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Jewish Resistance to “Romanianization,” 1940–44 Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide

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Jewish Resistance to “Romanianization,” 1940–44 Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide Jewish Resistance to “Romanianization,” 1940–44 Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide Series Editors: Thomas Kühne, Deborah Mayersen, and Tom Lawson Genocide has shaped human experience throughout history and is one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide is dedicated to the study of this phenomenon across its entire geographic, chronological, and thematic range. The series acts as a forum to debate and discuss the nature, the variety, and the concepts of genocide. In addition to histories of the causes, course, and perpetration of genocide, the series devotes attention to genocide’s victims, its aftermaths and consequences, its representation and memorialization, and to genocide prevention. Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide encompasses both comparative work, which considers genocide across time and space, and specific case studies. Titles include S¸tefan Cristian Ionescu JEWISH RESISTANCE TO “ROMANIANIZATION,” 1940–44 Forthcoming titles Jesse Shipway THE MEMORY OF GENOCIDE IN TASMANIA, 1803–2013 Deborah Mayersen THE UNITED NATIONS AND GENOCIDE Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide Series Series Standing Order Hardback 9781137484406 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series, and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England. Jewish Resistance to “Romanianization,” 1940–44 S¸tefan Cristian Ionescu Chapman University, USA © Ştefan Cristian Ionescu 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-48458-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-50351-3 ISBN 978-1-137-48459-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137484598 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ionescu, Stefan Cristian, 1976– author. Jewish resistance to “romanianization”, 1940–44 / Stefan Cristian Ionescu, Chapman University, USA. pages cm — (Palgrave studies in the history of Genocide) 1. Jews—Romania—History—20th century. 2. Jews—Persecutions—Romania— History—20th century. 3 Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Romania. 4. Antisemitism—Romania—History—20th century. 5. Romania—Politics and government—1914–1944. 6. Romania—Ethnic relations. I. Title. DS135.R7I64 2015 940.53'1809498—dc23 2014049692 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. For all my professors, who honored me with their wisdom and patience. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Maps viii Preface and Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction: World War II Bucharest and Its Jews 1 2 Romanianization Legislation: Concepts, (Mis)interpretations, and Conflicts 34 3 The Romanianization Bureaucracy 66 4 The Beneficiaries of Romanianization 89 5 Romanianization versus Germanization 110 6 Deportation and Robbery: The Roma Targets of Romanianization 124 7 Jewish Legal Resistance to Romanianization 147 8 Sabotaging the Process of Romanianization 162 9 Conclusion 184 Notes 191 Bibliography 248 Index 261 List of Maps 1 Europe 1933, Romania indicated, map – US Holocaust Memorial Museum 1 2 Romania, 1933, map – US Holocaust Memorial Museum 2 3 Romania, 1942, map – US Holocaust Memorial Museum 2 viii Preface and Acknowledgments When I first started reading the autobiographical writings of Jewish Hol- ocaust survivors from Romania, such as Elie Wiesel, Aharon Appelfeld, Miram Korber-Bercovici, Mihail Sebastian, and Norman Manea, I never imagined that my intellectual curiosity would transform into a long- term scholarly endeavor documenting the lives and struggles of Bucha- rest Jews and Roma during the Holocaust. The result of that personal journey is this book, which examines the interpersonal and interinsti- tutional dynamics of a World-War-II Bucharest focused on the project of economic Romanianization, and tells a story of the power of basic human feelings – greed, opportunism, friendship, and resilience – which were exacerbated during the dark times of World War II. I would not have been able to complete this work without the generous support and guidance of many people and institutions. I am grateful to them all but wary that, due to limited space, I will be able to acknowledge only some of the support I have received. This book and its strengths are also theirs while its weaknesses are only mine. Foremost, my family deserves my gratitude for their constant love, support, and patience. Even though they constantly worried about me and wished I could be closer to Bucharest, they also understood that my passion for this research prevented me from spending as much time with them as I wanted to. This book project benefited from the tremendous support given by the Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Clark Uni- versity. The Center’s dedicated scholars and friendly staff welcomed me like family from my first days in the US. Most importantly, I extend special thanks to Deborah Dwork, Rose Professor of Holocaust history, the founder and the driving force behind the success of the Strassler Center. An outstanding researcher and mentor, Dr Dwork played a cru- cial role in the development and completion of this book. Her intuition, patience, and advice proved invaluable for the success of my project. I am also deeply grateful to two other scholars, Dr Maria Bucur (Indiana University) and Dr Radu Ioanid, who guided my work with great knowl- edge and enthusiasm. At Clark I also benefited from discussions with remarkable colleagues including Taner Akcam, Cristina Andriani, Betsy Anthony, Josh Franklin, Michael Geheran, Adara Goldberg, Alexis Herr, ix x Preface and Acknowledgments Thomas Kühne, Kurt Umit, Jeff Koerber, Natalya Lazar, Jody Manning, Robert Melson, Michael Nolte, Ilana Offenberger, Raz Segal, Srinivasan Sitaraman, Joanna Sliwa, Valerie Sperling, Shelly Tenenbaum, Henry Theriault, Jaan Valsiner, and Johanna Ray-Vollhardt. Their enthusiasm and friendship encouraged me in my endeavors. Through the Center I also met wonderful people for whose friendship and constant support I am very thankful. I am especially grateful to Tatyana Macaulay, Ghislaine Vaughn, Margaret Hillard, Mary Jane Rein, Katrin Kullasepp, Adrian Popescu Sumant Pustake, and Emily Terrana. Worcester residents, such as the Shabo and Rus families, made my stay in Massachusetts a spe- cial chapter of my life. Wonderful friends have hosted me in my travels across the US: the Franklin family from Yonkers, New York, and Dovico family from Boston, Massachusetts. The book would not have been possible without the generous support of the Claims Conference and the Rose Family, who sponsored the first years of my research. Thank you! The support from the Claims Con- ference proved crucial for the second time during my book project: in 2011 I was awarded a Saul Kagan Fellowship in Advanced Shoah Studies, which supported me during the last two years of writing. I thank the friendly managers, Lori Schuldiner Schor and Chavie Brumer, and the academic committee, comprised of extraordinary scholars, who proved to be great mentors as well: Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, David Cesa- rani, Steven Katz, Dalia Ofer, Alvin Rosenfeld, and David Silberklang. The Saul Kagan Fellowship was beneficial for my research in another way: it allowed me the opportunity to meet the other Claims Confer- ence fellows – promising emerging scholars of Holocaust studies – whose wisdom, knowledge, and friendship I greatly enjoyed. I also owe a great debt to the helpful archivists and historians who guided my journey through various archives and libraries worldwide. First of all, my project profited tremendously from the collections of the Romanian National Archives, Municipal Archives, and the Historical Research Center of the Romanian Jewish Community,
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