a study be made of the economic sional investigation or not, he was going But how was the decision reached to fol­ impact for each new proposal submitted. I to build the Third Street Freeway, and went have already quoted the law. right ahead. low scheme J and the Third Street line As a matter of fact, word has come to me through Reno? Even though the overpasses were used to from several different sources that the firm As you all know, the selection of scheme bait the public, he claimed that the omission employed by the highway department is still J was accomplished long before the so-called of these overpasses did not materially alter surveying, driving stakes, and otherwise public hearings were held in Reno. Many the original Third Street plan and that it spending Federal funds, so in addition to Third Street advocates attended the Verdi was not necessary, therefore, to hold new other charges I have made, I must now hearing~. _ _ hearings. This was typical of his insolent charge that department with contempt of The board of county- commissioners had attitude and indifference toward the people Congress. rejected scheme J. It was not feasible. It of Reno. Before closing I should like to leave with He did, however, turn to the city council, would follow the sheltered side of the moun­ you a few thoughts. Picture, if you will, the tain, where snow drifts up to 20 feet. The the board of county commissioners and the Third Street Freeway come to fruition. There cost would be prohibitive. State highway board for their approval, so are two ammunition depots in the proximity However, on August 5, 1957, Ferin, Bureau he must have recognized that a new pro­ of Reno. Ammunition trucks heavily laden engineer from San Francisco, wired William posal existed. with supplies and ammunition would rumble Howard Smith, Bureau of Public Roads en­ The same Mr. Mills, who has consistently through the heart of town. Large tankers, gineer stationed at Carson City, that no Fed­ refused to survey the north rim route at transport trucks, and other vehicles prac­ eral funds would be made available except the request of the people of Reno, stated tically bumper to bumper would roar their for scheme J. publicly that he did not believe the Bureau presence. This information was immediately com­ of Public Roads was right in refusing to Elevated sound becomes more intense as municated to Commissioner Peterson, and a build railroad overpasses, but, in any event, it blankets the city. Many of the larger vehi­ special meeting of the -board of county com­ he would find funds from other sources, cles parallel the noise of our _transport missioners was held, at which meeting Pe­ such as primary and secondary funds, to planes, and we all know the disturbance of terson explained to the other board .mem- build them with. a single plane flying over town. This noise 3490 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 5 would render motels, rooming houses, and Bill ·Introduced To Improve and Extend patrons per mile. This policy prevails homes absolutely valueless, because people regardless of the number of patrons per cannot sleep 1n the vicinity of an elevated Rural Mall Delivery mile of the old, established route and freeway. · regardless of the further fact that if a Yet the owners of this property have no EXTENSION OF REMARKS new route was being established it might redress at all under our statutes. Only OF gain approval with the proposed exten­ property actually taken must be paid for. sion included on the basis of two patrons Picture again what might happen should HON. H. CARL ANDERSEN a gasoline truck explode--one did on the per mile of total length. Los Angeles Freeway· only several months OF MINNESOTA If approved, this bill would treat all ago--we would have a burning inferno 1n IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES families living in rural areas alike and downtown Reno. Thursday, March 5, 1959 I am advised that it would lead to ex­ More than ever before, we recognize the tension of routes to serve virtually every need of a defense highway. The Congress Mr. ANDERSEN of Minnesota. Mr. farm family in a district like mine. All recognized this need when it appropriated .Speaker. I am today introducing a bill of us believe in the American principle $27 billion for its construction. Ammuni­ designed to correct an inequity in our that everyone be afforded equal treat­ tion must be transported. In the event of rural mail delivery service that has ex­ ment under the law and I propose such an emergency possibly the entire popula­ isted for many, many years. tion of towns must be evacuated. Food­ equality in this measure. stuffs must be brought in. We need a The present Postmaster General has It seems elemental to me that a rural transcontinental freeway, but we certainly effected more improvements in rural mail delivery policy of two families to don't need all of this in the middle of our mail service during his term in office a mile should be applied to old, estab­ city, and parallel to a transcontinental rail­ than any other Postmaster General in lished routes as well as to new ones. If road. One bomb could knock out both. my recollection. In my district alone. it is the policy to approve an extension I have received several letters, with docu­ literally hundreds and hundreds of farm of a route on the basis of serving two mented statements of the American Medi­ families have in the last few years seen cal Association, stating that noxious gases patrons per mile of new route, then it desirable changes made in their mail de­ should likewise be the policy approve emitted from this tremendous trucking in­ livery. These changes have included to dustry would be conducive to the occur­ extensions where the total route, as ex­ rence of cancer. There is a far better op­ more expeditious handling of the mail tended, would serve an average of two portunity for these gases to dissipate out in transit, greater efficiency in physical per mile for its entire length. In simple of the city in the open spaces. facilities of the post offices receiving and terms, my bill extends to all farm peo­ In summary, only $13 billion were origi­ delivering mail, rural route extensions. ple an equal opportunity for rural mail nally appropriated to support the Federal and driveway delivery. delivery on the basis of the present policy highway program. This sum has already Having received my own mail on a of the Post Office Department in approv­ been advanced to $27 billion. rural route the better part of my life, I It is in instances like those we face today, know how much good mail service means ing proposed rural route extensions and asinine plans that involve expensive trestles, to farm people, and we are deeply grate­ the approval of new routes. river crossings, unnecessary elevated sec­ I hope the Committee on Post Office tions and the acquisition of expensive real iul to Postmaster General Arthur E. and Civil Service agrees on the merits estate to clear rights of way, that costs Summerfield for the tremendous im­ of this proposal as it would be a wonder­ pyramid. provements he and his staff have made. ful thing for farm people to know that The freeway has not yet been built We are also obtaining approval of house the Congress recognizes their entitle­ through Reno, but there is one thing that delivery in more and more of our towns ment to equal treatment in the delivery is certain-when it is built it will be built and villages and that is a service long with your money. overdue in rural areas. of their mail. American farmers have Are we as taxpayers going to be coerced It will be recalled that one of the first certainly not received equality of con­ 1nto spending millions of dollars unneces­ improvements instituted by the present sideration in an economic sense and it sarily to serve the selfish interests of a few seems to me the least we can do is to individuals? Postmaster General in behalf of farm people was the change in number of treat them fairly in the delivery of their I have been in this fight for a long time, mail. and I can assure you I have been thoroughly patrons required for rural route exten:­ The provisions of the bill are as fol­ castigated by the Reno press. For 10 months sions from the previous rule of four to a there wasn't a newspaper that didn't carry mile to a more realistic three to a mile. lows: a headline, "BARING Blasted." I became the Then, just last year, he announced that A bill to extend rural mail delivery service most blasted man in the county. Even the extensions would be approved on the Be it enacted by the Senate and House Bureau of Public Roads engineers called me basis of two families to a mile including of .Representatives of the United States of e. rabble rouser, and quite a few able and America in Congress assembled, That rural responsible citizens of Reno have also en­ retrace. mail delivery shall be extended so as to serve, Joyed the same treatment from the press. Regrettably, there are still many farm as nearly as practicable, the entire rural I have also been accused by my opponents families who have to walk or drive long population of the United States. For the of using the freeway issue for political gain. distances for their mail simply because purposes of this section, it shall be con­ If fulfillment of my oath of office is politics, they do not in their immediate area meet sidered practicable to establish a new rural then politics is the science of government, the test of two families to a mile of rural mail delivery route or extend an existing rather than the means of gaining polltical route. In some instances they fail to route if the new route or the existing route favor. qualify by only a small fraction of a mile as extended will serve an average of two Ladies and gentlemen, and my colleagues, families for each mile of its total length, 1f this committee permits the Bureau of and it is inequitably unfair for them to including retraces. Public Roads to construct a freeway through have to go six-tenths of a mile or more Reno at the cost of $8 million a mile, and for mail while a neighbor just one-tenth 1:! this committee permits the Bureau of of a mile off the old route has his mail Public Roads to continue to whitewash every delivered to his driveway under the Who Really Desires a U.S.-Latin action on their part, be it in wisdom or in newly authorized extensions. ignorance, then there will be a thousand My bill proposes to correct most of American Rift 1 Renos across. the entire country, exploiting Federal funds to fulfill local selfish interests. these inequities and, at the same time, Then the Congress will have to appropriate adhere to the Postmaster General's pol­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS many more billions of dollars, because the icy of providing rural mail delivery on OF Federal road system will reach astronomical routes averaging two families to a mile proportions, and the $27 billion now appro­ for the entire distance traveled. To HON. VICTOR L. ANFUSO priated will not begin to scratch the surface. illustrate the inequity I seek to correct. OF NEW YORK It is up to this committee and the citizens under present regulations a new route _IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of Reno to prevent this. It is up to us to may be established or an extension ap­ l ~nd fulfillment to the purposes for which Thursday, March 5, 1959 t h e Federal road program was conceived, and proved if the new route or the extension it is up to this committee to insure the con­ will serve an average of two patrons per Mr. ANFUSO. Mr. Speaker, on May struction of a defense highway around Reno. mile. However. where a route already 26, 1958, I introduced a resolution in the rather than permit the destruction of the exists extensions may be approved in only House of Representatives, House Con­ homes of those very people who must pay those instances in which the extension; current Resolution 335", to establish a for it, by itself, will serve an average of two Pan American Parliamentary Associa- 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 3491 tion to be made 'up of parliamentary American States. However, the United a great struggle against an evil power representatives of all the 21 nations of States has a large stake in maintaining which seeks our enslavement and the the Western Hemisphere. In my state- peace and security at its backdoor and this eradication of every vestige of human ment on the floor of the House at the certainly concerns such countries as Haiti, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic. freedom and human dignity. This is no time the resolution was introduced, I For this reason, I think if there is a serious time for bickering. We must stand defined the purposes of the association threat that any one of these nations wm united throughout the whole Western as follows: , start an armed invasion,· then the United Hemisphere, if we seriously want to pre­ The purpose of this organization nhould be States should take the lead in call1ng upon vent this hemisphere from falling under to create better understanding among the the other 20 members of the OAS to es­ the yoke of communism. peoples of the hemisphere, expansion of ed- tablish a police action to prevent such an To deliberately distort my words to ucational and scientific exchange programs, invasion. show that I am preaching armed inter­ closer cultural relations, improvement in vention, when in reality I suggested that trade relations, encouragement of large­ The above is taken verbatim from the scale tourism between North and South UPI story as it appeared on the UPI the United States call upon the other 20 America, help to provide relief in times of news ticker of March 2, 1959, and which members of the OAS to prevent such an disaster, seek means to dispose of surplus was published in various newspapers invasion; to call me an enemy of Latin commodities in the various countries to help here and abroad. On March 3, Radiodi­ America, when a.ctually I am advocat­ their economies, etc. fusora at Caracas, Venezuela, broadcast ing hemispheric unity and cooperation achieve a higher standard of living In that statement, I also pointed to a vitriolic attack on me which was in­ to for the people of Latin America and I the Communist efforts to obtain a foot­ tended as a reply. Following is the full text as reported by the Foreign Broad­ am urging greater economic aid to the hold in Latin America and to discredit Latin American countries, to twist my the United States. I stressed the urgent cast Information Service, in its daily words in this manner and make them need for the United States to help Latin report No. 42: to REPRESENTATIVE ANFUSO HELD WIDENING appear demagogic could have been done America achieve a higher standard of only by someone who is not serving the living, and I concluded thus: UNITED STATES-LATIN AMERICAN RIFT Caracas, Radiodifusora Venezuela, in interests of Venezuela or of Latin We have taken the Latin Americans for Spanish to the Americas, March 3, 1959, 0400 America, but those of communism. granted, while pouring our aid to other parts of the world. A positive people-to-people GMT-W. Only a person who is steeped in Com­ approach in our dealings with our neigh­ The U.S. Democratic Representative VIc­ munist methods of falsification and bors has been lacking. We must restore TOR ANFUSO said today that the United forgery, in Communist propaganda tac­ such relationship. States should ask the Organization of the tics and the perversion of ideas, could do American States to intervene to prevent the something as vicious as that. That per­ Subsequently, I made a trip to several liberation of the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Nicaragua. Such is the sense of son is not interested in creating better Latin American countries in connection United States-Latin American rela­ with my resolution and was received by a statement of another disciple of Foster Dulles. The Representative says that the tions-his interest lies in creating a heads of governments, as well as legis­ OAS must prevent any invasion in the greater and a wider rift on which Com­ lative leaders, with whom I discussed my Caribbean by police action. munist elements could capitalize for proposals. The press of the countries The impudence of this enemy of Latin their benefit. I visited reported on my trip and the America reached such extremes of cynicism comments made by various leaders who that he added: "The United States should I expect to communicate with the hailed the purposes of the resolution as {play a bigger role?) in the maintenance President of Venezuela in the very near future and to request an explanation a great step in the right direction. For of peace and security." And further on he of this vitriolic attack on me, who is example, the chairman of the Foreign said: "If a threat of an armed invasion pre­ sents itself"-naturally, he is referring to behind it, and why I was singled out Affairs Committee of Argentina's Cham­ the Caribbean problem-"then the United for this attack. ber of Deputies, Juan Lopez, was .ex­ States must take the initiative to call on the tremely enthusiastic about my plan, other 20 members of the Organization of while the President of the Brazilian American States to take police action to Chamber of Deputies, Ranieri Mazzilli, prevent such an invasion." made a public statement in which he Such are the demagogic statements of Mr. A Report to the Nation said about the proposed Pan American VICTOR ANFUSO. Mr. VICTOR ANFUSO, Repre­ Parliamentary Association: sentative, Democrat, to the U.S. Congress, EXTENSION OF REMARKS trying to (bring back?) a new intervention It could mean a new stage in the relations OF among our countries, a new era of good of the sadly famous marines, going back 40 friendship. years in history and (one word indistinct) HON. JOHN E. FOGARTY to discredit even moN, if it were possible, From time to time thereafter, because the foreign policy of the State Department. OF RHODE ISLAND of my interest in Latin American affairs, No wonder that the rift between the United IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES newspaper representatives visited me or States and our peoples is growing daily. called me on the telephone for an ex­ Thursday, March 5, 1959 pression of my views whenever Latin Mr. Speaker, when this attack r..nd Mr. FOGARTY. Mr. Speaker, as American problems arose. I saw such a . distortion of my wo.rds and aims was many Members ·of this House are aware, reporter on March 2, 1959, after it had called to my attention, I was shocked on Thursday, February 19, here in been reported in various newspapers and and infuriated. The report of the Vene­ Washington, D.C., the National Heart magazines that trouble was brewing be­ zuelan radio appeared to be a deliberate Institute and the American Heart Asso­ tween Haiti, the Dominican Republic, attempt to create dissension and to dis­ ciation joined in presenting a report to and the new Government of Cuba, and credit me as a friend of Latin America. the Nation on 10 years of progress that threats of invasion had been made No fairminded person could have so against heart disease. This report was against one or another of these coun­ mutilated my statement, which a care­ made by six of the most eminent physi­ tries. ful comparison between my words and cians and medical scientists in the On this particular occasion I was the Venezuelan radio will readily prove. United States. I might add that it was asked by the reporter, who represented I say, in all sincerity, that I profoundly at the suggestion of my colleague in the the United Press International--certain­ regret this. If friends of Venezuela and Senate, the Honorable LISTER HILL, of ly a most reputable news agency­ of Latin America generally, people who Alabama, and myself, that the Heart whether I favored armed intervention Association and the Heart Institute com­ on the part of the United States in the are earnest in their efforts to create bet­ bined forces, as it were, to give the re­ event of such invasion. I stated most ter understanding and mutual coopera­ sults of this 10-year war on diseases of emphatically that peace in the Western tion throughout the hemisphere are the heart and blood vessels. Because Hemisphere "should not be left up to going to be thus berated, then I fear this report was of such great significance the United States alone." Then I added not only for the future of Venezuela but and because it has proved to be a truly as follows: for the future of all of Latin America historic . event, under unanimous con­ The whole idea of the Monroe· Doctrine and of the whole world to survive in sent, I include the entire report in the has been superseded by the Organization of freedom and democracy. We are waging RECORD. 3492 '.CONGRESSIONAL- RE

is being wrought in the popular attitude to- Plenting on- the need for increased support ~ifler; which gives a ·brilliant view· of the ward cardiovascular diSeases. A new climate of medical research, he said, "• • • there is heart on the fluorescent screen, with con­ of hope and confidence is being created-in no phase of Government spending in Which siderably less exposure of the patient to itself one of the most important achieve~ there is a g'reater return to all of our citi­ the X-rays, permits not only motion pic­ ments of the past decade. zens. It is an investment in which the bal- tures to be made, but the transmission of Let me conclude by saying it is especially ance sheet of the future will show returns the living image to a ·television screen in appropriate that today's meeting is being in human lives as well as dollars." another room, where a large group of physi­ held during the month of the Heart Fund We are now privileged, I think, to witness cians can study it. campaign, which is the time of year this prophetic statement nearing fulfillment. The cardiac catheter, first threaded into when 50 million Americans are expected to JApplause.] · a vein and thence into his own heart by show their support of the American Heart Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you, Dr. Watt. an intrepid German, Forssmann, in 1924, Association through their voluntary contri- . We come now to our report to the Nation has turned to tremendous advantage in butions of time, effort, and funds. Since on "A Decade of Progress Against Cardiovas.., heart studies by Cournand and others in 1948, this support has increased more than pular Disease." Each of our six panelists this co:untry. Now it is possible to pass eightfold. It is a convincing reaffirmation of has been assigned a specific area for dis­ it directly through the chest into the left public confidence in the Heart Association cussion and has been requested to restrict side of the heart- and to measure the pres­ progr-am and an eloquent expression of the his presentation .to 5 minutes. One of our ~ures behind and ahead of the two valves people's determination to conquer cardio- panelists will discuss prevention, one diag­ most commonly affected by rheumatic fever. vascular disease. [Applause.) nosis; three will discuss advances in treat- The catheter is actually exploring the coro­ Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you, Dr. Chamberlain. ment, with one each being assigned to the nary arteries and, cooperating always with The close working relationship between specific areas of arteriosclerosis, hyperten­ the X-ray, it is discovering the regions of the American Heart Association and the Na.,. sion, and cardiovascular surgery. Our final blocking of those arteries by outlining them tiona! Heart Institute is effectively illus- panelist will discuss basic research in its with a readily absorbed gas, carbon dioxide. trated by the activities of our next speaker. many applications. By the catheter method, also, electrocardio­ Having spent the major part of his profes- · The 5-minute restriction imposes a severe grams and records of heart sounds can be sional life in the conduct and administra- handicap. We know you can summarize led from inside the heart itself to instru­ tion of medical research and public health, the story of creation in less than 10 words: ments at a distance from the patient. he has served as Director of the National ."In the beginning, God created heaven and The electrocardiograph · has developed Heart Institute since 1952. He is a member earth." from an instrument which, in a sense, looks of the editorial board of Circulation, the I mention this because it would be dif­ at the heart electrically with one eye into American Heart Association's official journal, ficult for any of our doctors to report on a new electronic device, the vectorcardio­ and he has served on numerous Heart Asso- progress in their respective areas within graph, which traces on a fluorescent screen elation committees during the past several the time allotted. Indeed, it might even the actual course of the electrical energy years. It is my privilege to present Dr. be said that the telescoping of so much prog­ of the heart. This can be photographed in James Watt. Dr. Watt. [Applause.] ress in 5 minutes is i:p. itself a major achieve- stills or movies and transformed into a Dr. WATT. Dr. Sprague, Senator Hill, Con- ment. · stereoscopic view with three dimensions. _gressman Fogarty, guests, friends: We shall, Before we begin our progress ·reports; I , Radioactive tracer material is widely used in the next half hour or so, hear what Dr. want to direct your special attention ·to jn cardiovascular research but in clinical Sprague has so aptly called a unique report. .the cards which have been distributed with diagnosis chiefly in discovering disturbance It is, indeed, so far as I know, the first time your programs. If you will write your in­ of thyroid function, which can upset the that such a message has been conveyed to quiries on each of the cards, they will be heart's action. the American people in this way. I am de- collected later and the doctors will attempt The striking expansion of chemical knowl­ lighted that Senator HILL and Mr. FoGARTY to answer them in this question-and­ edge leads the physician daily to the chem­ asked the Heart Institute to join with the answer period. ical laboratory for information about the Heart Association in putting together this I wish to draw to your attention that this subtle diagnostic changes in the blood, urine, story of 10 years of progress against heart question-and-answer period has been moved and tissues of his patients. The discovery disease. As we shall soon hear, it is a dra- to the very end of the program. .of alterations in salts, fats, enzymes, and matte story-a story of service and solid My assignment today involves three ape- the multitude of chemical components of achievement. cial roads: those of chairman, moderator, our bodies guides the treatment of all forms I think, too, that all of us here owe a debt and panelist. Having undertaken assign­ of heart disease. Sensitive chemical or bio­ of gratitude to the two distinguished legis- ments one and two, I now turn to the third: logical detectors can show us the presence lators sharing the platform this morning. It a discussion of what has happened in the of a special tumor of the adrenal gland is, of course, to the Congress that the Heart which, if removed, will cure a type of high Institute owes its existence; for in 1948 it past 10 years in the field of diagnosis. blood pressure; or the amount of sodium was the 80th Congress that created this re- Fortunately for all of us, diseases of the coming from one kidney may reveal a dis­ search arm of the Public Health Service, ·heart can usually be discovered by a physi­ turbance which, if relieved, may cure an­ with the pasasge of the National Heart Act. cian using his ears, eyes, and sense of touch, other type. Since that time we have come a long way. -with the help or simple instruments, such The ultracentrifuge with a force 300,000 we now have a substantial research estab- as the stethoscope; but the impressive ad­ ·times that of gravity; the electron micro­ lishment at Bethesda where a unique com- vances in treatment of heart ailments in the scope with a magnifying power almost a bination of resources enables us to pursue past 10 years, particularly in surgery, have hundred times as great as that of the ordi­ both basic and clinical studies under one made the simple description of the kinQ. nary microscope, are discovering diagnostic roof. Research workers in these laboratories .of heart disease not adequate in those cases .. elements in human tissues. have made many outstanding advances. ,in which special treatment is now availa­ . The "electric eye" oximeter measures the When these achievements are added to those .ble. .oxygen in the blood, the gas phase chromat­ of our grantees throughout the country, a The detailed diagnosis of the damage to ograph tells us the elements of complex fats picture of progress emerges that has few -a heart valve by rheumatic fever, the exact ·in food and body substances. parallels in the history of medical research. .nature of complex congenital defects in the Chemical analyses which have always been Though an uncharted wilderness still re- heart, the remediable kinds of high blood extremely t ime-consuming are now per­ mains to be explored, we have blazed a long pressure, and the extent of coronary artery formed by electrical instruments of super­ trail toward heart disease prevention and blocking remain the major challenges for human ability, and electronic computers cure. In our 10-year journey, dramatic ·diagnostic study. give us data at unbelievable speed. milestones in heart surgery and drug therapy The past decade has supplied tools for Cardiovascular diagnosis of the present have followed close upon one another. New such study. The vast and growing fields day looks forward to a future when these diagnostic methods are facilitating tremen- of radioactivity and electronics are rapidly new methods can signal dangers which, dously the work of our cardiovascular sur- adding instruments of amazing utility in hopefully, new methods of treatment can geons. With the combined efforts of the the area of heart diagnosis, and the contri­ combat in the wholesale prevention of heart American Heart Association and the Na- butions of the American Heart Association, disease. Based on the advances made dur­ tiona! Heart Institute lending an ever- and of the National Heart Institute, have ing the past 10 years, and the assumption brightening prospect to the hopes of heart made these tools and techniques more wide­ that cardiovascular research will be highly patients, who can say whether the next 10 ly and quickly available than in any other accelerated and intensified, I would prophesy years may not reveal a means of prevention way. that we can look forward to markedly re­ or cure for arteriosclerosis or high blood r While X-ray science is 63 years old and duced heart disease in young and middle­ pressure? was early used to delineate the heart, it . aged people. With so much of our national substance has developed recently the ability to photo­ It was not many years after the turn of going into the awesome but indispensable ·graph in rapid sequence a series of views the century that our next speaker informed weapons of defense, it is easy to lose sight of the heart as an opaque liquid passes his friends he planned to specialize in cardi­ of the need for stocking medicine's arsenal. ·through it, showing its course and the time ovascular medicine. Since so very little was I am reminded of a remark my predecessor, -elapsing for the substance to flow-into the :then known about the heart and its dis:- Dr. C. J. Van Slyke, the first director of the tarteries of the lungs and the rest of th'e orders, they greeted this annoucement with Heart Institute, made some years ago. Com- body. A very .new device, the image inten- astonishment and disbelief. Yet time has CV--221 3494 CONGRESSION.AL' RECORD' .!..::' HOUSE' Mart/It "5 amply demonstrated the rightness of his de­ patient study to render it not only controlla­ Third, an exercise factor. Exercise seems cision. He has achieved a high measure of ble as it is already in some cases, but, much to have several mechanisms by which it re­ eminence among the world's cardiologists, more importantly, preventable. A harder duces the tendency to develop arteriosclero­ many of whom affectionately regard him as a nut to crack because of its complexity and sis. We are a generation who seems about sort of living legend. A founder and former infinite diversity is that of congenital heart to give up the use of legs. As far as I can president of the American Heart Association, and blood-vessel disease secondary to injury see, women are the only ones smart enough a former member of the National Advisory during fetal life or to defects in the germ to find a use for them. [Laughter.] Heart Council of the National Institutes of plasm or to both. But even here too, if we Fourth is the stress factor. This seems to Health, now president of the International go at it in the proper way, we should be me to be overstressed. It may be that ex­ Society of Cardiology Foundation, and emeri­ able to accomplish much within a genera­ treme stress might be more concerned with tus professor of medicine of Harvard Univer­ tion. the development of a clot in the vessels of sity, he is, of course, Dr. Paul Dudley White, It has been a source of the greatest satis­ the heart or brain, rather than of arterio­ who will summarize the past decade's prog­ faction to me to have had the privilege and sclerosis itself. Children and Russians be­ ress in the area of prevention. Dr. White. opportunity to have served both the Ameri­ ing what they are, it is hard to see how [Applause.] can Heart Association in its early develop­ stress can, in turn, be much reduced. Dr. WHITE. Dr. Sprague, ladies and gentle­ ment and in recent days in its annual heart [Laughter.] men, when I was a child, a medical stu­ drives, and simultaneously, to have served Smoking and alcohol are considered stress dent, a young doctor in the hospital, they as a member of the first National Advisory factors by some. This all depends on who said it couldn't be done. What couldn't Heart Council under the U.S. Public Health is doing the smoking and/ or drinking. I'd be done? A lot of things that threatened Service after the passage of the National like to point out that 76 percent of the body the lives of all of us. I shall name a few. Heart Act which in June 1948 established is composed of water and some of my friends First there was still a high infant mortality. the National Heart Institute. I would like might like to keep it so. [Laughter.] My earliest days as an intern were spent in to express to my colleagues and friends (both Now, fifth, there is a sex factor. This a pediatric ward where babies died like flies, of the staff and among the consultants), factor does not seem to have been invented mostly of dysentery before the days of the who have given me such a wonderful10 years, primarily with the intent of preventing routine pasteurization of milk. This was my deepest appreciation and affectionate re­ women from developing arteriosclerosis, but the will of God. The next year I had un­ gards. Also a word of gratitude to you gen­ in practice it seems to be working out this der my wing adult wards which were over­ tlemen of the Congress serving on the com­ way. Femaleness seems to be much more crowded every fall with patients severely mittees of the House and Senate; I thank than sex, as many of the richer males are and often fatally ill with typhoid fever and you from the bottom of my heart. I am sure finding out. [Laughter.] at other times of the year with pneumonia, that what has been started in the last decade Femaleness seems to assure that women empyema, meningitis, rheumatic fever, and in this country can now develop throughout will inherit this earth, at least. (Laughter.] malignant endocarditis. There was no room the world as I have already seen some of its Sixth, a diet factor. Obesity has long for cardiovascular patients even if we had beginnings in other countries like Finland, been believed a factor hastening develop­ been interested in them. Tuberculosis was Canada, and Australia. Thank you. [Ap­ ment of atherosclerosis and overeating of still a great menace and syphilis and diph­ plause.] certain kinds of fat in the diet as well. theria quite common. Deformities of the Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you, Dr. White. What constitutes the proper amount and heart and great arteries were strictly un­ We now leave the area of prevention and kind of fat has been the subject of much touchable. And sudden deaths were acts of turn to the field of treatment, where cardio­ talk and less investigation. There is grow­ God. Often the good died young, no matter vascular medicine has scored some of its ing evidence that saturated or animal fats what their social or economic status. Only most dramatic advances over the past 10 in too great quantities are detrimental and a small minority of Americans survived 70 years. that unsaturated or liquid fats are less so. and you were growing old at 50. There was Our exploration will get under way with The Bantu of South Africa has been the only one threat to life in those days, that is, a summation devoted to treatment within center of this controversy, although it is before 1920, that was infinitesimal compared the broad framework of atherosclerosis. For doubtful if he realizes it. (Laughter.] to its huge size today and that was the toll this presentation, we are indeed fortunate It is possible that the low fat content of - from the automobile on the Nation's high­ to have with us one of the Nation's foremost his diet protects him against coronary ar­ ways. Incidently I have personally come to medical scientists, Dr. Irvine H. Page of teriosclerosis; unfortunately, there is much believe that even more as a hazard to life Cleveland. to suggest that being an American is more and limb from acute injury, the automobile Dr. Page, a past president of the American fun than being a Bantu. [Laughter.] has become a symbol of the soft life un­ Heart Association, and formerly a member Diet is a facet of arteriosclerosis most necessarily engendered among our fellow cit­ of the National Advisory Heart Council of likely to be investigated on large numbers of izens by our slavery to automotive devices the National Institutes of Health, has been people to determine whether changes will and to the rusting effect of our enriched director of research of the Cleveland Clinic reduce the incidence of heart attacks and diets; even our everyday breads are no longer Foundation since 1945. Dr. Page. [Ap­ strokes. This is now a practical possibility, what they used to be. I shall not, however, plause.] in my opinion. belabor these points further except to appeal Dr. PAGE. Dr. Sprague, ladies and gentle­ Thus I can summarize by making several for the maximal amount of intensive and men, I doubt that 5 minutes is too long to relatively commonsense suggestions for the extensive research to answer for once and for talk about a disease described 5,000 years prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis. all the questions on every tongue and in ago that k1lls about 500,000 Americans a 1. Reduce weight if obese. Eat less in the every news sheet and TV program today. year. hope you will live longer to eat more. 2. If heredity is poor and blood cholesterol And what remains? Still enough rheuma­ The problem of the prevention and treat­ tic heart disease, acute and chronic, to keep level is high, see your doctor and try to re­ ment of arteriosclerosis, whether in the duce the level by changes in dietary habits. us busy in its treatment and control for brain or the coronary vessels of the heart, another generation, following the excellent 3. Reduce blood pressure if it is elevated. differs from the prevention and treatment 4. Reduce the proportion of solid animal program set up by the American Heart As­ of infectious diseases where a single micro­ sociation during the last 10 years. But the fats to the liquid vegetable fats and reduce organism can be the cause of the trouble. the quantity of both. A balanced diet is im­ toughest problems are still unsolved. The It was during the past decade that medical three which demand the highest priority in portant and extremes of all sorts should be science crystallized a profoundly important avoided. cardiovascular research are in the order of conclusion; namely, that arteriosclerosis is their prevalence: ( 1) A serious degree of 5. Increase the amount of regular exercise. not just a degenerative disease and an in­ 6. Avoid excesses of all kinds, but don't atherosclerosis of the arteries supplying evitable concomitant of the aging process. blood to heart muscle, brain, viscera, includ­ miss anything. [Laughter.] On the contrary, we now know that arterio­ 7. Accept life's challenges. Come to terms ing the kidneys, and the legs; (2) high blood sclerosis affects all age groups and may well pressure of the so-called essential (especially with the inevitable and live as though you be reversible. Furthermore, it has many would live forever, and in spirit you will. the malignant) type with serious effect on facets, ~the importance of each varying greatly the heart and arteries; and (3) congenital Thank you. [Laughter and applause.] in different people. Thus it has: Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you, Dr. Page. I can defects of the heart and blood vessels of One, a strong hereditary factor. Formerly, almost infinite variety. There is no reason assure the audience from my long knowledge this meant that nothing could be done of Dr. Page's habits that he lives by his own to doubt, based on our experience of the about it but to make more careful selection precepts. [Laughter.] past, that we can protect our young and of your parents, but the more modern "blue middle-aged males by diet, exercise, medi­ For a summary of advances in treatment, gene" age now has it within its power to with special reference to hypertension, I now cines, and other measures from the ever­ change the hereditary mechanism. All that turn to a colleague who has a distinguished increasing threat of coronary heart disease, remains is to decide what it wants. record as a clinician, teacher and medical provided we support to the full medical and Now, the second factor is a hypertensive scientist. A former president uf the Ameri­ ot her scientific investigators working hard one. · Elevation in blood pressure, even a can Heart Association and a pioneer in the on this disease entity. I am sure it can be small one, increases the amount of arterio­ use and development of drugs to control done, but we must maintain a well-organized sclerosis. Fortunately, treatment for hyper­ hypertension, he is Dr. Robert W. Wilkins, and vigorous offensive to guarantee victory tension has advanced rapidly in the past 10 professor of medicine at the Boston Univer­ in our time. Although high blood pressure years; hence, this factor is, in large measure, sity School of Medicine. Dr. Wilkins. [Ap­ is a less dramatic problem, it too needs much controllable. plause.] 1959 -- "ii CONGRESSIONAL "RECORTX-Z..'HOUSE 34'95

Dr . . WILKINS. Dr. Sprague, friends, since pressure this may also be worth while, since Equally striking has been the progress 1930, a number of new drugs have come into it is now clear that high blood pressure is made in the treatment of arteriosclerotic oc­ use for the treatment of high blood pressure definitely a familial disease that tends to clusive disease. the gravity of which has long and, considered together, they represent one progress with age. Finally, the newer di­ been recognized. In arteriosclerotic occlu­ of the great advances of medical science dur­ uretic drugs, by shedding light on the han­ sive disease, the thickening of the wall of the ing the period of our report. These drugs dling of salt by the body, have tended to re­ artery gradually narrows and ultimately have changed not only our treatment of emphasize the important role of the kidney blocks the opening in the artery. hypertension, but also our concepts of the in hypertension, and of salt excretion, which Owing to its predilection to involving and nature of this disease. Except-in a few rarer normally is under the control of the adrenal blocking of such vital arteries as the aorta forms, the cause of high blood pressure is glands. Thus, one can say that drug treat­ and those which supply blood to the brain unknown. None of the new drugs used in ment is not only helping people who already and heart, it is by far the most common cause treatment, therefore, was designed to get at have high blood pressure, but is also teach­ of death and disability among vascular the cause. Rather, they were designed pri­ ing us more about the nature of the disease, lesions. As a consequence of intensive re­ marily to relieve the result; namely, the ele­ and how to prevent it, or at least how to search and clinical investigations during the vation of blood pressure, whatever its cause prevent its more serious effects. past decade, an important concept of the dis­ might be. However, the action of these Thank you. (Applause.] ease has been evolved which has led to the drugs in lowering blood pressure has pro­ Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you, Dr. Wilkins. application of highly effective methods of vided new information on the nature of Our summation of advances in treat­ surgical treatment. This concept is based hypertension and has brought us closer to a ment-this time with special consideration upon the demonstration that in many forms true concept of the cause or causes of this of heart and blood vessel surgery-cont inues of this disease the atherosclerotic occlusive condition. with a report by an outstandingly eminent lesion is well localized and segmental in There are five main categories of drugs authority in this area. Winner of the 1954 nature with relatively normal arteries prox­ now in use for high blood pressure. These Matas award for work in vascular surgery, imal and distal to the diseased segment of are (1) rauwolfia, or Indian snake root, and cochairman of the committee on medicine the vessel. From -this fundamental knowl­ its derivatives; for example, reserpine; (2) and surgery of the National Research Coun­ edge, methods of surgical treatment were hydralazine or apresoline; (3) veratrum cil, member of the National Advisory Heart developed to restore normal circulation by viride and its derivatives; (4) the nerve­ Council of the National Institutes of Health, removal of the occlusive lesion or by its re­ blocking agents, such as h examethonium; and chairman of the Department of Surgery placement with a substitute artery. Within (5) (and probably most important) chloro­ at Baylor University's College of Medicine, the past few years, sUffi.cient experience has thiazide and similar diuretics that stimulate he is Dr. Michael E. DeBakey of Houston. accumulated with these methods of treat­ the kidney to excrete salt. Dr. DeBakey. (Applause.) ment to establish their efficacy; and it can be Each of these agents acts to lower blood Dr. DEBAKEY. Dr. Sprague, ladies, and stated that a high proportion of patients pressure, but each acts in a different way. gentlemen, few areas in medicine have ex­ who formerly would have died or been seri­ Rauwolfa has a tranquilizing action on the hibited the phenomenal progress that has ously disabled from gangrene of the lower brain and lessens nervous tension. Hydrala­ taken place in the field of cardiovascular extremities, strokes, and high blood pressure zine dilates the blood vessels directly, espe­ surgery during the past decade. Indeed, the due to arteriosclerosis, may now be com­ cially those in the kidneys. Veratrum also advancement made during this period far pletely relieved. dilates blood vessels but reflexly through the surpass all previous efforts in this field of Equally significant are the brilliant ad­ autonomic nervous system. The nerve­ surgery. Among the most striking features vances m ade in surgery of the heart. Al­ blocking drugs, on the other hand, prevent of t hese advancements, and undoubt edly im­ though pioneering efforts in cardiac surgery reflex constriction of blood vessels by block­ portant factors underlying their attainment, were made at the turn of the century. most of ing excessive nervous reactions. Chlorothi­ have been the increasing intensity of re­ the important developments have occurred azide and the other diuretic drugs seem to search endeavors and the bold ingenuity and during the past decade. During this short change the body's content or its distribution aggressive approach ch aracterizing the sur­ period, intracardiac .surgery was introduced. of sodium chloride and other salts, lessening gical attack on these grave diseases. As a Although at first the scope of operative pro­ the blood vessels' constrictive reactivity and consequence, many conditions which only a cedures on the valves and septum was limited the resultant elevation of blood pressure. few years ago were considered hopeless are by the fact that maintenance of cardiac Thus, the doctor today has in his bag new now amenable to effective therapy. No less function was vital during intracardiac chemical tools for lowering blood pressure, important has been the fact that these sur­ manipulations, the efforts and contributions and he has a variety of them. One of the gical investigations have contributed signifi­ of the era of closed heart surgery were truly most interest ing findings has been that these cantly to greater knowledge and better un­ impressive. chemical tools are more effective when used d erstanding of the underlying fundamental Recently a major obstacle in heart surgery together than when given singly, even in in­ factors involved in the pathologic, physio­ was overcome with the introduction of creasingly large doses. Th is is an old trick logic, and biochemical disturbances of car­ m ethods for open heart surgery. This prob­ in treatment, familiar to everyone in the use diovascular diseases. lem was solved by the development of me­ of different drugs together for pain; for ex­ This is well illustrated by the progress chanical devices to substitute temporarily ample, aspirin, phenacetin, caffeine, and co­ which has been made in recent years in the for the function of the heart and lungs, such deine for severe headaches. The trick is that surgical treatment of acquired diseases of as the pump oxygenator--or mechanical heart when the drugs, each in a small dose, are the aorta-the main artery of the heart­ lung, as it is generally known-which is now used together against a single undesirable and major peripheral arteries, particularly in widespread use. Whereas less than 10 effect, they "gang up," as it were, on that aneurysms and occlusive lesions. An aneu­ years ago only a selected few cases of con­ effect, whereas their own bad side effects rysm is a ballooning out and thinning of the genital cardiac disease were amenable to are so dispersed that they produce no un­ wall of an artery. surgical correction, today the majority of pleasant symptoms. Thus, the doctor has Aneurysms of the aorta, for example, have cardiac anomalies are completely correctible. learned that when rauwolfia, the mildest challenged physicians for centuries; and As outlined in this brief account, the tre­ agent, is not effective alone in a hypersensi­ although various methods of treatment were mendous strides that have been made during tive patient, he must add apresoline or devised and attempted, none were effective. the past decade clearly reflect the vigor and chlorothiazide, or both. He t;~-ay then Within the past decade, however, curative intense activity characterizing the current achieve a very satisfactory result which he therapy has been accomplished by the de­ status of cardiovascular surgery and portend could not obtain with any one of the drugs velopment of the surgical principle of extir­ other advances of even greater importance. used alone. pation of the lesion with restoration of nor­ With continuing generous support o! these The results of treatment of high blood mal function. The successful application of research endeavors, only the limits of imag­ pressure with drugs are most dramatic when this method of treatment and development the disease itself is so severe or malignant of these principles is de:pendent upon anum­ ination should restrict their progress. that without such treatment it would be ber of factors, among the most important of One thing is certain: The future of cardio­ quickly fatal. In less severe cases of hyper­ which are the principles of blood vessel su­ vascular surgery is brighter than ever. tension, drug treatment m ay be as dramatic ture and arterial graft replacement. [Applause.] in lowering the blood pressure; but since The development and refinement of these Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you, Dr. DeBakey. m any of these patients have not as yet been principles were brought to full clinical frui­ Up to now, our discussions have largely incapacitated by the disease, their sympto­ tion in the research laboratory. More re­ concerned the clinical aspects of cardio­ m atic improvement is not as striking as in cently, and as a result o:tthese investigations, vascular research. Our final panelist opens the malignant cases. Nevertheless, all ob­ the problem of replacement of diseased ar­ a new and vital area of exploration. He is servers are in agreement that treatment of teries has been effectively solved through the to discuss the role of basic research in mak­ all such cases is most worth while. The area development of substitute arteries made of ing possible the achievements already of disagreement is now restricted to the such plastic materials as nylon, Dacron, and described and those we fervently hope will question of whether ·the very mildest or teflon; and these are now as readily avail­ earliest of cases should be treated with drugs able in the operating room as suture ma­ be forthcoming. One of the world's fore­ in a preventive way, before strains develop terial. most authorities on renal function and in the heart and blood vessels and especially Surgery to replace diseased arteries has electrolyte metabolism, he came to the Na­ in the kidneys. become a complete reality. Deadly lesions tional Heart Institute in 1g5o and has been It would appear that in patients with a which were formerly considered hopeless are its associate director in charge of research strong family history of serious high blood now amenable to curative treatment. since 1954. It is my privilege to present Dr. 3496 '1. coNGRESSI6N'.At1rncof(I5 ~ · HoUsE~ March 5 Robert W. Berliner. Dr. Berliner. [Ap­ Nevertheless, some basic research workers Dr. BURNEY. Dr. Sprague, Senator Hill, plause.] remained interested in this property of the Congressman Fogarty, and distinguished Dr. BERLINER. The tremendous stimula­ now obsolete sulfanilamide. It was finally Members of Congress and guests, I think tion of research which has occurred shown that sUlfanilamide ·was an· inhibitor one has an advantage in appearing at this through the efforts of the American· Heart of carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme discovered part of the program because all of the Association and the National Heart Insti:. some years earlier. The production of worthwhile things have already been said tute has already been cited to you by our acidosis was attributable to this blocking and one doesn't expect too much. chairman as a major achievement of the action of the sulfanilamide on the sub­ [Laughter.] past 10 years. Much of this research is stance that speeded up the elimination of I'm sure all of you have been impressed basic research. Thus the greatest portion carbon dioxide. with the complexity of the problem of the of the research supported by the American In the next few years, studies of the cardiovascular diseases; and if one on ly takes Heart Association's national program falls mechanisms of urine formation showed that a look at the various gentlemen here on into the category of basic research or has carbonic anhydrase also had an important this platform and whom they represent, I basic implications. Similarly, the philos­ function in the kidney. When it was in­ think one would even be more impressed ophy that guides the research appropria­ hibited, not only was acidosis produced, rut with all of the forces we have used in our tions of the National Heart Institute also sodium was lost in the urine. country to combat this No. 1 cause of death. recognizes the vital importance of fund,a­ Now, since producing sodium, or salt, You have heard representatives of the mental studies. loss in the urine is one effective way of treat­ American Heart Association, representin g the It is characteristic of basic research that ing heart failure, it was suggested that thousands of volunteer workers throughout its advances have the immediate purpose sulfanilamide might be useful for this pur­ the United States, who give not only of ()nly of increasing our fundamental knowl­ pose. It was tried and found to have some their dollars but of themselves, unselfishly, edge of ourselves and the world in which we favorable effect, but again its toxic effects enthusiastically, to this program of educa­ live. In what way some specific bit of in­ were too numerous. Nevertheless, this led tion, of research and of service. formation will eventually serve its useful to the synthesis and trial of a large number You have heard one of your fellow Con­ purpose is very difficult to predict. The of other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; and gressmen here, Senator HILL, and you will basic research worker, however, does not finally one called diamox was found, which, hear from another one who represents the concern himself with the application of his although only moderately effective, found a very interested and understanding and, I contributions, since experience has shown considerable place in the treatment of heart should say, very generous support that the that it is upon such fundamental knowl­ failure. Public Health Service through the National edge that the advances in applied science Now, the search began for a more effective Heart Institute has received for funds for are built. Rather than attempt to guess carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. One was research training, for research projects, and which of the many ·major and lesser basic found that proved to be far more effective for the construction of research facilities in scientific discoveries of the last 10 years than any other. This was chlorothiazide. which this research should be done; and I will eventually find important application My story could end here but it doesn't, think I can say without contradiction that in the control of cardiovascular disease, I for a new twist has been added with the nowhere in the world have we had a legisla­ would like to start with the other end and discovery that although chlorothiazide was tive body that has been so interested and fill in the background of one of the more synthesized, tested, and started on clinical so generous in the support of research as important practical achievements of recent trial because of its capacity to inhibit the we have in these United States; and through years. In doing so, I hope to illustrate the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, it actually turns the very fine leadership of our leaders in practical results of scient ific research done out to owe its effectiveness to a new and as Congress and through Senator HILL and Con­ originally only out of scientific curiosity. yet unexplained activity. gressman FoGARTY who are here before you Dr. Wilkins has already mentioned the Now investigators are following this trail today, I think we can be very proud of this important advance made in the develop­ back into pharmacology, physiology, and contribution. ment of chlorothiazide. This drug has not biochemistry. By the time they explain how Then we see all the doctors here on this only markedly improved the management of chlorothiazide really works, which enzyme platform representing medical schools, uni­ hypertension but, because of its capacity it inhibits and what that enzyme does in versities, and laboratories that are doing to cause loss of salt in the urine, has the body, who knows where and in what clinical and basic research and we see Dr. greatly facilitated the treatment of heart form it will turn up again in clinical Watt, the administrator of the National failure. It has reduced the need for rigid medicine? Heart Institute-all of whom are important and onerous low-salt diets and practically Chlorothiazide's story is, of course, but contr ibutors to this very great problem-if abolished the need for repeated hypodermic one example of the practical results that this does nothing more than to impress upon injections in the management of cardiac eventually grow out of basic research, chosen you that there is a complex problem; that it patients. I would like to recount the de­ because it relates to one of the major ad­ is not the isolated issue of any one group, velopment of chlorothiazide. vances of the period reported on here to­ whether it is official or voluntary or research The story begins nearly 40 years ago. At day-the control of hypertension. But of or public. that time, biochemistry was in its infancy equal importance is the fact that the past I think of the vast cooperative enterprise as a science. One of the substances which decade has witnessed a great accumulation so characteristically American which has quite naturally came under study was car­ of basic new knowledge about the most brought us so far within a period of 10 years bon dioxide, the main waste product of the fundamental processes involved in life it­ and which undoubtedly will carry us to new burning of foods in the body. We eliminate self-knowledge we need to break down the heights a decade from now. We in the Pub­ it when we exhale. It was found that the barriers of ignorance that nature has placed lic Health Service are proud of the part we blood can carry carbon dioxide, a gas, to the in our path. have played in this aspiring story of achieve­ lungs because the carbon dioxide can react As someone has said, "Basic research is a ment. The report we have heard this morn­ with water to produce carbonic acid. In the way of making nature talk." Before too ing is one of great hope for the future. lung blood vessels, this is converted back long, I am confident, her voice will be loud The advances we have heard about represent to gas and excreted as we breathe out. How­ enough in the land to show us the road to not just dollars, not just research, but they ever, when the rate of this conversion was victory over the most pressing problems of represent human lives that have been saved; studied, it was found to be quite slow. The cardiovascular disease. and we ca nnot overestimate the progress so question arose as to how the conversion To quote the recent report of a commit­ meaningful to humanity. could possibly occur fast enough so that the tee of consultants by Dr. Bayne-Janes to the In looking ahead, however, we must blood could give up its carbon dioxide dur­ Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, soberly evaluate the vastness of cardiovascu­ ing the very few seconds it spends in the "Pressures of the practical results cannot be lar diseases as a national health problem, lung blood vessels. It was concluded that allowed to supersede the kind of funda­ even an international or world health prob­ there must be a substance in the blood which mental studies which, in the long run, result lem. We are, in fact, just beginning to speeds up the reaction. Studies to find the in revolutions rather than mere improve­ realize the magnitude and complexity of substance resulted in an enzyme known as ment in health standards." (Applause.] this problem. I submit that even this c~rbonic anhydrase. Subsequent studies Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you, Dr. Berliner. realization is a measure of our progress. It showed that the enzyme was present in a May I ask you now that any of you who is a measure of progress because it points to number of tissues, although the nature of have filled in cards, pass them to the right an intensification of two trends, now al­ its function in these tissues was not clear. and left, not the center aisle, where they ready discernible, which will chart our di­ Perhaps 20 years later we pick up the next can be collected. rection against heart disease in the next thread of the story of chlorothiazide-and in A report to the Nation, which necessarily 10 years. The first is a strengthening of an entirely separate context. It begins with focuses on past achievements would be in­ basic research, whose great promise has been the discovery in the late thirties that sulfa·­ complete without inclusion of a statement so ably presented this morning; and, of nilamide was effective in the treatment of regarding the future needs and aspirations course, necessary for that is the continued bacterial infections. As an unfortunate side of cardiovascular medicine. For this sum­ emphasis on training of research manpower effect, it was noted that patients treated mary, we are privileged to have with us to­ and the facilities in which research people with sulfanilamide developed a disturbance day Dr. LeRoy E. Burney, Surgeon General can perform their research work. The sec­ known as acidosis; but sulfanilamide was of the Public Health Service, Department ond is the speedy application of research soon supplanted · by other closely related of Health, Education, and Welfare. Dr. findings to the lives of human beings. It drugs which did not have this side effect. Burney. [Applause.} isn't enough just to have the knowledge, 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORI)- HOUSE 349'l unless that knowledge is speedily applied to antibiotics, with antibiotic prophylaxis and From the record of Congress in the past, the people who need it. sound medical care she can avoid increments from the sentiment I sense in Congress today. Now, as you can well understand, this of damage to her heart and predictably can and from my personal knowledge of the con­ calls for a comprehensive attack. It calls live a normal, healthy, and happy life. victions of many of its Members-and may I for a total involvement of all groups, all I know a man in his early forties, a man say at this point that in the 13 years I have agencies, all the individuals who can con­ with average income and a family of three had the privilege of serving on this particular tribute to our forward progress; and, as young children, who was affiicted with severe committee, we have had occasion to disagree Disraeli once said, "The health of the peo­ hypertension. Again, with a combination of on many items in our appropriation b111; ple is really the foundation upon which all sound medical care and therapy, with blood but when it comes to appropriating funds of their happiness and on which all of their pressure lowering agents that have been for medical research, I can say, without fear power as a state depends." recently developed, he is living a normal of contradiction, that politics was swept Thank you. [Applause.] productive life as a father and a breadwin­ aside, there is no middle aisle, that men and Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you, Dr. Burney. ner; and, as now defined, not only can he women on both sides have cooperated fully When I opened this meeting, I referred keep the hypertension under control but it and selflessly. I think that is a wonderful to Senator HILL as one of its spiritual archi­ will become less difficult to control as time record for the Congress of the United States; tects. Before turning to the question-and­ goes on. and I would like to include many who are answer period, it is fitting that we bring I know a child, a boy of 3, born with a con­ here in our audience today-leaders of our our formal part of the program to a close genital heart defect-a large hole in the wall Federal Government, leaders in our House with remarks by the Representative in Con­ of one of the chambers of the heart. Just and in the U.S. Senate. gress who joined Senator HILL in requesting a few years ago, that defect could not have I am happy to see my counterpart on this this meeting. He is well known to all of committee, Mr. LAIRD, from Wisconsin, and been repaired and the child would have been the chairman of the full committee, Mr. CAN• us for his stanch support of medical re­ doomed to a few years of half living and search and related programs. I refer, of NON, from Missouri, both of whom have course, to the distinguished Representative premature death before his teens. Today the shown keen interest in research in the medi­ from Rhode Island, the Honorable JoHN E. defect has been located and measured. New cal program; and I think I can assure medical FOGARTY. [Applause.] surgical techniques have been developed, people that because of their support of medi­ Representative FoGARTY. Mr. Chairman, making it possible for the opening to be cine in the past that their Congress will con­ my distinguished colleague of the Senate, closed. The child and his parents are now tinue to act for their better health as long Senator HILL, distinguished guests, and awaiting the time when the doctors think as we have the manpower and the facilities ladies and gentlemen, the American Heart it best for the operation to be performed; and the will to solve these problems. Association epitomizes the present urge of but, as Dr. White has said a while ago, there To me the words "better health" mean the American people to achieve better health is of course no absolute guarantee of success, more than the words "balanced budget"; and through voluntary collaborative effort. It but I am told the chances are well worth in this matter, I don't believe we could have is one reason why medical research, in con­ taking and the parents will be eternally a stronger ally than one of the most stimu­ trast with most other fields of research en­ grateful to medical science because today lating, energetic, able leaders in the field of deavor, finds as much support from private they have hope instead of the hopelessness medical research and one of our truly great as it does from public sources. There is of a few years ago. Senators-my colleague on the other side of lasting strength in such diversity, and I am These are just three among many people I the Capitol, the Honorable LisTER HILL, from confident that a balanced pattern of support know and you know who measure the past that great State of Alabama. [Applause.] will be maintained in the years ahead. decade of progress against heart disease in Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you, Representative The Public Health Service's National the most meaningful terms of all, but the FOGARTY. Heart Institute, Federal partner of the Heart long tortuous road to better understanding We now end the formal part of this re­ Association, mounts its programs through and to better ability to control the diseases port to the Nation and go on to the ques­ tax funds-your tax dollars and mine. As of man stretches out ahead. We cannot tion-and-answer period. a legislator with some responsibility for the know its lengths or its turns or the lanes I have a few questions here; and from look­ activity of the Federal Government in medi­ that lead off into a network of pathways that ing at the early ones, I can see that the gen.;. cal research, I think I have some evidence may or may not lead back into the main tlemen who are going to answer them can that the people of our country unequivo­ route again; but we can do two things, I either spend an hour with each question or cally support the use of tax funds for medi­ think. First, we can express and demon­ they can say, "I don't know." [Laughter.] cal research. strate our confidence in the scientists and I think we had better take a compromise In a sense then, since Federal funds are doctors and research institutions-profes­ position. and must be used in a way that is responsi­ sional societies and the American Heart As­ Dr. White: ble to public forces, its funds too are volun­ sociation and other health agencies-that "You are a noted advocate of snowshovel­ teered by the people for the purpose of lead in the support of and search for new ing. When you hand a man over 50 a shovel, bringing heart disease under control. knowledge and the means for its application how do you know what the condition of his As I have listened to these reports of to better health; and, second, I think that arteries may be?" progress that have been made against heart we can assure the people that we will not Dr. WHITE. I don't hand a snowshovel over disease, I feel its impact primarily in human impede progress against disease by failing to such a person unless I know he is used to terms. Broad statistics are, of course, im­ to provide adequately through our contribu­ vigorous exercise and is in good condition; portant in appraising all or a segment of the tions and our appropriations for the sup­ and I think one of the great faults of today national health and medical research scene. port of health and medical research activities is that at about the age of 25, especially We must never forget that 54 percent of all today and for the increased resources re­ with our men, we begin to lead soft lives, and deaths in the United States are caused by quired, if the health challenges of tomor­ for the next 20 years they accumulate some form of cardiovascular disease, that row are to be met. trouble and at 45 it may prevent one shovel­ this means about 900,000 deaths from heart I join with you wholeheartedly and pledge ing adequately. I think we've got to have a disease last year and that the total number that I shall continue to do everything in my campaign to keep active, especially our men; of deaths from the more than 20 disorders power to see that these needs are met. and then I think they can shovel snow right of the heart and blood vessels about which In recent days I have had the opportunity through till they are a hundred years old. so little is known can be expected to in­ to study the appropriation requests for medi­ [Applause.] crease, I am told; but one must never forget cal research that we are studying this week. Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you. that behind all these statistics are people, The appropriation hearings have just started human beings-their families and their in the House of Representatives before the Dr. Wilkins: friends and their community of which they committee, of which I am chairman; but I "How close are we getting to discovery of are a living part. am very sorry to report to you this morning the underlying causes of essential hyperten­ When premature and tragic death strikes, that apparently the Bureau of the Budget sion?" deaths which would be unnecessary if man feels it must go backward instead of moving Dr. WILKINS. I'll also have to say, "I don't knew as much as he should about his life ahead, if one can judge by the appropriation know." As I tried to indicate in my report, processes, it is a hundred percent failure requests for medical research that have been I think we're getting closer and closer to it. for medical science as far as the individual placed before our committee for the coming Dr. Page on my left is very fond of saying and his loved ones are concerned. fiscal year. that the causes of hypertension are mosaic, The decade of progress that has been sum­ As a Member of Congress, I share a re­ they are not simple, and they are probably marized today has permitted the percentage, sponsibility to create and maintain an not single; and, incidentally, this is the in the case of many people that you and I efficient and responsible Federal Government. phase of health and disease work that we're know, to be, on the other hand, a lOO-per­ As a Member of Congress, I also have a in now. cent success. For example, I know a child responsibility to see that basic human needs I think it's perhaps a little naive to expect who suffered an acute attack of rheumatic are going to be met. I deeply believe that in that we're going to find-from here on, at fever which led to heart disease. Once she the interests of efficient and responsible Gov­ least-many diseases for which there is a would undoubtedly have been stricken again ernment, its health programs must advance­ single cause; but the mechanisms and the and again with increasing damage to the not stand stm or fall back-notwithstanding causes combine to give different people­ heart and early death; but today, because of any action of the Bureau of the Budget to perhaps different mechanisms in different research and because of the discovery of the contrary. (Applause.) people-hypertension. 3498 -coNGRESSIONAL" 4 RECORD-..:.: HOOSE· March -5 . We're coming closer and closer to under­ Actually, there are some types of heart that we can remQve. Actually, we cure hy­ standing, and I think perhaps the next 10 disease that can be readily diagnosed; but pertension now-as I may have· wished to years will see that pretty well delineated­ in the case of coronary artery disease, which indicate in my report-and they are the perhaps not completely. is the type which causes sudden death in rarer forms. There are very severe cases of Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you. most instances, diagnosis may be. very diffi­ hypertension due, let's say, to a removable Dr. DeBakey, we have one for you: cult-particularly if the patient has no cause, a single removable cause, such as one "From time to time we hear conjectures symptoms and there are no changes in the bad kidney or a tumor of the adrenal gland. about the transplanting of human hearts. electrocardiogram. These can be removed, and the hypertension What are the chances of this happening in An answer to this might be one suggested is cured. the foreseeable future?" by my friend, Dr. William Castle, some I'm glad you asked that question because Dr. DEBAKEY. Well, this is dependent upon years ago; and that is that each one of us many times patients or the lay people mis­ further basic knowledge about the trans­ should engage every day in what he calls understand the word "treatment.'' They plantation of tissues from one person to "sublethal exercise"-that is, we should think of that as being synonymous with another. exercise to the point where we don't drop "cure" but it isn't. The treatment you must So far as the technical aspect of trans­ dead. ]Laughter.] continue in order for it to be effective, at planting a human heart is concerned, this And that would help to build up, as Dr. least at some level. I think has been solved and can be done White pointed out, sound coronary blood "Cure" means you give the treatment, the now, but there is a basic factor involved vessels. patient is cured, and you can stop the treat­ in the transplantation of tissues, and that Now, Dr. DeBakey, I have a question for ment and he stays well. We are not at ls what we call the rejection phenomenon. you which says: that stage yet, but I believe that it may be Now, there is much work being done in "I saw a story recently which said, in possible that we will achieve it in time. this field and, of course, this opens up a effect, that an impending stroke might be de­ Dr. SPRAGUE. Dr. Page: whole new vista of surgery if we solve this tected by X-ray and that if this were so, "We hear much about fats being a possible problem of the transplantation of tissue. perhaps the surgeon could actually go in, factor in developing heart disease. Does the Now, whether it will come in 5 years or 10 make certain repairs, and thus prevent a present body of knowledge indicate that we years is something I can't say yet. stroke. Is this possible?" should now recommend any significant Dr. SPRAGUE. Dr. Page-listen very care­ Dr. DEBAKEY. Yes; definitely. Now, some changes in the dietary habits of Americans?" fully (laughter]: "Would you advocate a strokes are due to an atherosclerotic process Dr. PAGE. That's a loaded question. 'crash' program against heart and blood­ partially blocking and then finally blocking [Laughter.] vessel diseases--something comparable to part of the arteries which supply blood to Dr. SPRAGUE. The intention is so. [Laugh·. what we did in producing the A-bomb and the brain. Now, usually these can be diag­ ter.] are now trying to do with ICBM's?" nosed precisely by opaque substances in­ Dr. PAGE. Well, I think that you have to Dr. PAGE. No. [Laughter.) jected into the arteries and they can now be divide the problem really into two sections: Dr. SPRAGUE. May I ask why you said "No"? operated on successfully to restore the nor­ one, the question of treating sick people­ Dr. PAGE. Yes; because I think you can buy mal opening in the artery and thus prevent and if you say then that they should research up to a certain point and after that the artery from becoming blocked. change-rather, people with heart disease or point you begin to just multiply a spinning Dr. SPRAGUE. Thank you. arteriosclerotic heart disease-if you want to of the wheels. I think what you don't get is Dr. White: lower the fat content of their diet I think creativity-that is, new ideas. "During the past 10 years, what, in your it would be desirable, particularly if their In other words, I would advocate a maxi­ opinion, has been the most beneficial dis­ blood cholesterols are elevated. There is mal efficiency in the spending of money but covery in the field of heart disease?" another group of people who have a high realizing full well that this goes only up to Dr. WHIITE. Well, research teaching and hereditary factor in the thing with high a certain point and then you don't go any practice is the fundamental reason for the blood cholesterols, and I thtnk those people faster than that because you don't have the great advances that have been made; and might well be prone. creativity which is necessary to do this. then 10 years ago came this united effort­ Now, when you talk about the problem of I think that there are many ways that private and public enterprise hand in hand­ changing the fat content of the diet of the we can improve the efficiency of research the recognition of the need of that and of entire American public, I think you're talk­ today. going along with these heart drives. We ing about something else again because Please don't misunderstand me on that can't submerge them into community heart you're dealing with problems of youngsters, score; nevertheless,. I think there is an drives; the time is not ripe for that yet. problems of old age; and I think the whole upper iimit. - I think. the realization that all research problem simply deserves more careful con­ Dr. SPRAGUE. Dr. Berliner: must be supported-! think that's possibly sideration rat her than any wholesale recom­ "How can we get more well-quallfied the most important advance. we know of mendation at the present time. I think it medical scientists interested in doing basic many detailed advances which would be has to be individualized. research?" equally beneficial. Dr. SPRAGUE. There is a question addressed Dr. BERLINER. Well, I would think that the Dr. SPRAGUE. Also Dr. White: tome: most important factor in getting more quali­ . "Are we keeping pace with the Soviet Un­ "What, in your opinion, will be the next fied people into basic research and more ion in heart disease research?" important advance in the diagnosis of heart people qualified to do basic research is to Dr. WHITE. Well, I think so. I think we disease?" try to increase the understanding of what are ahead of them, actually. They are just As I indicated earlier, I think the diagnosis basic research really is and what its eventual planning to start a Russian heart association. of latent or incipient coronary disease is products are so that the scientist gets a little It wasn't in operation last September, I know, most difficult, and perhaps we may be able more of the credit and a Uttle more of the but they said they were going to establish to find a coronary-prone individual for whom understanding from people !or his achieve­ one and join the International Society of we should do more, perhaps, than for the ments. Cardiology. general population. Dr. SPRAGUE. I think that this audience Well, I think that's about the way we were Dr. Page has told you about the hereditary might be interested to realize at this time a good many years ago. factors in coronary heart disease and it does that the term "basic research" is often a seem that-at least in early life-under the matter of semantics. A discussion of this Dr. SPRAGUE. Dr. Watt, there is a question that says: age of 40, certainly, it is common in males appears this week in Science wherein it is and it is extremely uncommon in females. pointed out that universities, when th~y "We haven't heard very much this morn­ ing about the so-called epidemiological ap­ There is one coronary differentiation, and it are asked, "How much do you think is given does seem, perhaps, as if coronary disease is proach to heart dise ·~se. Do you think that by the · Federal Government to basic re­ more common in muscular individuals who search?" come out with a figure which is this approach has received sufficient empha­ sis in the past decade?" put on weight after the age of 25, but it's very twice as much as the amount which those difficult to be sure of a true coronary type. who distribute the money think is given for Dr. WATT. I think it's one of the really Dr. Watt: basic research. neglected areas and yet one that has seen "In testing new cardiovascular drugs, what In other words, the motivation which quite a lot of development in plans and in are the immediate needs-where are the occurs in the recipients, themselves..,....-de­ activity within the last--oh-2 to 3 years. I critical gap areas?" termines the basic nature of the use of this would add that this is going to be shortly Dr. WATT. The immediate needs and the money; so we shouldn't. be too confused by accelerated with a National Conference on critical gap areas can be summed up in a few a statistical approach in relation to this ]l:pidemiology,. planned by the Heart Associa­ short words-the current shortage of trained term "basic research.'' tion, and the Heart Institute to be held with­ . clinical investigators to test and evaluate Now, I can't avoid answering a question in the next 2 months. Work. on planning these new cardiovascular drugs. Just the addressed to me: that meeting is already actively under way. other day I heard that something like 6,000 "Why do some people die suddenly of Dr. SPRAGUE. This question is for Dr. compounds were developed during the past heart attacks after the doctor has given them Wilkins: year alone. To test these compounds ade­ a clean bill of health?" [Laughter.) "You told us how high blood pressure is quately and to make them available readily, I have a standard reply to this. I say, "If being controll.ed. Can. it ever be cured?" means that we literally have to have more I knew the answer to this, I would be work­ Dr. WILKINS. I think it's conceivable that trained people to be effective in carrying out ing for the life insurance companies on_ly." we m ay be able to cure hypertension if we. studies to determine -the safety and effective­ [Laughter.] really find enough causes in individual cases ness of these drugs. CONGRESSIONAt:·ltlrCORD:.::..: SENATE

Dr. SPRAGUE. We have about 3 minutes. development of atherosclerosis of the coro­ strive for suecess in the world. If there is We started 5 minutes late and I'm· going to nary arteries. a purpose in .the world-and I believe there end this at the proper time. Well, how do you feel about this,. Dr. is one-:-then that is defined in terms of I'm going to ask Dr. White a question and Page? challenge; and if people can't meet chal­ Dr. Page a question. Dr. PAGE. Well, I feel I have answered the lenge, they are something less than hu­ Dr. White: question many times before. I think that man in my book. Therefore, I would say "You mentioned nothing about anticlot­ this problem is one that suffers from lack that let's meet the challenges of the world ting drugs in preventing recurrences of heart of objective definitions. as best we can because that is our pur­ attacks and strokes. Don't these drugs de­ What do we mean by "stress"? It's al­ pose; · and then let's not worry about the serve listing as a major achievement?" ways been with us. For instance, children consequences of it. Dr. WHITE. Some of us used to be skepti­ have been defined by the agony of their We'll live the best we can; we'll take cal, and I think rightly so, until we had illness and by the exhaustion of their well­ things as inevitably as we can; but let's more proof; and now there seems to be more being. [Laughter.] still remain human beings. proof that anticoagulants, properly admin­ And yet we have to have them, . I am Thank you. istered and carefully controlled, can help a told. [Laughter.] Dr. SPRAGUE. I would like to end by say­ good deal in persons who already have had Now, I think that, again, stress has been ing that I agree with what Dr. Page says. evidence of thrombosis or embolism in the in every generation. Every generation If we let our citizens become so soft and past or perhaps in those who in the past thinks they have more stress than the fearful that the normal challenges of liv­ have had insidious symptoms of angina others. I am sure that building pyramids ing may be harmful, then there is great pectoris; so there is a place and this has must have been a great stress for the peo­ danger that a less timorous and less pam­ been an important advance, without doubt. ple. It must be of some satisfaction now pered nation may well take us over; and Dr. SPRAGUE. I will address this final ques­ to know that the pyramids are holding down I think that if stress were the important tion to Dr. Page. There are several that the Pharaohs. [Laughter.] thing in the production of coronary disease, come in this same category and they have Now, I think that, lastly, this problem is all these members here on the panel would to do with this rather popular notion at a peculiarly human one in the sense that go home and have a coronary thrombosis; the present time that tee emotional stress man is the only individual who really meets and I don't think they are going to. of our lives has something to do with the a challenge. Challenge is the one way we Thank you very much. [Applause.)

The first article is entitled "Four Mili­ cite the views of Gen~ral Taylor and the other SENATE tary Chiefs List Objections to Budget Chiefs, although these views were not based Limits." on the Berlin situation. MONDAY, MARCH 9, 1959 Gen. Thomas D. White, Chief of Staff of The next article is a text of the mili­ the Air Force, expressed concern in his The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown tary chiefs' memorandums giving their memorandum about marginal military con­ Harris, D.D., offered the following views on the budget. This was published struction, slow replacement of the Strategic on page 14 of today's New York Times. Air Command's B-47 bombers, and the re­ prayer: The third article is entitled "McElroy jection of plans to proceed with building a Our Father God, above all the babel of Reports on Berlin Plans." · nuclear-powered airplane. There being no objection, the articles Adm. Arleigh A. Burke, Chief of Naval Op­ strident voices assailing our ears in erations, cited five reservations. These dealt these hectic days of angry contentions, were ordered to be printed in the REc­ with maintenance and modernization of we would turn to Thy changeless con­ ORD, as follows: ships and aircraft, procurement of new cern for Thy earthly children and rest FOUR MILITARY CHIEFS LIST OBJECTIONS TO weapons, acceleration of antisubmarine war­ in the comforting promise, "I will keep BUDGET LIMITs--VIEWS DETAILED IN NOTES fare defenses, progress of the Polaris missile­ that man in perfect peace whose mind TO SENATE INQUIRY-CUTS IN ARMY· PER• firing submarine plan, and increased re­ is stayed on Me." TURB TAYLOR search and development. (By Jack Raymond) Gen. Randolph McC. Pate, Commandant of ''Father in Thy name we pray­ the Marine Corps, singled out personnel re­ Let us know Thy will today. WASHINGTON, March 8.-The chiefs Of the ductions as paramount, but he mentioned Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines have also ships, aircraft and construction of fa­ With Thee we are unafraid. presented to Congress in detail the reserva­ For on Thee our minds are stayed; cilities. tions they have about President Eisen­ The subcommittee to which the Chiefs• Though a thousand foes surround hower's $40,945 million defense spenqing communications were submitted has sched­ Safe in Thee we shall be found." budget. They endorsed the proposed budget uled new closed hearings on defense to start 2 months ago. on Wednesday. The hearings will concern In all the problems of governance Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor, the Army's Chief which center in this Chamber of the the Berlin crisis. of Staff, was most vehement in his com­ In announcing the new hearings, Senator people's will, we would ever be conscious ments. He said that in his opinion and in LYNDON B. JoHNSON, of Texas, the subcom­ that this dear land of our hopes and the opinion of his principal Army com­ mittee chairman, called attention to the prayers is rooted in a compelling faith manders, "their personnel resources" were reservations the service .Chiefs had voiced in spiritual verities without which life "inadequate to meet in full the require­ when they endorsed the budget. itself is devoid of valid meaning. ments of their assigned missions." Mr. JoHNSoN, the Democrats' Senate In the sacred pilgrimage of these He called attention to the Army's recruit­ leader, referred to a statement made by Neil weeks of the passion, with the steadfast ing of foreign nationals not only in Korea, H. McElroy, Secretary of Defense, when he but also in Europe, as well for combat and testified before the committee that the countenance of "Man's best Man" ever support units--"thus incurring a heavy de­ Chiefs supported the budget. In part, Mr. before us, grant us the grace to turn pendence upon foreign personnel which McElroy said that the Chiefs "find no serious from all that hides Thy face. might have serious consequences in an emer­ gaps iii the key elements of the budget in We ask it in the dear Redeemer's gency." its present form, but all have reservations name. Amen. SUBMITTED IN WRITING with respect to the funding of some segmen:ts The service Chiefs expressed their reserva­ of their respective· service programs." tions about the budget in memorandums to The memorandum that endorsed the the Senate Preparedness Subcommittee. budget was dated January 19 and was signed THE JOURNAL Their comments will be included in the by the service Chiefs and Gen. Nathan F. On request of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas, printed record, expected to be issued in a Twining, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of and by unanimous consent, the reading few days, of the subcommittee's recent hear­ Staff. of the Journal of the proceedings of ings. In the subsequent hearings the . Chiefs The Chiefs' memorandums, taken collec­ were asked to comment upon their reserva­ Thursday, March 5, 1959, was dispensed tively, represented a strong reinforcement of tions. They did so, but Senator JOHNSON with. congressional differences with President also requested that they put their opinions Eisenhower over the adequacy of the coun­ in writing. The memorandums were sent to try's defenses. the commfttee after the hearings had been STATE OF THE NATION'S In the special meetings with congressional adjourned early in February. PREPAREDNESS leaders on Friday President Eisenhower as­ Before being sent to the committee, the serted that the United States had suftlcient Chiefs' statements were cleared with the Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ atomic and conventional forces to carry out office of the Sec;:retary of Defense. It is un­ dent, I ask unanimous consent that political commitments to defend Berlin. derstood that in the forthcoming hearings three articles published ·in today's New There were indications that congressional the Chiefs may be · asked whether any York Times be inserted in the RECORD. critics of the President's stand would now changes had been made in the· statements.