Layyah District Profile

Neighboring Risk

District Layyah Hazard, Vulnerability and Development Profile Neighboring Risk: An Alternative Approach to Understanding and Responding to Hazards and Vulnerability in Pakistan

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Citation: Neighboring Risk, RDPI, Islamabad, 2010

ISBN: 978-969-9041-02-0

Authored by: Abdul Shakoor Sindhu

Research Team: Beenish Kulsoom, Saqib Shehzad, Tariq Chishti, Tailal Masood, Gulzar Habib, Abida Nasren, Qaswer Abbas

Text Editing: Masood Alam

Cover & Layout Design: Abdul Shakoor Sindhu

Photos: Abdul Shakoor Sindhu, Saqib Shehzad, Beenish Kulsoom, Tariq Chishti, Asif Khattak

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Available from: Rural Development Policy Institute Office 6, Ramzan Plaza, G-9 Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: +92 51 285 6623, +92 51 285 4523 Fax: +92 51 285 4783 Website: www.rdpi.org.pk Be a part of it Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI) is a civil 'Plan' is an international organization working in initiative aimed to stimulate public dialogue on policies, Pakistan since 1997. Plan's activities focus on safe inform public action, and activate social regrouping to motherhood and child survival, children's access to celebrate capacities and address vulnerabilities of quality education, water and sanitation, community resource-poor rural communities in Pakistan. RDPI capacity building, income generation and child undertakes research, planning, advocacy and rights. Plan works in partnership with first and demonstration of pilot projects in the key thematic areas foremost with children, their families and of Disaster Risk Management, Environment, Adaptation to communities but also with government Climate Change, Sustainable Livelihoods, Appropriate departments/ agencies and other developmental Technologies, Local Governance, Community Media, and organizations in addressing the key issues impacting Basic Education. children in Pakistan. www.rdpi.org.pk www.plan-international.org Neighboring Risk

Research Team Abdul Shakoor Sindhu Saqib Shehzad Research Team Leader and Author Tailal Masood Almas Saleem LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Source: Layyah District Census Report 1998 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Variable Value Area and Administrative Divisions

E Area 6291 sq.km 3 Number and name of Tehsils Layyah, Karor Lal Easan and C Chobara Number of Union Councils 44 Number of Mauzas 720

N Climate and Land use Average annual rainfall Less than 125mm

A Percentage of area under forest cover 0.63% Percentage of cultivated area 75%

L Percentage of uncultivated area 24.5% (including forests) Demography Estimate Population (2006) 13,73,000

G Estimated Population Growth rate (1998-2006) 2.57%

% increase in population (1981-2006) 106% Male-female ratio (Census1998) 107

T Proportion of urban population 13% Proportion of children population less than 10 years 32.3% (Census 1998)

A Proportion of population less than 18 years (Census 1998) 51.4%

Housing Housing units having pacca structure (in terms of walls) 62.5%

T Proportion of housing units comprising of one room 19.5% Proportion of housing units without any toilet facility 48% Proportion of housing units without electricity 18%

C Percentage of households using biomass fuels for cooking 98% I and heating Proportion of households with piped water supply 8% Education and Literacy R Both Sexes: 50% Adult literacy (among population 15 years and older) Male: 68% Female:31% T Health Percentage of Children (12-23 month) yet to be fully 11% immunized S Percentage of pregnant women receiving tetanus toxoid 45% injection

I Percentage of deliveries taking place at home 93% Percentage of women having access to prenatal and Prenatal: 51% postnatal care from a formal health facility Postnatal: 25%

D 1 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

GG RankingCriteria Rank

NN Most Deprived District (Overall Provincial Rank Order) out of 34 II Districts for Punjab

KK 1: Least Deprived and 34: Most Deprived 31

NN Source: Jamal et al, Mapping the Spatial Deprivation of Pakistan, SPDC

AA Districts Falling in the List of Ten MostDeprived Districts

RR 1:Most Deprived etc

YY Source : SPDC, 1998 Ranking of Districts on the basis of Z-Sum Technique out of 97

II Districts of Pakistan 39 LL (CRPRID, 2005), Akhtarand Sarwar, Social Development and

II Quality of Living in Districts of Pakistan, 2007

BB Ranking of the Districts on the basis of WFS Technique (CRPRID, 2005), out of 97 Districts AA 29 Akhtar and Sarwar, Social Development and Quality of Living in

RR Districts of Pakistan, 2007 Districts Falling in the list of Least Developed Areas mentioned

EE by MTDF (2005-10) Included

NN Districts Falling in the list of Districts vulnerable mainly to Included

LL flooding (NDMA,2008) RankingCriteria Districts Most affected by floods in 2005 in Punjab UU Included

VV Most Flood Prone Districts of Pakistan. A list by METDeptt . Included

DD Districts most likely to be affected by Floods A list by Federal Included Flood Commission

NN Ranking Based Upon PSLM 2006-07 (Out of 35 Districts of Punjab including

AA Criteria

Islamabad)

TT Literacy amongpoulation 10 years and older 17

NN Adult Literacy (15+) 18

EE Percentage of Children Aged 12-23 Months That have been fully 15

MM Immunized

PP Children Under 5 Suffering from Diarrhea 13

OO Pregnant Women who have received Tetanus Toxoid Injection 4

EE Percentage of Households with Piped Water Supply 32

VV Percentage of Households having a flush latrine 26

2 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Hazard Description

Y River Flooding Layyah was one of the most affected districts in 2005 by

T floods/heavy rains in river Indus when 88 villages, 67970 persons

I and crops on 1, 59,992 acres of land were affected. 6005houses

L were partially and 8005 houses were completely destroyed at that

I time. (Federal Flood Commission, Punjab Relief Department). According to the Layyah istrictFlood Fighting Plan, 2008, 64 villages B in Tehsil Layyah and 25 villages in Karor are vulnerable to flooding in river Indus. Roughly 1/3rd portion of its 2 out of 3 tehsils- Karor Lal

A Easan and Layyah is riverain and falls on the left bank of river Indus.

R Droughts The third TehsilChobara that forms some 44% of the district is a desert on larger part and is very thinly populated. Tehsil Chobara

E suffers from drought conditions in almost a rotational manner. Climate Gram that has become a major cash crop of this area is a N Change complete gamble as it depends on timely and sufficient rains. Under the changing weather patterns and climate variability the L rain patterns are disturbed and unpredictable making local’s livelihood quite vulnerable. U River Erosion . River erosion is a common phenomenon in the riverain area and has so far swallowed large bulks of agricultural lands.

Brackish The underground water in the desert zone is brackish but Drinking localcommunities drink it and also use it for irrigation as it supports

D Water selected crops. Frost Frost is common in the riverain and canal irrigated zone during N December and January and affects people’s health, crops and vegetables. A Dust Storms Dust storms are common in the desert zone during summer.

S Deforestation The deforestation is on rise in Layyah and is being sponsored by more than 500 charcoal kilns that have been installed mostly

D along the roadsides in the district. These kilns are being run by the people from Tribal agencies of South and North Waziristan.

R Road Accidents

A Accidents Casualties

Z Fatal Non-Fatal Total Killed Injured Total

A 45 44 89 57 116 173

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE S

L N

N U

O 7

O I

5 N

4 U

E 2 N

Flood Prone Union Councils D 1. Bukhari Ahmed Khan 2. Jhakhar

O 3. Lohanch Nasheb 4. Kotla Haji Shah

O 5. Basti Shadoo Khan 6. Baseera

L 7. Warah Serah F

4 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Villages Likely to be Affected During Flood 45. Noor Khirani Neshab Season 46. Vehniwal Nesheb

S Tehsil Layyah 47. Pahar Pur Nasheb 1. Bhand Nasheb 48. Bet Wasawa Khan Wala 2. Nousshera Nasheb

E 49. Bet Wasawa Kalroo Wala 3. Warha Ghiskori 50. Bet Wasawa Shumali 4. Basti Shadu Khan 51. Jhorar Nasheb

G 5. Elyani 52. Soyia Nasheb 6. Nooray Wala Pacca 53. Khoni Kalru Nasheb 7. Thind Kalan Nasheb 54. Ghallo Arval A 8. Thind Khurad Nasheb 55. Sakhani Wala 9. Kotla Haji Shah Nasheb 56. Bait Kalroo

L 10. Nooray Wala Katcha 57. Zour 11. Jhok Hassan Khan 58. Bait Kalroo

12. Sumra Nasheb Patti Shumali Katcha 59. Bait Baloo L 13. Sumra Nasheb Patti Janobi Katcha 60. Bait Gujji I 14. Summra Nasheb Patti Shumali Pacca 61. Bait Ghadi 15. Summra Nasheb Patti Janobi Pacca 62. Blouch Khan 16. Bet Thori

V 63. Bakhra

17. Sehmal Nasheb 64. Shah Wala

18. Dullo Nasheb 19. Lohanch Nasheb Tehsil Karor

E 20. Samtia Nasheb 1. Sahu Wala Katcha 21. Kotla Qazi Nasheb 2. Sahu Wala Pacca 22. Saidu Nasheb 3. Shahani N 23. Kunnal Nasheb 4. Sanjh Isra 24. Gutt Nasheb 5. Khokhar Isra Nasheb 25. Mirani Katcha 6. Aulakh Nasheb O 26. Mirani Pacca 7. Shahpur Nasheb 27. Nangi Lohanch Katcha 8. Docharkha Nasheb

R 28. Nangi Lohanch Pacca 9. Sheen Wala 29. Sarishta Nasheb 10. Katcha Bahar Shah 30. Jaisal Nasheb 11. Laskani Wala P 31. Venjhera Nasheb 12. Basssera

32. Bhai Sadho Ram Nasheb 13. Mochi Wala Katcha 33. Warrer Nasheb 14. Mochi Wala Pacca

34. Bait Dewan 15. Bet Bakhshinda Shah D 35. Jakhar Pacca 16. Dinpur 36. Jakhar Katcha 17. Basti Mohan shah

37. Chijhran 18. Moongar O 38. Khokhar Wala Pacca 19. Wadheyawali 39. Khokhar Wala Katcha 20. Khai

O 40. Norasi 21. Waran Sehran 41. Khawas Khail Neshab 22. Dad Shah Jandan Wala

42. Rakh Khokar Wala 23. Dad Shah Faqeeran Wala L 43. Kharal Azeem Nesheb 24. Rakhwan

44. Jam Rid Neshab 25. Dapi Makoori F Source: District Government Layyah, Flood Fighting Plan 2008 5 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Location, Area and Administrative Division Layyah is one of the southern districts of Punjab province. Located at 30°45' to 31°24' north latitude and 70°44' to 71°50' east longitude, district Layyah is bounded on the north by District Bhakkar, on the east by District Jhang and on the south by District

Muzaffargarh. River Indus making the u

western border of the district separates h

d n

it from District Dera Ismail Khan (NWFP) i

and Dera Ghazi Khan. o

a h

Layyah covers an area of 6291 sq.km S

and makes 3% area of Punjab and 0.8% u d

area of Pakistan. b A

Administratively Layyah is divided into three Tehsils, 44 Union Councils and 720 Mauzas or revenue units. In terms of area, Chobara is the vastest tehsil that covers 44% area of the district.

Layyah got the status of district on July 1, 1982. Prior to this it was a tehsil of District Muzaffargarh. Before coming under the administrative jurisdiction of District Muzaffargarh, Layyah was part of Dera Ismail Khan District. These arrangements had had impacts on the social, political and economic relationship of Layyah with these districts.

Layyah is now part of Dera Ghazi Khan Base Map Source: Oxford Atlas of Pakistan Division besides the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur and Area Proportion of the District ‘s Muzaffargarh. All these four districts District/Tehsil (Sq. K. M) Area makes the southern most zone of Punjab. Layyah Distt. 6291 100% Chaubara 2755 44% Karor 1824 29% Layyah 1712 27%

Source (Area): Layyah District Census Report 1998

6 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Physical Features/Charecteristics Geology Geologically the area where Layyah lies Sedimentary Rocks is formed of sedimentary rocks of Quaternary Type quaternary type. The soils in the district can be divided into two broader categories. The area/strip that lies along river Indus is part of its active flood plain and composed of loamy and some stratified sandy soils that are found in young flood plains. The area lying next to this is part of Thall desert. Here rolling to hilly sandy soils of aeolian deserts are found.

Source: Atlas of Pakistan, Survey of Pakistan The difference in soils structure and moisture regimes in the district has Natural Vegetation translated into difference in the natural vegetation. In the riverain zone, thorny Thorny vegetation is found where as in the desert zone, desertic and semi desertic Desertic/Semi Desertic vegetation are found.

In terms of natural use of land, major portion of the district can be termed a rough grazing land. The areas lying along and closer to river Indus are arable lands. Small pockets of the district are under the forest cover.

Climatically Layyah is part of the hot, arid/dry zone of Pakistan. The average annual rainfall is less than 125mm. The Source: Atlas of Pakistan, Survey of Pakistan area receives most of the rainfall during summer. The summers are long and Soil Structure very harsh. Dust storms are quite Loamy and some sandy stratified powerful and common in the desert soils of young flood plains zone. In this zone, even during the summer, nights are very pleasant. The Rolling to hilly sandy soils winters are short and moderate. of Aeolian deserts

In the canal irrigated and riverain zone, during winter months of January and February, very thick fog in the morning is a common phenomenon while at the same time frost damages crops and orchards.

Source: Atlas of Pakistan, Survey of Pakistan

7 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Rainfall Zoning Map of Pakistan

Location of Layyah

Less than 125 mm/anum

Source: Atlas of Pakistan by Survey of Pakistan

Landuse Map of Pakistan

Location of Layyah

Rough Grazing Land Arable Agriculture Land Land not available for cultivation Forest Cover

Source: Atlas of Pakistan by Survey of Pakistan

8 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE Demography According to the population estimates for 2006 (..)the district had a population of 13,73,000 up from a total population figure of 11,20,951 recorded in census 1998. From 1998 to 2006, the population grew with an estimated annual growth rate of 2.57% down from a very high annual growth rate of 3.1% recorded for the period 1981-1998. During 25 years from 1981 to 2006, an increase of 106% had occurred in the population of the district. Since the time of first census in

1951, there is a 7 fold increase in the

k a

district’s population. t

f i

85% of the district’s population s inhabits its western zone that A neighbors river Indus and where extensive agriculture is practiced with tube wells and canals. This zone is divided into two Tehsils- Layyah and Estimated Population 2006 13,73,000 Karor Lal Easan that make 56% area of the district. The eastern part of the district is a desert and makes part of Population (Census 1998) District : 11,20,951 Thall desert and is dominated by sand dunes. This zone can be subdivided into Layyah Tehsil: 5,91,042 two regions-the western canal irrigated Karo Tehsil: 3,68,899 region and eastern sand dunes. The ChobaraTehsil: 1,61,010 eastern or desert zone of the district Average Annual Growth Rate 3.10% cover 44% areas of the district but is (1981-98) inhabited by 15% of the population of Source: Layyah District Census Report 1998 the district. Here the population density is still very low-72 persons per square kilometer compared to 245 Population (Thousand Person) persons/sq.km in Tehsil Karor and 426 District/ persons/sq.km in tehsil Layyah. Tehsil 1951 1961 1972 1981 1998

The male female sex ratio in Layyah Layyah continues to be in the favor of male Distt. 162 273 495 666 1121 population as there were 107 males Chaubara against every 100 females in 1998. This 17 36 65 94 161 balance improved a bit as in 1981, Karor there were 111 males against every 100 50 92 174 226 369 females. Layyah 95 145 256 346 591 Layyah is urbanizing at a very slow Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2004-05

9 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE pace. It is estimated that 13% Sex Ration (Census 1998) 106.8 males per 100 females population of the district is residing in the urban areas/settlements. It is Average Household Size (Census 1998) 7.3 interesting to note that urbanization has not happened at all in the Chobara OccupancyRate (Census 1998) 3.2 Tehsil where all of the population Source: Punjab Population Atlas 1998 resides in the rural settlements. The historical demographic trends suggest that share of the urban population in Sex Ratios (Males the overall population mix of the district 1981 (000’ Persons) 1998 (000’ Persons) has been static. In 1951 the proportion Distt/ per 100 Females) of urban population was 10.8% that had Tehsil Both Male Female Both Male Female 1981 1988 Sexes Sexes reduced to 9.4% by 1981. And during last 27 years, it is estimated that there Layyah Distt. 666 351 315 1121 579 542 111 107 has been only 3-4% point increase in the Chaubara proportion of urban population. 94 49 45 161 84 77 109 109

Karor The urban settlements in the district are 226 119 107 369 189 180 111 105 few (4 only) and small. The biggest Layyah settlement is Layyah town which had a 346 183 163 591 306 285 112 107 population of 72,000 in the census 1998. Source: Layyah District Census Report 1998

According to Census 1998, 32.3% population of the district was comprised Percentage of Urban-Rural 12.86% Urban, 87.14% Rural of children aged less than 10 years of Population (Census 1998) age while more than half (51.4%) population aged less than 18 years. Proportion of Urban Population Census 1951: 10.8% (Historical Trends) Census 1961:9.2% Census 1972:8.5% Census 1981: 9.4% Source: Punjab Population Atlas 1998

Estimated as 1998 No. of UCs As per 1998 Census Urban 2006 Distt Proport Tehsil Tot Urb Rur Total Urb Rura Total Urb Rur ion (%)

Layyah 119 44 6 38 1121 144 977 1374 177 12.8 Distt. 7 Chaubara

h 7 - 7 161 - 161 198 - 198 -

r Karor

o 14 2 12 369 38 331 447 47 400 10.3

S Layyah

u 23 4 19 591 106 485 729 130 599 17.9

b A Source: Punjab Development Statistics

10 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

MajorTowns and Their Population Layyah: 72319 (Census 1998) ChowkAzam:33541 KaroLal Easan: 22595 Fatehpur: 15748 Population Density (Census 1998) District: 178 persons/sq.km

Tehsils

a Layyah: 345.23 persons.sq.km z

Karo: 202.25 persons/sq.km h

b Chobara: 58.44 persons/sq.km i

a Population Density (Historical Census 1951: 26 Persons/sq.km S Tends) Census 1961: 43 Persons/sq.km Chowk Azam, District Layyah Census 1972: 79 Persons/sq.km Census 1981: 106 Persons/sq.km Source: 1998 Census Atlas of Punjab

Population Spread in Layyah District

Source: 1998 Census Atlas of Punjab

Major Towns of Layyah, their Location and Population (Census 1998)

3 1 Layyah: 72319 2 ChowkAzam:33541 4 3 KaroLal Easan: 22595 4 Fatehpur: 15748

2 1

Source: 1998 Census Atlas of Punjab

11 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE Housing Over the last one decade, the housing stock in the district appears to have been improved substantially. In 1998, 63% housing stock in both urban and rural areas was composed of katcha structures. In 2006-07, it was noted that

this proportion had reduced to 10% in

urban and 42% in rural areas (in terms h

n i

of pacca walls). S

o k

Most of the houses both in urban and a

rural areas have 2-4 living rooms. 3/4th u d

of the housing stock is composed of b A such houses. Baee Khoo, Chobara, District Layyah

More than half of the rural houses do Total Housing Units (Census1998) 1,52,050 not have any toilet facility whereas in urban areas, 95% household have got a HousingTypes and their proportion Pacca: 28% toilet facility inside the house. Semi Pacca: 9% Katcha: 63% There are a considerable number of Source: Layyah District Census Report, 1998 rural settlements in Layyah, which are Subsidized Category Own Rent Free Tot al yet not provided with electricity. 22% Rent rural household are found to be living without this facility while in urban areas % Overall 94.97 2.53 2.50 0.00 100 only 1% household are deprived of this Distribution facility. of H/H by Urban 83.84 12.67 3.49 0.00 100 Housing Biomass continues to be used as fuel for Tenure Rural 97.31 0.40 2.29 0.00 100 cooking and heating by almost all rural Source: PSLM 2006-07 Sheet/ and 9/10th of urban households. Piped RCC/ Wood/ Iron/ Other Tot al gas supply is only provided to RBC Bamboo households in Layyah town. Cement % Overall 6.55 50.91 33.67 8.86 100 1/5th of the urban and a small Distribution proportion of rural (5%) households of H/H by Urban 17.82 27.51 49.19 5.48 100 have an access to piped water supply. Material Hand pumps are a major source of Used for Roof Rural 4.18 55.83 30.41 9.57 100 getting water for both urban and rural Source: PSLM 2006-07 households. A considerable number of Burnt Mud Wood/ urban households have installed motor Bricks Bricks/ Other Tot al Bamboo pumps whereas in rural areas, the Blocks Mud motor pumps are slowly replacing the % Overall 62.47 36.69 0.65 0.20 100 hand pumps. Distribution of H/H by Urban 90.19 9.81 0.00 0.00 100 Material Used for Rural Walls 56.64 42.33 0.79 0.24 100 Source: PSLM 2006-07 12

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

5 & More One Room 2-4 Rooms Total

Rooms

S S % Overall 19.47 75.16 5.37 100 Distribution

Urban N N of H/H by 14.28 81.78 3.94 100 No. of

Rooms Rural 20.57 73.77 5.67 100

O O

Flush Non Flush No Toilet

I I

% Urban 92.06 2.77 5.17 T T Distribution

of H/H by Rural 37.08 5.68 57.23 I I Type of

Toilet. Total 46.63 5.18 48.19 D

D Source: PSLM 2006-2007 N N Category Electricity Gas/ Candle Other Total Oil %

Distribution Overall 81.93 18.07 0.00 0.00 100

O O of H/H by Fuel Used Urban 98.89 1.11 0.00 0.00 100

for Lighting C

C Rural 78.36 21.64 0.00 0.00 100

Gas/ Wood/ Electricity Other Total Oil Charcoal

% G G Distribution Overall 0.00 1.84 98.06 0.09 100 of H/H by

Fuel Used Urban 0.00 9.50 89.97 0.53 100 N N for Cooking

Rural 0.00 0.24 99.76 0.00 100

I I

Source: PSLM 2006-2007

S S

Tap Hand Motor Dug Others Total Category

Water Pump Pump Well U U % Overall 7.79 79.44 12.77 0.00 0.00 100 Distributi on of

Urban 19.69 43.19 37.13 0.00 0.00 100 O O H/H by Source of Drinking Rural 5.29 87.06 7.65 0.00 0.00 100

Water H H Source: PSLM 2006-2007

13 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE Education and Literacy Urban Rural Total The official statistics show Layyah has Category made considerable progress in the (%) education sector over last one decade Mal Fem Tot Male Fem Tot al Male Fem Tot al in terms of enhancing the adult literacy and school enrollment. However some AL 86 61 74 64 24 45 68 31 50 grave issues continue to overshadow LP 87 67 77 69 35 53 72 41 57 the education sector in the district. Some of these issues are: PES 88 68 78 69 35 53 73 41 57 - Exactly half of the adult population (15 years and above) and 43% population PCPHE 79 60 70 54 24 40 59 30 45 aged 10+ are illiterate. - The literacy among the adult rural PEGS 49 44 47 94 93 94 87 87 87 women/girls is less than half of that among the urban ones. AL: Adult Literacy (among population 15 years and older) - The population that has ever attended LP: Literacy among population 10 years and above school is considered as literate PEGS: Primary Level Enrolment in Government Schools as percentage of population. total Primary Level Enrolment - Only 45% population in the district has PCPHE: Percentage of Population having completed Primary Level or completed primary or higher levels of Higher education. 24% rural girls/women fall in PES: Percentage of Population having ever Attended School this category compared to 60% urban girls/women. Source: PSLM 2006-07 - The government sector primary Number Enrolment (1000) Teaching Staff schools have an extremely important Category place in educating the local population. Tot Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls 87% of the priarmy school going Govt. children are enrolled in the government Primary 960 422 538 102 49 53 2656 1325 1331 primary schools in the district. In Rural Schools Govt. areas these schools are catering to the Middle 187 76 111 38 20 18 1487 739 748 needs of 94% children while in urban Schools Govt. areas the priavate institutions have a High 84 55 29 48 31 17 1508 994 514 slightly bigger share than the School Source: Punjab Development Statistics government ones (55% compared to 45% by the government schools) Number Enrolment Teaching Staff Category Even the higher number of elementary Tot Boy Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls educational institutions for girls than for Govt. boys has not translated into bringing Mosques 356 - - 23397 - - 740 - - the girls at par with boys in terms of Schools Higher Sec. literacy. Schools 10 7 3 345 208 137 67 40 27 2004-05 Arts & The higher level educational institutions Science for boys are almost double than those Intermedia 15 10 5 6889 4137 2752 240 193 47 for girls showing diminishing te Colleges 2004-05 educational facilities as the girls move Arts & for higher level education. Science Degree 12 7 5 6713 3961 2752 197 150 47 Colleges 2004-05 Source: Punjab Development Statistics 14 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE Health Facilities S.H M.C.H Hospitals Dispensaries R.H Centers B.H Units T.B Clinics Distt. Centers Centres Tehsil No Beds No Beds No Beds No Beds No Beds No No Layyah Distt. 4 330 28 14 3 60 42 84 - - 15 3 Chaubara 1 40 9 4 - - 7 14 - - 1 1 Karor 1 40 10 10 1 20 18 36 - - 7 - Layyah 2 250 9 - 2 40 17 34 - - 7 2 Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2005 Use of Health Facilities Private Public Hakeem/ Homeo Chemist/ Siana/ Category RHC/BHU Other Disp/Hosp Disp/Hosp Herbalist Path Pharmacy Siani Urban 85.03 9.66 2.44 2.22 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 Rural 82.34 13.50 1.38 2.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Overall 85.84 8.51 2.76 2.05 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.00 Source: PSLM 2006-07 Percentage of Children (12-23 months) fully immunized (based on record and recall) Urban Rural Total

Category Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Based on Record & 100 100 100 88 84 86 90 88 89 Recall-Fully Immunized Source: PSLM 2006-07 Percentage of Children Under 5 Suffering from Diarrhoea (During 30 day prior to the survey) Urban Rural Total

Category Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Children Suffering from 11 16 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 Diarrhea in Past- 30 days Source: PSLM 2006-07

15 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE Health Type of Practitioner Consulted for Diarrhoea Cases Like the education sector, the health Percentage of Diarrhea Cases sector in Layyah also suffers from a Category number of issues especially affecting Urban Rural Tot al the lives and health of children and women. Some of these issues include: Private Dispensary/Hospital 91 87 88 - Despite an increase of 22.5% in the Govt. population of the district from 1998 to Hospital/Dispensary 0 6 5 2006, the number of public health RHC/BHU establishment has remained same. 0 6 5 LHW 0 0 0 - The public health facilities has quite a less coverage in terms of providing the LHV/Nurse 0 0 0 health services to the district’s population. This is evident from the fact Chemist/Pharmacy 0 0 0 that less than 1/10th of those fall sick consult a public hospital or dispensary. Hakeem/Homeo Path/Herbalist 9 0 2 - Even the performance or outreach of Other 0 0 0 the primary health care facilities like BHUs etc is minimal. Only 1.38% people Source: PSLM 2006-07 seeking medical care access these facilities. Pre Natal Consultation - The target of fully immunizing the Percentage of Cases children has yet not been achieved. Category 10% male and 12% female children are Urban Rural Total yet to be fully immunized. Health Facility 62 49 51 - The use of mobile health facilities like Consulted Lady Health Workers is quite less than Person/Facility Consulted desired. Only 12% women needing pre natal care, 13% women requiring post Home TBA 30 80 69 natal care and almost no children Home LHW needing treatment for diarrhea benefit 9 13 12 from the Lady Health Workers. Home LHV 4 1 2 - More than half (58%) rural women Home Doctors and 1/5th of urban pregnant women do 0 0 0 not receive tetanus toxoid injection. Govt. Hospitals/RHC/BHU 32 3 9 - A large majority of deliveries (95% in rural and 85% in urban areas) continue Private Hospital/Clinic 26 3 8 to take place at home mostly in the Others presence of traditional birth attendants. 0 0 0 - 3/4th of the women in both urban and rural areas do not have an access to Source: PSLM 2006-07 postnatal care from a formal health facility. 16 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Percentage of Pregnant Women Who Receive Tetanus Texoid Injection Percentage of Pregnant Women

S Category Urban Rural Total

N Pregnant Women Injected Tetanus 80 42 45

O Toxoid

I Child Delivery Location & Type of Assistance

T Home 85 95 93

I Govt. Hospital/RHC/BHU 1 3 3

D Private Hospital/Clinic 14 1 3 Other N 0 1 1 Total

O 100 100 100 Person that Assisted with Delivery

Doctor 11 5 6 Nurse

H 4 2 2 Trained 83 93 91 T Dai/TBA/Dai Family Member/ 1 0 0 A Neighbour/Friend Other 1 0 0

E Total 100 100 100

H Source: PSLM 2006-07

17 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Post Natal Consultation Percentage of Cases

Category

S Urban Rural Total

Health Facility Consulted 24 26 25

N Person/Facility Consulted

Home TBA 23 70 62

O Home LHW 0 13 11

I Home LHV 10 0 2 Home Doctors T 10 3 4

I Govt. Hospitals/RHC/BH 14 10 11 U Private

D Hospital/Clinic 42 4 11 Others 0 0 0 Total N 100 100 100 Source: PSLM 2006-07

S Children with their elders at village Lohanch, District Layyah. These children demanded provision of boiled eggs by the government at

H schools during winter. The reason-to face extreme cold, children explained. 18 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE Livelihoods District Layyah has witnessed a transformation in the livelihood systems with the advent of canal irrigation system and introduction of diesel and electric powered tube wells. Huge tracts of lands that were earlier either grazing lands or could afford rain fed agriculture

at maximum, were leveled into fields for u

year round cultivation. The introduction h

d n

of canals opened the doors for the i

settlers mostly from the central districts r

o o

of Punjab who came here as the lands k a

were much cheaper than those they h

had migrated from. Besides huge tracts u d of lands were also allotted to civil and b military bureaucracy mostly out of lands A that used to be common grazing lands. At work: A craftsman is making a Huqqa at his small shop in With the arrival of new inhabitants Chobara town, District Layyah. great social, economic and political changes have occurred in Layyah’s Land Utilization in the District traditional society. New towns like Chowk Azam began to emerge. Small Cultivated Area scale service industries and trade Reported Area opportunities also expanded in volume. Tota l Net Shown Current Fallow However the local economy could not be expanded to an extent that it could 474 224 250 absorb the local population looking for 628 income earning opportunities. Uncultivated Area A detailed account of local economic Cultureable Not Available for conditions and livelihood options Tota l Forest Waste Cultivation adopted by the local population can be traced in the District Census report 154 104 4 46 1998. According to this document: Cropped Area Area Shown - 14% of the total population of the district was economically active (a Tota l Kharif Rabi More than Once proportion much less than other districts studied). Of those belonging to 453 175 277 228 age group (10+), 20.5% were found to Source: Punjab Development Statistics2004-05 be economically active. Use of Chemical Fertilizers (000’ Nutrient Tons) - Of the total male population, only 1/4th was noted to be economically 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 active. 43 49 48 59 49 - 1.9% population was recorded to be working as domestic workers. Source: Punjab Development Statistics2004-05

19 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

- A very high level of unemployment rate among the economically active Tubewells population was recorded-23.2%. The unemployment rate among the urban No. of Diesel & Electric Tube wells Installed labor force was higher than that among Category the rural one- 25.2% and 22.8% Tot al Diesel Electric respectively. Tot al 44995 44802 193 - More than half of the rural labor force (52%) was noted to have agriculture as Private 44971 44801 170 the main profession followed by elementary occupations (29%). Govt. 24 1 23 - In the urban area some 40% labor Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2004-05 force was noted to have skills of elementary occupations followed by Tractors and their Use services, trading etc (20%). 1994 Census 2004 Census Category September March - 59% rural employed population was Number of Tractors found to be engaged in agriculture and 3746 6851 20 % in the construction industry. In Days Per Year urban areas 31% employed labor force 206 163 was noted to be engaged in Average Use of Tractor Time Hours Per Day community, social and personal 6 6 services, followed by 24.4% in Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2004-05 trading/hoteling and 19% depended on agriculture. Means of Irrigation Total Area Un-Irrigated - 68% rural and 48% urban labor forces was recorded to be self employed. The Category Irrigated jobs in the private sector were 495 71 engaging 16% rural and 25% urban labor force. 18.2% urban and 6.3% rural Total 424 economically active populations were in the government jobs. Canals 39

- 6.6% economically active population Wells - was noted to be comprised of unpaid family helpers. Tube Wells 125 Agriculture As discussed above, agriculture is the Canal Wells 4 source of livelihood for majority of the population in the district. Within the Canal Tube Wells 223 context of agriculture, the district can be divided into following zones: Others 33 1. Pacca Nasheb: The old flood plains of Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2004-05

20 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Indus which are now very much protected from the flooding through the construction of protection bunds.

2. Katcha Nasheb: The lands lying at the banks of Indus and are part of its active flood plain. These lands are affected

whenever the river overflows its banks. d

3. Layyah Thal Jandi and Karor Thal

Jandi: The Plain areas in the desert of q

a Thall where irrigated agriculture is made S possible. Salinity and Waterlogging Thal Kalan: The strips of hard land locally Category Area known as pattis lying between the sand dunes. The irrigation thrugh tube wells Area Surveyed 246400 is made possible. Here the agriculture largely depends upon timely and Saline Area 912 sufficient rains. Most of the agriculture in this area is not so laborious as the Water -Logged Area 39 lands do not need to be leveled and prepared with much input. Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2004-05 Over the last 2-3 decades orchards have Factories/Industries in the District become quite common. In 1978-79 only No. of Factories No. of Factories Employing Persons Employing Persons 1100 acres of land were under the Category As 30th June 2001 As on 30th June orchards. The amount land of such lands 2004 increased to 11000 acres by year 1998 (..). Total 9 49

The 1998 District Census Report Less Than 100 mentions that around 10% of the 6 46 district’s lands were severely water logged (0-2 meters deep water table) 100 or More 3 3 while another 10 were moderately Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2004-05 water logged (2-3 meters water table) ( Cooperatives >>) . However according to Punjab Category Layyah Development Statistics, only 0.015% of district’s lands are water logged while 0.37% are affected with salinity. Number 758

A network of canals measuring 962 km Membership (Thousand) 30 (..) in length is spread mostly in the western part of the district. Share Capital (Million Rs.) 4

The extent to which the settled Working Capital (Million Rs.) 97 agriculture in Layyah has reached can be Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2004-05

21 LAYY AH DISTRICT PROFILE

Production of Crops Crop Area ( 1000 Hectares ) Production ( 1000 Metric Tons)

SS (CottonThousand Bales) 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 200 01 02 03 04 05 01 02 03 04 4-05

NN Wheat 178 182 180 379 423 510

OO Rice 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2

II Sugarca 15 14 16 15 13 537 499 674 716 753 ne

TT Cotton 44 46 29 37 43 91 81 63 75 130

i t

o o

i r

a T

II Persian wheels are still operational especially in the desert zone of District Layyah. Most of the settlements in this part of the district

LL are known by the names of wells. 22 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE assessed from the fact that 75% area of Layyah is hot and dry, but the water the district is currently being cultivated. i

intensive crops like sugarcane are being t

h s This is to be noted that lands now i

cultivated on vast areas. A 40% increase h C

forming the district once used to house d

in the sugarcane production was o nomads carrying large herds of camels, o

recorded from 2000-01 to 2004-05. m h

goats and sheep wandering from place e M

to place in search of fodder for their q

Layyah has attained an important place i r livestock. The agriculture at that time a in country’s agricultural and livestock T was limited to the banks of river Indus production. This place can be assessed Livestock is an important or in the strips (pattis) lying between from following table: livelihood source especially for the sand dunes through Persian wheels. the desert dwellers of District Crop/Fruit/ Layyah. The extension in agriculture is made Contribution Livestock possible at the cost of riverine forests and common grazing lands. Currently Wheat Main only 0.63% area of the district is under some kind of tree cover. Pulses Main

Unlike other districts of Punjab and Edible Oil Secondary Sindh, the increase in the use of chemical fertilizers is not that large. Cotton Minor From year 2000-2004, 14% increase in the use of chemical fertilizers was Citrus Secondary recorded in Layyah. Cattle Main The expansion in agriculture activity and reduction in the availability of Buffalos Secondary canal irrigation water has resulted in the ever increasing dependance upon the ground water. In 1998, out of the Goat Secondary total irrigated area, 74% was canal fed. This proportion was noted to have Sheep Main reduced to 9.19% in 2004-05. At that Source: Oxford Atlas of Pakistan time 26% areas was being fed by the tube wells. This proportion slightly increased to 29% whereas area Forests and their Management Protected Forest dependant upon both canals and tube wells was noted to be 52.6% in 2004- Total Total Linear Compact 05. Compact (Running K.M.) The expansion in agricultural activity in Area Under Provincial Govt. Area Layyah is also dependant upon Transferred increasing tractorization. In just one to District decade (1994-2004), 83% increase in 13896 1534 Govt. the number of tractors was recorded. 10791 - However the average working time of a tractor in a year, reduced by 21%. Source: Punjab Development Statistics, 2005

23 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Economic Conditions Similarly, almost half of the urban and 1/3rd of the rural The PSLM 2006-07 survey notes that almost half of the household opined that the economic situation of their rural and 1/4th of the urban households in the district respective community improved. Compared to them are of the view that their economic condition have only 3% urban and almost equal proportion of improved. Compared to them 16% urban and 14% rural households were found to have an opposite view in this household think otherwise. regard.

Percentage of the district population and their views on the economic situation Much Worse Same Better Much Don’t Total Category Worse Better Know % Distribution of H/H Overall by the Perception of the 0.86 13.62 38.19 45.60 0.73 0.00 100 Economic Situation Urban 0.47 15.60 54.25 26.92 0.75 0.00 100

Rural 0.94 13.20 34.82 49.53 0.51 0.00 100 % Distribution of H/H by the Perception of the Urban 0.11 2.54 50.45 45.82 0.68 0.40 100 Economic Situation of the Community Rural 0.64 1.85 62.79 31.85 0.58 2.29 100

Overall 0.00 2.69 47.85 48.76 0.70 0.00 100

Source: PSLM 2006-07

Governance do not inspire many with their performance as 4/5th of The PSLM 2006-07 notes that a minimal proportion of the respondents recorded their dissatisfaction with people in the district are satisfied with the performance these services. of Policy. Interestingly a large proportion of both urban and rural population is shown to be satisfied with the The agriculture extension services important especially performance of pubic schools and Basic Health Units. for the rural economy need much improvement. Some 70% rural population directly dependant on these The family planning services important for the services was noted to be dissatisfied with this population welfare and health of women and children department’s performance.

Percentage of the population satisfied with the government services Basic Family category School Vatrinary Agriculture Police Health Unit Planning % Distribution Overall 47.41 18.55 78.31 41.12 31.29 4.61 of H/H Satisfaction Urban 47.54 20.58 85.92 9.67 0.00 5.63

Rural 47.39 18.12 76.71 47.73 31.29 4.39

Source: PSLM 2006-07

24 LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Organization S Thematic Areas/Activities

R Rural Development Policy 1. Community based adaptation to Climate Change Institute (RDPI) 2. Protection and conservation of grazing lands

O www.rdpi.org.pk 3. Environmental education and awareness 4. Mainstreaming non conventional but appropriate livelihood sources T 5. Local governance 6. Decentralized Disaster Risk Reduction

C Doaba Foundation 1. Sustainable Livelihood for the riverine communities A www.doaba.org.pk 2. Community based flood management

Oxfam 1. Working by supporting Doaba Foundation T www.oxfam.org.uk

N Pakistan Welfare Society 1. Micro Credit (PWS) 2. Education E 3. Community Physical Infrastructure 4. Agriculture support (seed banks)

M 5. Health 6. Advocacy on social issues

P Action Aid Has declared Layyah as its Development Area (DA) and is working

O www.actionaid.org/pakistan/ by supporting PWS

L South Asia Partnership 1. Lining of irrigation water courses (SAP-Pk) 2. Sprinkle irrigation schemes

E www.sappk.org Works in partnership with local NGOs and CBOs and on its own V Aashiana Welfare Society 1. Sprinkle irrigation schemes in desert zone 2. Lining of irrigation water courses

E 3. Education/Non formal schools

D 4. Adult literacy

Mehmood Welfare Society 1. Health

E 2. Free medical services 3. Environment

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

E River Flooding

R R - Undertake a detailed mapping of villages and spots that are

vulnerable to flooding, employing satellite imaging/GIS U U technology. If local government is not in a position to bear

the cost of getting digitized/GIS maps in the short run, the T T local government should seek help from NDMA, Provincial P&D department, SUPARCO or Ministry of Environment in

this regard. All these institutions are working with these U U technologies and have developed their databases. For

instance NDMA is to prepare a national Vulnerability Atlas, F

F Ministry of Environment is preparing a national land-use

plan and so on. R R - Improve conventional flood fighting plans by incorporating Tehsil Municipal in them factors like 'community preparedness, maps, Administration (TO

updated socioeconomic conditions of vulnerable villages Planning)

E E etc.

NDMA

F F - Impart training to the concerned departments like police,

revenue, agriculture, irrigation, education, health etc on SUPARCO A A how to deal with emergencies.

Ministry of Environment S S - Promote community based flood management /DRR

District Revenue

models being carried out by some non government organizations in Layyah Department

- Take measures to address the both structural and non A

A structural issues of flood management. The structural ones Oxfam

may include housing, mobility, embankments etc and non

structural ones; early warning system, community District Agriculture S S mobilization and organization, evacuation mechanisms, Department improved Natural Resource Management and livelihood

centred approaches etc. Issues Plan International

D D

- Women, grown up children and youth should be made the District Works and R R driving force and centre of community mobilization and Services Department organization efforts for community based flood Provincial Irrigation

Department

A A management/DRR.

- Promote CCDRR approaches by making the relevant

stakeholders of the concepts and practices of Community

W W

based DRR, Child Centred DRR.

O O

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

E River Flooding R R - Improve efficiency and response capacity of concerned institutions especially Civil Defence, police etc by providing

them necessary gadgets.

U U

- Strengthen services like Rescue II22, Rescue 15

T T - Establish a District Volunteer Pool (DVP) or a District

Voluntary Movement (DVM) by engaging youth of the U U district and especially from the vulnerable areas, and

provide them necessary tools and trainings. This pool F

F should be patronized or headed by a figure no less than a

District Nazim, District Coordination Officer or District Policy

Officer (DPO).

R R

- Revive scouting in both government and private schools.

E E - The long term measures may include should not be limited Civil Defence

to : a structural and non structural audit of existing

F F hydrological or flood protection infrastructure (protection Police

bunds, canals, spurs etc) to understand their contribution in A A increasing or decreasing the flood damages. The corrective District Nazim

measures should then be taken in light of this audit. S S District

- Establish a District DRR Committee on patterns of District

Coordination Development Committee. The DRR committee should have Officer

a capacity of understanding and vision for DRR, CCDRR and

A A

gender sensitive DRR approaches. This committee should District

screen every major development scheme to be launched in Education and Health

the district for the risk and potential it has related to Departments S S disasters and DRR respectively. The recommendations of this committee should be seriously considered. Such a Union Councils and

committee should be supported with required technical D D Union Administration staff from local government, private sector and non

government organizations. District Council

R R

- Establish a District Disaster Relief Fund. Such a fund CCBs

A A should be managed by genuinely respectable local citizens. Common citizens should be encouraged to donate regularly even small amounts like 5-10 rupees in the fund. There can

be various innovations to raise money for such a fund

W W including proceeds from Zakat, donations, sale of sacrificial

animals etc. This fund should not only fund the relief O O activities but also support communities through their

representative CBOs/CCBs to undertake community based T

T DRR.

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Droughts E E

DO Environment R R - Undertake a detailed drought risk, vulnerability and capacity study. District Disaster

Management Authority U U - Promote and support community seed banks especially in RDPI

the desert zone of the district. T T Oxfam

- Promote and support mass tree plantation campaigns. The U U government should take the lead by planting trees with the Action Aid

support of local communities on government lands (reserved PWS F

F grazing lands (Rakhookhs, road sides, canal banks and rive

banks etc) Dry Net (being coordinated by SCOPE,

Karachi R R - Promote technology of making fodder blocks, and modern

fodder storage and supplementing techniques Ministry of E E Environment/Sustainable

- Promote drought resistant and water efficient tree, fruit and Land Management F F crop varieties. The native trees like ber, jand, kareehn, jaali, Project/UNDP kikar, khagal, lana, lai etc should be promoted.

SAP Pk/Aashian

A A - Improve on farm water conservation and management

techniques including sprinkle, drip and pitcher irrigation Welfare Society

S S

District Agriculture

Department

A A

Provincial Forest

Department S

S Climate Change Local NGOs and CBOs

D D R R Undertake a Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation study for the district. Such a study should include all the sectors that are or DO Environment

susceptible to be affected by climate change. These sectors may A A RDPI include agriculture, water sector, forests, livestock, biodiversity,

health, housing, energy, food security etc. Oxfam/Doaba Foundation W

W Lead Pakistan

O O Ministry of Environment

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

River Erosion

E E R R - Undertake a comprehensive assessment of lands that have been, are being or will be eroded by the river. The Communities

assessment should also document the lands reclaimed from

U U the river. Union Councils and

Union Administration T T - Conserve and replant bela or riverine forests through

community support. DO Environment U U District Agriculture Department

- Promote grasses that are known to enhance the strength of F

F river banks. Such grasses are quite common in Bangladesh. Local NGOs and CBOs

especially those working in riverine

- Discourage agriculture and construction activity in areas that areas of the district. R R are at the risk of erosion. The District and Tehsil governments should make appropriate land use plans for these areas and Tehsil Municipal

Administration

E E ensure their compliance with the support of riverine communities, union administration, members of Union

Councils and revenue staff.

F F

A A

S S

Brackish Drinking Water

A A

- Promote appropriate/low cost water purification Communities

technologies like SODIS, sand filters, water boiling and S S desalination etc. District Education Department

PCRET D D - Make available drinking water testing facilities at local level. Organizations promoting

SODIS and other water R R - Launch mass awareness campaigns especially targeting purification technologies

schools and educational institutions and make them centers LHWs A A of activity. Ministry of Environment Ministry of Industries

(Special Initiatives Cell W W which is responsible for installation of Water

Filteration plants.

O O

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Frost

E E R R - Promote tunnel farming techniques Communities

- Document existing/traditional technologies for frost U U District agriculture protection being employed by farmers and undertake department

scientific research for their effectiveness and improvement. T

T Local NGOs

U U

F F

Dust Storms

R R - Promote tree plantation

Communities E E - Construct emergency shelters in the vast grazing areas where District Disaster many shepherd children are caught up in dust storms and do

Management Authority F F not find any place of refuge for themselves and their livestock (this suggestion was specifically made by shepherd children)

Forest Departments (as A A it manages the grazing - Restore natural vegetation cover especially on denuded sand lands)

dunes and in the grazing areas/Rakhookhs

S S

Works and Services

- Promote such plat varieties that spreads on soil and protects Dept.

it from being eroded.

A A

S S Deforestation

Union councils and D D - Stop encroachments on the government grazing lands. Union administrations

- Regulate the operation of charcoal kilns (currently more than

R R

500 such kilns are operating in the district) DO Environment A A - Enforce stricter penalties on illegal logging of reserved tree Provincial forest

stock department W W - Bring in place transparent and effective system for regular Local non government

monitoring of government tree stock. organizations O O - Promote tree plantation by involving schools and educational District Education

institutions. Department

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Road Accidents

E E R R - Ensure that highways, main corridors of movement within the district/intra-district roads and city roads are provided

with proper road furniture and safety measures U U Traffic policy - Educate children and common citizen about road/traffic

sense and precautionary measures Tehsil Municipal T T Administration - Strengthen road patrolling mechanisms

National Highway U U - Establish first aid/emergency centres at convenient distances Authority and locations on roads. These centres should be adequately

staffed and equipped, and during normal days should render Police Department F

F health services to common citizens.

National Road Safety

- Strengthen rescue 1122 service Program R R - Undertake a study to document existing coordination Schools/EDO education mechanism between police, government rescue services,

health facilities and non government emergency services like E E EDHI ambulance. Introduce appropriate reforms in the light

of the findings of the said study.

F F A A Pollution caused by Sugar

Mill

S S

- Ensure that big industrial Units comply with National Environment Quality standards and Self Monitoring and

Reporting Tools. Executive District Officer A

A Law and District Officer

- Strengthen Citizen Watch Groups to ensure the industrial units Environment compliance with the environmental standards.

Local, national and S S - Employ polluters pay principle. A study can be undertaken to international non assess the environmental and health damages being caused by government

such units. organizations.

D D - These actions which may appear against these powerful Monitoring committees

concerns require citizen support and political will on part of R R those who are in charge of affairs. The institution of District Environment Protection Officer Environment and monitoring committees need to be Agency and Department

strengthened. The District Council may form a District A A Environment Monitoring Committee. Such a committee should Management of also include local environmental experts and activists. The concerned industrial committee can also take technical support from relevant units.

provincial and federal government departments like EPAs and W

W non government organizations.

O O

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

HOUSING

E E R R Weak (katcha) housing

structures especially in U

U riverine area T T District Works and Services - Make available to poor riverine households (especially women) Department

technology options on safer but low-cost and appropriate U U housing designs, construction materials and building Housing and Physical

techniques. Planning Department F

- Low interest housing loans with easy repayment schedules for RDPI poor households

Doaba Foundation

R R

Akhuwat Foundation

E E

PRSP

F F

Khushhali Bank

A A House Building Finance

Corporation

S S

More than half of the rural houses do not have

any toilet facility

A A

Khushhal Pakistan Fund - Facilitate communities access 'Open Defecation Free

Initiative S S PRSP

- Health and hygiene awareness campaigns Doaba Foundation

D D - Low interest housing improvement loans with easy MUAWIN

repayment schedules R R Orangi Piltot Project - Promote Community Led Total Sanitation and Village level

Integrated Sanitation approaches Water Aid

A A

W W

O O

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

More than 90% E E households are dependent

on biomass fuels for R R heating and cooking using conventional stoves that

consume lot more fuel and U U emit smoke that is

dangerous especially for District Works and T T the health of women and Services Department (DO

young children Energy) U U PCRET - Promote Improved mud, ceramic and metal cook stoves

RDPI F F

- Promote biogas plants in villages by making available technical

support, subsidy and low or zero interest loans. PRSP

- Promote efficient solar heating and cooking devices by Akhuwat Foundation (to R R promotional campaigns and making available technical provide zero interest

support, subsidy and low or zero interest loans loans)

E E

F F

A A

Ground water is S

S extensively used for

drinking and other

household purposes. The A

A issues of contamination,

poor quality, brackishness, and wastage Local Print and electronic media

are common

S S

Communities D D Education Department - Introduce appropriate and low cost water purification

PCRET R R techniques especially SODIS, sand filters, water filteration

plants (especially in urban areas), and desalination etc. PCRWR A A CAP (Promotes SODIS technology)

LHWs

W W

O O

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

EDUCATION

E E R R Almost half of the adult population is illiterate.

The literacy levels in the

U U disaster prone

communities especially in T T flood prone and desert

areas are quite low. The U U literacy among rural

women is quite low and F

F in many riverine and

desert communities it is

almost zero.

R R E E - Encourage and support adult literacy initiatives of local,

provincial and federal government

F F - Introduce and promote peer-literacy programmes (teaching

each other within a community and household) EDO literacy

A A

- The unemployed educated youth both male and female of the EDO Education S

S district can be encouraged to work as part time teachers

provided they are provided with training and incentives. The National Education district government should allocate sufficient funds in the Foundation

annual budgets for literacy enhancement and take it as a top

A A

priority. Plan International

- The local non government organizations have established cost PWS S S effective and efficient education and literacy improvement

programs. Such organizations need recognition, appreciation Aashiana Welfare D D and support to extend their programs. However mechanism needs to be devised where such organizations could work in Punjab Education

partnership with local governments. Foundation

R R

- Employ ICTs for increasing education and literacy. Such ICTs A A may include community radio, TV, village computer centres and

mobile school programs.

W W

O O

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Girl children desirous of

E E continuing their education Local print and electronic

beyond primary levels media R R have to face functional (non availability of District Education

schools/colleges) and Department U U cultural issues. District Council

- Launch rigorous media and social campaigns for changing

T T societal attitudes towards girls' education. These campaigns District Administration should specifically be targeted at opinion makers and local

Education U U role models.

Monitoring Committees of F

F - Ensure the availability of school teachers and basic facilities Union, Tehsil and District

especially toilets, rooms and boundary walls in girls' schools. Councils

- The riverine and desert areas need preferential treatment in NGOs R

R this regard.

E E F

F Primary Health Care

A A S

S The health facilities are

almost non-existent in

riverine and desert A

A settlements.

- Poor mobility due to non availability of all-weather roads is one S S of the leading reasons which hinder people accessing health facilities and health staff reaching to them. The government District Council and

find an excuse for not providing road, health and other Administration

D D infrastructure/services in the riverine locations on the grounds

that this investment is on risk due to floods. While in desert District Health Department R R location population is very thinly distributed due to which

governments find it uneconomical to provide basic facilities. Health Sector NGOS A A This official mind set need a paradigm shift by giving preferential treatment to these areas in providing government Plan International

services to reduce poverty and vulnerability. An effective W

W delivery of mobile health services can be a starting point.

O O

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

The public health facilities E E have poor coverage.

- The staff absenteeism and non availability of medicines, and R R poor accessibility are the major reasons. The strategies to District and Tehsil

address them may include: Administrations

U U

- More investment in primary health care District Health Department

T T - Encouragement of private sector and philanthropists to provide Health Monitoring

health facilities. However an effective and transparent Committees of Union, U

U regulatory mechanism is required at local level. Tehsil and District Councils F

F - Monitoring of the health delivery system by operationalizing District Nazim and EDO

and strengthening health monitoring committees of Union, Health (to manage a

Tehsil and District Councils. complaint system) R

R - An effective complaint registration and redress mechanism.

E E 10% male and 12% female

children are yet to be fully

F F

immunized. A A District Health Department - The vaccinators often remain unable to fully cover the fringing

or harder to reach areas which include riverine and desert S S Local print and electronic

locations and thus many children in these areas missed out. media (an FM radio airs

The vaccination staff should be provided with proper transport program from Layyah)

facilities to reach these areas. Further there is a need to create A

A more education and awareness as in certain sections of society Health sector NGOs

there are reservations regarding the effectiveness of the

vaccination. These misconceptions and concerns should be Plan International S S addressed.

PWS

D D

The LHW program is not R R fulfilling its objectives.

- An effective community monitoring program led by the health A A Health Monitoring monitoring committees of Union, Tehsil and District Councils can contribute to great extent in making LHW program deliver its Committees of Union

objectives. Councils, Tehsils and W

W District - The LHW program needs support and encouragement as it provides a vast network of somewhat trained and organized

workforce. The non government organizations can make useful Health sector Non O

O programme linkages with them. Government Organizations

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Majority of deliveries takes E E place at home mostly assisted by Traditional Birth

Attendants. Many delivery- R R related complications and

avoidable deaths occur due U U to limited capacity, knowledge and health District Health Department

facilities on part of these T T birth attendants. LHW programme

Provincial Government

U U - In the absence of formal health facilities and staff, the role of Health Department

traditional birth attendants should not be overlooked. They are F

F rendering a valuable service. However, these attendants need Local and national NGOs

proper training. The local government or some non government

organization should take the lead by establishing a proper and PRSP R R fully equipped training centre for training of traditional birth attendants. It can also provide employment opportunity to

educated unemployed female youth at local level.

E E

F F LIVELIHOODS

EDO Finance and Planning A A (as he is responsible to Unemployment and promote investment in the

district) S

S underemployment are

rampant in both urban and TEVTA rural areas. The disaster

prone areas have extremely A A SMEDA

limited livelihood options

to fulfill the needs of their Akhuwat

inhabitants.

S S PRSP - Skill creation and skill enhancement programs are the need of

the hour. The technical training institutions capable of imparting D D marketable skills both in the government and non government PWS

sector are required. R

R RDPI - Credit institutions offering affordable and appropriate credit schemes both for men, women and youth are required.

Doaba Foundation A A - In the poorer households both male and female children have important roles in contributing to household incomes. Oxfam and Action Aid Special programs are needed that could help these children get

education along with income earning skills. The 'karkhana W W schools (schools where children are provided education along EDO Community with income earning skills. The products made by children are Development

sold to market with which children are provided with stipends) O O hold lot of potential in this regard. District Education

Department

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

Only 0.63% area of the E E district is under some kind

of tree cover.

R R - Members of every union council are required by the Local

Government System 2001 to launch tree and promote tree DO Environment

U U plantation campaigns. This legal provision should be

operationalized. The local government should set plantation Ministry of Environment T T targets for each planting season and bring in place an effective mobilization, financing and monitoring mechanism. Provincial Forest

Department

U U - The culture of raising tree sapling nurseries should be

Education Department F F promoted especially among women and youth. This can

provide them with additional incomes, livelihood options and

sapling for plantation in the district. Communities R R - The 'green school initiatives' and school environment clubs PWS can provide impetus to tree plantation campaigns.

RDPI E E The river banks and vast common grazing/forest lands and vast areas in the desert zone provide ample space to plant

Doaba Foundation F F trees. The tree stocks in these areas can bring multiple benefits including protection against river erosion in riverine Union Councils and Union

areas, protection against wind erosion and dust storms in the A A Administration desert zone and cash income for their owners/planters. In

districts like Layyah where huge tracts of lands are available S S District Agriculture

the local government should the target of gradually increasing Department

the forest/tree cover area to at least 5-10% of the total area of

the district.

A A

Ever increasing

S S dependence on ground District Agriculture

water for irrigation Department D D SAP Pk

- Rigorous campaigns to promote on-farm water conservation

R R and management Aashiana Welfare Society

A A - Innovative techniques like sprinkle and drip irrigation need to PWS be promoted by providing soft loans to interested farmers.

RDPI

W W

Oxfam

O O

Action Aid

T T

LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE

E Governance

R R

- Low levels of U U satisfaction with government services

including police,

T T agriculture extension,

veterinary and family U U planning etc.

- Absence of government F

F services and facilities in

riverine and desert

locations.

R R

- Address genuine needs of institutions like agriculture and E E livestock extension departments (transport facilities), police District Government

(removal of political interventions etc), lady health workers, F F basic health units and rural health centres. District Agriculture

- Ensure citizen monitoring through monitoring committees of Department A A Union Council, Tehsil and District Councils. District Health and

- Riverine and desert locations should be declared Education Departments S

S underdeveloped areas of the district and each year special

fund should be allocated for their development. Monitoring Committees of

- The local government can give special incentives to local, Union, Tehsils and District A

A national and international non government organizations to Councils

work in these areas and provide basic facilities.

- The local non government organizations should establish Tehsil Municipal S S 'Farmer Resource Centres' especially in the riverine and Administration desert areas in partnership with local government.

Local Activists D D - Strengthen the institution of District Ombudsman to improve the local government service delivery.

Local print and electronic R R - Strengthen the institutions like “Citizen Police Liaison media Committee', 'Public Safety Commission', Musalihat Anjuman

etc to improve law and order situation and redress people's Action Aid A A grievances with the police department. The establishment of these institutions has been provided in the Local Government

Ordinance 2001. RDPI W

W Doaba Foundation

O O

T T