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Through a Glass Darkly: Academic Reflections on the 20Th Anniversary of the Soviet Collapse Peter Rutland, Wesleyan University

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Through a Glass Darkly: Academic Reflections on the 20Th Anniversary of the Soviet Collapse Peter Rutland, Wesleyan University March 2012 • v. 52, n. 2 NewsNet News of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies Through a Glass Darkly: Academic Reflections on the 20th Anniversary of the Soviet Collapse Peter Rutland, Wesleyan University strife, and open warfare (specifically in the Caucasus, The 20th anniversary of the dissolution of the Soviet Union Moldova and Tajikistan.) was marked by a flurry of academic gatherings in December 2011. But the event did not generate the level of public interest This article addresses reactions in the Western and enthusiasm that greeted the 20th anniversary of the academic community, not inside the countries in question. collapse of communism in East Europe in 1989. The jubilee Within Russia, of course, these events are not seen as of the fall of the Berlin Wall was greeted two years ago not anything to celebrate. Vladimir Putin famously described the th only by extensive media coverage but also by the publication Soviet collapse as “the greatest political catastrophe of the 20 of several academic books that reflected on its causes and century.” And even liberals who welcomed the Soviet demise consequences. In contrast, to my knowledge, there were no now complain that what followed was not much better – the books released to coincide with the anniversary of the Soviet rebirth of a corrupt and authoritarian regime with strong collapse. roots in Soviet times. The latest Pew Center poll found that by 57 to 32 per cent, Russians believe that having a “strong The reason for the relative paucity of interest is leader” is more important than a democratic government. obvious. 1989 evoked a historical narrative of liberation And 61 per cent of Russians believe the transformation has and progress, where Good triumphed over Evil. 1991 was had a negative impact on prosperity.1 a messier affair, where narratives of decay and collapse competed with tales of national liberation and social rebirth. This article is based on my impressions of five The manner of the Soviet break-up – a failed hardline coup, conferences held to commemorate the Soviet collapse in that triggered the fragmentation of the federal state – did not late 2011. They include one that I organized at Wesleyan fit the East European pattern of a mostly non-violent popular University; three that I attended in Berlin, Seoul, and uprising. And subsequent developments in the former soviet Cambridge (England); and one at George Washington states were much less attractive. While the East Europeans University, whose proceedings I read. (with the exception of the former Yugoslavia) were headed The Wesleyan conference, entitled “What Was for NATO and the European Union, the post-soviet states the Soviet Union? Looking Back at the Brezhnev Years,” experienced economic collapse, social disruption, political convened on October 19-20.2 The idea was not to rehash Inside This Issue • March 2012 • v. 52, n. 2 Through a Glass Darkly 1 Publications 20 2011 ASEEES Donors 5 2012 ASEEES Graduate Student Prizes 22 2012 ASEEES Prizes 6 Personages 23 2012 Book Prize Nomination Instructions 7 News from ASEEES Affiliates 25 2012 Additional Prizes 10 2012 ASEEES Calendar of Important Dates 26 2012 Membership Form 12 Institutional Member News 28 From the US with Lust 14 Davis Student Travel Grant Information 30 From the US with Lust: A Response 16 Calendar 32 AUCA: The LIttle Engine that Could? 17 2012 Convention Preregistration Form 18 March 2012 • NewsNet 1 the proximate causes of the Soviet collapse, but to pose the challenges and to strike pragmatic bargains with self- question: what was it that collapsed in 1991? The Soviet interested incumbent elites, inherited from the Soviet era, Union under Brezhnev has received relatively little scholarly who still wielded tremendous political and economic power. attention in the West. The period is too distant to be worthy of study by political scientists, and yet recent enough that it These contradictions were on full display at the is only now attracting the attention of historians. conference “Independent Ukraine: Twenty Years On,” which took place at the University of Cambridge on December 8-9.3 Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev cleverly branded It is indeed remarkable that a nation of 46 million people – the Brezhnev period as the era of ‘stagnation’ (zastoi) to draw the largest in Europe by territory – appeared as a sovereign a contrast to what he portrayed as his own dynamic and entity without any of the strife and violence that is normally visionary leadership. The ‘stagnation’ label struck a chord associated with the birth of a new nation. The 2004 Orange in the West, which had become used to seeing a parade Revolution renewed hopes that independent Ukraine would of geriatric leaders atop Lenin’s tomb. But the 15 papers be a liberal state, but the revolution’s leaders fell into bitter presented at the Wesleyan conference revealed a USSR that feuding over the division of power and the spoils that went was dynamic and even innovative, with deep and widening with it. This process culminated in the February 2010 election regional and social differentiation. One common theme was of Viktor Yanukovich as president and the subsequent jailing that the way the system worked in practice diverged from of former Prime Minister Yulia Timoshenko in October the official account of how society functioned. The scholars 2011. In Russia, the state jailed troublesome oligarchs, but in at the workshop drew on a wealth of new sources – from Ukraine, the oligarchs jail the politicians. interviews with surviving participants to recently released archival materials. Stephen Kotkin gave the keynote address, It was thus understandable that a sense of in which he argued for the centrality of the military-industry disappointment pervaded the presentations of scholars complex in understanding the economic dynamics of the Olexiy Haran and Mykola Riabchuk, who regretted the way Soviet system. Linda Cooke (Brown) reexamined the social that political competition has deepened the east-wide divide. contract, while Martin Dimitrov (Tulane) analyzed Politburo David Marples documented how the political feuding has responses to citizen complaints. Nikolai Mitrokhin (Bremen) consumed debates over historical memory. Former activist reported on the 90 interviews he has conducted with former Oleksandr Donnii explained how someone who grew up Central Committee officials. He found these officials to be in an ethnically mixed family and not speaking Ukrainian well-educated and quite innovative, not the bland ciphers turned into one of the leaders of the movement that brought that one might expect. Sergeui Oushakine (Princeton) and about Ukrainian independence in 1991. Olga Onuch Joachim Zweynert (Hamburg) gained new insights from an stressed the continuities in Ukrainian social mobilization examination of Soviet ideological debates over commodity that made possible the Orange Revolution, going back to the production and the economic mechanism respectively. dissidents of the 1960s. Onuch’s recently completed Oxford Knowing that the system would collapse, one now looks back PhD compares social movements in Ukraine and Argentina, at familiar old materials with new eyes. and is indicative of a new and promising trend in looking at post-soviet cases in a global comparative context. Danielle No-one is suggesting that the Brezhnev years were a Lussier’s doctorate (University of California, Berkeley) halcyon period of growth and stability, where Soviet citizens comparing Russia and Indonesia, or Laryssa Chomiak happily marched into a radiant future. But nor was it a giant (University of Maryland) juxtaposing Ukraine and Tunisia, Gulag staffed by browbeaten clones. Contrary to the rhetoric are other examples of this trend. of ‘stagnation’, the Soviet Union was not a country frozen in time. It was a society in flux, driven by processes of both Over 100 European scholars convened in Berlin decay and renewal. on December 1-3 to examine “Change, Continuity and New Challenges: 20 Years After the Soviet Union.”4 Half the The death of the Soviet Union meant the birth of sessions were in German, and half in English. (The meeting 15 new states (19, if one counts the “statelets” of Abkhazia, actually took place in the former East Berlin, which added South Ossetia, Karabakh and Transdnistria). For most of the some poignancy to the proceedings.) What was interesting regions’ residents, the struggle to survive in the 1990s in the about the Berlin conference was its breadth, both in terms face of massive socio-economic dislocation overwhelmed of countries covered and disciplines engaged – a sign that any enthusiasm they may have experienced at the prospect area studies is better preserved in Europe than in the US. of forging a new national identity. Even for nationalist There were papers not just on Russia and East Europe but intellectuals, their excitement at the rebirth of their nation also on Mongolia, China, Vietnam, Mozambique and Cuba – was quickly tempered by the need to deal with practical places where communist elites learned their lessons from the March 2012 • NewsNet 2 Soviet collapse and have mostly managed to stay in power. It Jong Il died the day the conference ended was a reminder was striking how many commonalities emerged as scholars that the Cold War is not yet over in this part of the world. described the political and economic processes unfolding in these otherwise disparate countries. It is important to be A conference convened at George Washington reminded of these commonalities, since so much academic University on December 7-8 under the rubric “Two Decades 6 work has of necessity been devoted to tracking the specific of Soviet Independence: What Have We Learned?” The 21 conditions in each country, whose histories have each short papers presented at the conference are forthcoming in followed their own complex and unique path since 1991. the journal Demokratizatsiya.
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