DOCSLIB.ORG

Micropower Energy Harvesting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Micropower Energy Harvesting Solid-State Electronics 53 (2009) 684–693 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Solid-State Electronics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sse Micropower energy harvesting R.J.M. Vullers a,*, R. van Schaijk a, I. Doms b, C. Van Hoof a,b, R. Mertens b a IMEC/Holst Centre, High Tech Campus 31, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands b IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium article info abstract Article history: More than a decade of research in the field of thermal, motion, vibration and electromagnetic radiation Received 17 November 2008 energy harvesting has yielded increasing power output and smaller embodiments. Power management Accepted 22 December 2008 circuits for rectification and DC–DC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from Available online 25 April 2009 these energy harvesters. This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results and their power man- agement circuits. The review of this paper was arranged by Prof. P. Ashburn Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Energy harvesting Micromachining Power management Micropower 1. Introduction different ambient situation are considered. They correspond to var- ious level of available power, and hence of generated electrical The low power consumption of silicon-based electronics has en- power. We notice that outdoor-light outperforms all other energy abled a broad variety of battery-powered handheld, wearable and sources, but indoor-light is fairly comparable to thermal and vibra- even implantable devices. A range of wireless devices spanning tion energy. We also notice that while industrial environments six orders of magnitude power consumption are shown in Table seem to have energy to spare, around the body energy is far more 1, with their typical autonomy. limited. All these devices need a compact, low-cost and lightweight en- Table 2 suggests that energy harvesters can be used effectively ergy source, which enables the desired portability and energy in the 10 lW to 1 mW range, which is typical of wireless sensor autonomy. Today batteries represent the dominant energy source nodes. A sensor node is a device made of (i) a sensor which will for the devices in Table 1 and alike. In spite of the fact that energy capture the required physical or chemical parameters, (ii) of an density of batteries has increased by a factor of 3 over the past ADC and signal processor module which will be used for trans- 15 years, in many cases their presence has a large impact, or even forming the measurements into useful (digital) information, and dominate, size and operational cost. For this reason alternative (iii) of a radio module which will allow communication with exter- solutions to batteries are the subjects of worldwide extended nal portable devices. investigations. One possibility is to replace them with energy stor- The power consumption of a sensor node has been estimated age systems featuring larger energy density, e.g., miniaturized fuel by various authors, recent works [2,3] quote values between 1 cells [1]. A second possibility consists in providing the energy nec- and 20 lW. Consumption strongly depends on the complexity essary to the device in a wireless mode; this solution, already used of the sensed quantity and on the number of times per second for RFID tag, can be extended to more power hungry devices, but it it has to be transmitted. Practical implementation of a sensor requires dedicated transmission infrastructures. A third possibility node show that 90 lW is enough to power a pulse oxymeter is harvesting energy from the ambient by using for example, vibra- sensor, to process data and to transmit them at intervals of tion/motion energy, thermal energy, light or RF radiation. Table 2 15 s [4]. The value of 100 lW reported in Table 1 is therefore summarizes the output power that could be obtained from envi- representative of relatively complex nodes, for systems operating ronmental sources when using optimized devices built with the at relative high data-rate. currently available transducer technology. For each type of sources, Wireless sensor networks are made of large numbers of small, low-cost sensor nodes working in collaboration to collect data * Corresponding author. and transmit them to a base station via a wireless network. They E-mail address: [email protected] (R.J.M. Vullers). are finding growing application in body area networks and health 0038-1101/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.sse.2008.12.011 R.J.M. Vullers et al. / Solid-State Electronics 53 (2009) 684–693 685 Table 1 Selected battery-operated systems. Device type Power consumption Energy autonomy Smartphone 1 W 5 h MP3 player 50 mW 15 h Hearing aid 1 mW 5 days Wireless sensor node 100 lW Lifetime Cardiac pacemaker 50 lW 7 years Quartz watch 5 lW 5 years Table 2 Characteristics of various energy sources available in the ambient and harvested Fig. 2. A typical scenario for the power consumption of a sensor node. Since the power. consumption does not equally match the harvester output, an energy buffer and power management IC in between is necessary. Source Source power Harvested power Ambient light 2 2 Indoor 0.1 mW/cm 10 lW/cm Table 3 2 2 Outdoor 100 mW/cm 10 mW/cm Characteristics of batteries and supercapacitors. Vibration/motion Human 0.5 m @ 1 Hz 1 m/s2 @50Hz 4lW/cm2 Battery Supercapacitor Industrial 1 m @ 5 Hz 10 m/s2 @ 1 kHz 100 lW/cm2 Li-ion Thin filma Thermal energy Human 20 mW/cm2 30 lW/cm2 Operating voltage (V) 3–3.70 3.70 1.25 Industrial 100 mW/cm2 1–10 mW/cm2 Energy density (W h/l) 435 <50 6 RF Specific energy (W h/kg) 211 <1 1.5 Cell phone 0.3 lW/cm2 0.1 lW/cm2 Self-discharge rate (%/month) at 20 °C 0.1–1 0.1–1 100 Cycle life (cycles) 2000 >1000 >10,000 Temperature range (°C) À20/50 À20/+70 À40/+65 a monitoring of machine, industrial and civil structures. These net- Data calculated including the packaging. works are intended in many cases to operate for a period of years. Because of the large numbers of devices and of their small size, Abolishing the energy storage system altogether is not an op- changing the battery is unpractical or simply not feasible. Increas- tion in most cases. In practice, a wireless sensor node needs a wire- ing the size of the battery to ensure energy autonomy during the less transceiver. The peak currents needed during transmit and lifetime of the system would increase system size and cost beyond receive operation go beyond what is achievable using the harvester what is tolerable. The combination of an energy harvester with a alone (see Fig. 2). Furthermore, buffering is also needed to ensure small-sized rechargeable battery (or with another energy storage continuous operation during times without power generation. system like a thin-film rechargeable battery or a super capacitor) Depending on the application, the energy storage system can be is the best approach to enable energy autonomy of the network a battery or a supercapacitor. over the entire lifetime. Most promising batteries are based on Li-ion-polymer and were In Fig. 1a comparison is made for several energy storage sys- first developed in 1997. Recently thin film and microelectronics tems. A volume of 1 cm3 is assumed. If the power consumption integration technology has been utilized to fabricate thin film bat- of the sensor node is approximately 100 lW, the lifetime of a pri- teries. Unlike conventional batteries, thin film batteries can be mary battery is only a few months. The combination of a recharge- integrated directly in Integrated Circuit (IC) packages in any shape able battery and an energy harvester with a power generation of or size, and when fabricated on thin plastics, some are flexible. One 100 lW is shown for comparison. In such case the harvester en- important drawback of this technology is higher impedance values sures power for the whole lifetime. when compared to Li-ion. As a result, the discharge efficiency [5,6] Fig. 1. Comparison of lifetime versus power consumption for several energy storage systems (1 cm3), including one with an energy harvester. 686 R.J.M. Vullers et al. / Solid-State Electronics 53 (2009) 684–693 of this battery will be lower when compared to that of a Li-ion bat- raised, reliability needs to be achieved, and cost-effective produc- tery with liquid electrolyte material. tion has to be established. Supercapacitors bridge the gap between batteries and con- In a first and rather crude approximation, resonant harvesters ventional capacitors. This technology is especially suited for can be treated as a velocity damped mass spring system, described applications where a large amount of power is often needed for by the following differential equation: fractions of a second to several minutes. m€z þðd þ d Þz_ þ kz ¼ my€ ð1Þ The main characteristics of the batteries and supercapacitors g are illustrated in Table 3. The characteristics calculated for the bat- z represent the motion of the mass,dg the damping due to the trans- teries and supercapacitors are based on measurements carried out fer of mechanical energy to the electrical load, d the one due to par- with in-house equipment and the best-known storage systems. It asitic effects, e.g. presence of air, friction of sliding surfaces and follows from Table 3 that battery and supercapacitors differ similar, k the spring constant of the suspension, m the moving mass strongly on the main parameters. Therefore, the choice between and y the amplitude of the frame movement in z direction (see the two systems for use as a buffer really depends on the require- Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Triboelectric Nanogenerator Networks Integrated with Power Management Module for Water Wave Energy Harvesting
    FULL PAPER Blue Energy www.afm-journal.de Triboelectric Nanogenerator Networks Integrated with Power Management Module for Water Wave Energy Harvesting Xi Liang, Tao Jiang, Guoxu Liu, Tianxiao Xiao, Liang Xu, Wei Li, Fengben Xi, Chi Zhang,* and Zhong Lin Wang* by the consumption of fossil fuels have Ocean waves are one of the most promising renewable energy sources for attracted worldwide attention.[1,2] It is large-scope applications. Recently, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) network highly urgent to search for other renew- has been demonstrated to effectively harvest water wave energy possibly able and clean energy sources. Water toward large-scale blue energy. However, the absence of effective power wave energy, which has abundant reserves and little dependence on environmental management severely restricts the practicability of TENGs. In this work, a conditions, is a promising renewable energy hexagonal TENG network consisting of spherical TENG units based on spring- source with great potential for large-scale assisted multilayered structure, integrated with a power management module applications.[3–5] However, such energy has (PMM), is constructed for harvesting water wave energy. The output perfor- rarely been exploited due to lack of eco- mance of the TENG network is found to be determined by water wave frequen- nomical energy scavenging technologies in spite of the great efforts devoted.[6–8] cies and amplitudes, as well as the wave type. Moreover, with the implemented So far, most demonstrated converters for PMM, the TENG network could output a steady and continuous direct current water wave energy rely on the electromag- (DC) voltage on the load resistance, and the stored energy is dramatically netic generators, which are heavy, bulky, improved by up to 96 times for charging a capacitor.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Sources for Wireless Sensor Networks
    Power Sources for Wireless Sensor Networks Shad Roundy1, Dan Steingart2, Luc Frechette3, Paul Wright2, and Jan Rabaey2 1Australian National University, Department of Engineering, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia [email protected] 2University of California at Berkeley, Department of {Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science}, Berkeley CA 94720, USA [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 3Columbia University, Department of Mechanical Engineering , 228 S.W. Mudd Bldg, Mail Code 4703, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027-6699, USA [email protected] Abstract. Wireless sensor networks are poised to become a very significant enabling technology in many sectors. Already a few very low power wireless sensor platforms have entered the marketplace. Almost all of these platforms are designed to run on batteries that have a very limited lifetime. In order for wireless sensor networks to become a ubiquitous part of our environment, alternative power sources must be employed. This paper reviews many potential power sources for wireless sensor nodes. Well established power sources, such as batteries, are reviewed along with emerging technologies and currently untapped sources. Power sources are classified as energy reservoirs, power distribution methods, or power scavenging methods, which enable wireless nodes to be completely self-sustaining. Several sources capable of providing power on the order of 100 µW/cm3 for very long lifetimes are feasible. It is the authors’ opinion that no single power source will suffice for all applications, and that the choice of a power source needs to be considered on an application-by-application basis. 1 Introduction The vast reduction in size and power consumption of CMOS circuitry has led to a large research effort based around the vision of ubiquitous networks of wireless sensor and communication nodes [1-3].
    [Show full text]
  • Micropower Generation Using Combustion
    Micro-Power Generation Using Combustion: Issues and Approaches A. Carlos Fernandez-Pello Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA FAX: (510)642-6163 e-mail: [email protected] Colloquium: 14. New Concepts in Combustion Technology. Micro-combustors Prepared for presentation as a Topical Review at the Twenty-Ninth International Symposium on Combustion, July 21-26, 2002, Sapporo, Japan ABSTRACT The push toward the miniaturization of electro-mechanical devices and the resulting need for micro-power generation (milli-watts to watts) with low-weight, long-life devices has led to the recent development of the field of micro-scale combustion. The concept behind this new field is that since batteries have low specific energy, and liquid hydrocarbon fuels have a very high specific energy, a miniaturized power generating device, even with a relatively inefficient conversion of hydrocarbon fuels to power would result in increased lifetime and/or reduced weight of an electronic or mechanical system that currently requires batteries for power. In addition to the interest in miniaturization, the field is also driven by the potential fabrication of the devices using Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) or rapid prototyping techniques, with their favorable characteristics for mass production and low cost. The micro-power generation field is very young, and still is in most cases in the feasibility stage. However, considering that it is a new frontier of technological development, and that only a few projects have been funded, it can be said that significant progress has been made to date. Currently there is consensus, at least among those working in the field, that combustion in the micro-scale is possible with proper thermal and chemical management.
    [Show full text]
  • IMPROVED MICROPOWER LOGIC CIRCUITS by John C
    IMPROVED MICROPOWER LOGIC CIRCUITS by John C. Sturman Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. JULY 1967 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM I111111 lllll llll 118 II18 1111 Ill 111 0130769 NASA TN D-4052 IMPROVED MICROPOWER LOGIC CIRCUITS By John C. Sturman Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTl price $3.00 lMPROVED MICROPOWER LOGIC CIRCUITS by John C. Sturman Lewis Research Center SUMMARY Modifications to a previously reported micropower logic circuit improve its perform- ance and make possible its fabrication in monolithic form. A further improvement in power consumption was made by designing the circuit to operate from power supply volt- ages that vary with temperature. Logical gating circuits that use these techniques are discussed. These circuits were designed to operate at pulse rates of approximately 100 000 pulses per second at power levels of approximately 100 microwatts each. At reduced pulse rates, the same basic circuits can be designed to operate at power levels as low as a few microwatts per ele- ment. INTRODUCTION A steadily increasing effort is being expended to develop low-power logic circuits and semiconductor devices suitable for them. This trend has been in effect for at least 6 years, although the motivations for micropower development have changed considerably during this period. Originally, low-power circuits were necessary to provide any reason- able life for experiments on the relatively small, weight-limited satellites then available. Today, it is possible to launch much larger payloads, but the experiments they carry have become so much larger and more sophisticated that they require a vast increase in the amount of electronics.
    [Show full text]
  • Micropower Generation Using Combustion: Issues and Approaches
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Micropower generation using combustion: Issues and approaches Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1q2284dj Journal PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE, 29 ISSN 0082-0784 Author Fernandez-Pello, Carlos Publication Date 2002-07-21 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Micro-Power Generation Using Combustion: Issues and Approaches A. Carlos Fernandez-Pello Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA FAX: (510)642-6163 e-mail: [email protected] Colloquium: 14. New Concepts in Combustion Technology. Micro-combustors Prepared for presentation as a Topical Review at the Twenty-Ninth International Symposium on Combustion, July 21-26, 2002, Sapporo, Japan ABSTRACT The push toward the miniaturization of electro-mechanical devices and the resulting need for micro-power generation (milli-watts to watts) with low-weight, long-life devices has led to the recent development of the field of micro-scale combustion. The concept behind this new field is that since batteries have low specific energy, and liquid hydrocarbon fuels have a very high specific energy, a miniaturized power generating device, even with a relatively inefficient conversion of hydrocarbon fuels to power would result in increased lifetime and/or reduced weight of an electronic or mechanical system that currently requires batteries for power. In addition to the interest in miniaturization, the field is also driven by the potential fabrication of the devices using Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) or rapid prototyping techniques, with their favorable characteristics for mass production and low cost.
    [Show full text]
  • Tritium:Tritium: AA Micropowermicropower Sourcesource Forfor Onon--Chipchip Applicationsapplications
    Tritium:Tritium: AA MicroPowerMicroPower SourceSource forfor OnOn--ChipChip ApplicationsApplications Nazir P. Kherani1, Baojun Liu2, Stefan Zukotynski1, Kevin P. Chen2 1Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4 Invited Presentation at Materials Innovations in an Emerging Hydrogen Economy February 24-27, 2008, Cocoa Beach, Florida Organized by the American Ceramic Society and ASM International Endorsed by National Hydrogen Association and Society for Advancement of Material and Process Engineering 1 OutlineOutline z Tritium: Basics z Tritium: A MicroPower Source – Beta-Voltaics – Beta-Powered MEMS – Beta-Luminescence – Cold Electron Source z Tritium: A Characterization/Diagnostic Tool – Tritium Tracer Studies – Tritium Effusion Studies – Defect Dynamics – Particle Sensor Applications z Summary 2 TritiumTritium z Isotope of Hydrogen 3 3 + − z H Æ He + β + νe + 18.6 keV z Nuclear Half-life: t ½ = 12.32 years λ = 1.78 x 10-9 s-1 z Activities: 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq 1 Ci = 0.39 std cc 1 Ci = 33.7 μW z Biological: Half-life: 10 days ALI*: 80 mCi *Annual Limit on Intake z Chemically: Identical to 1H Mass effect (~3amu) Beta catalysis z Range (max): 4.5 – 6 mm in air 5 – 7 micron in water 3 ProducersProducers && UsersUsers CANDU z Producers of Tritium – Ontario Power Generation (OPG) • ~1 kg/year – Korean Electric Power Company (KEPCO) – USA •
    [Show full text]
  • Electrolyte-Based On-Demand and Disposable Microbattery Ki Bang Lee and Liwei Lin, Member, IEEE, Member, ASME
    840 JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS, VOL. 12, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2003 Electrolyte-Based On-Demand and Disposable Microbattery Ki Bang Lee and Liwei Lin, Member, IEEE, Member, ASME Abstract—A micromachined battery based on liquid electrolyte and metal electrodes for on-demand and disposable usages has been successfully demonstrated. The microbattery uses gold as the positive electrode and zinc as the negative electrode and is fabricated by using the standard surface micromachining technology. Two kinds of electrolytes have been tested, including the combination of sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide. The operation of the battery can be on-demand by putting a droplet of electrolyte to activate the operation. Theo- retical voltage and capacity of the microbattery are formulated and compared with experimental results. The experimental study shows that a maximum voltage of 1.5 V and maximum capacity of 122.2 -min have been achieved by using a single droplet of about 0.5 l of sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide. [848] Index Terms—Battery, disposable micropower, MEMS, micro- machines, microsystems. Fig. 1. Schematic of a electrolyte on-demand and disposal microbattery: both I. INTRODUCTION positive electrode (gold) and supports for forming the electrolyte cavity are placed on the lower substrate while the negative electrode (zinc) is capped; the ICROPOWER generation aiming at generating power microbattery works after putting liquid electrolyte (see Fig. 2). M directly from microstructures may greatly impact the ap- plication and architecture of microsystems. Various approaches [7] and rechargeable microbatteries [8]–[11] have been investi- to supply power for microscale devices are now being investi- gated by using rather complicated micromachining processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Surface Functionalization to Enhance the Power Output of Triboelectric Nanogenerators† Cite This: J
    Journal of Materials Chemistry A View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Molecular surface functionalization to enhance the power output of triboelectric nanogenerators† Cite this: J. Mater. Chem. A,2016,4, 3728 Sihong Wang,‡a Yunlong Zi,‡a Yu Sheng Zhou,a Shengming Li,a Fengru Fan,b Long Lina and Zhong Lin Wang*ab Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been invented as a new technology for harvesting mechanical energy, with enormous advantages. One of the major themes in their development is the improvement of the power output, which is fundamentally determined by the triboelectric charge density. Besides the demonstrated physical surface engineering methods to enhance this density, chemical surface functionalization to modify the surface potential could be a more effective and direct approach. In this paper, we introduced the method of using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to functionalize surfaces for the enhancement of TENGs' output. By using thiol molecules with different head groups to functionalize Au surfaces, the influence of head groups on both the surface potential and the triboelectric charge density was systematically studied, which reveals their direct correlation. With amine Received 14th December 2015 as the head group, the TENG's output power is enhanced by 4 times. By using silane-SAMs with an Accepted 28th January 2016 amine head group to modify the silica surface, this approach is also demonstrated for insulating DOI: 10.1039/c5ta10239a triboelectric layers in TENGs. This research provides an important route for the future research on www.rsc.org/MaterialsA improving TENGs' output through materials optimization. Introduction materials' aspect, it has been shown that the performance gure-of-merit of TENGs is proportional to the square of the As a huge energy reservoir in the environment that can be triboelectric charge density, which is the most important 31 potentially utilized by human beings, mechanical energy is parameter to determine the power output.
    [Show full text]
  • Utilizing Waste Hydrogen for Energy Recovery Using Fuel Cells and Associated Technologies
    UTILIZING WASTE HYDROGEN FOR ENERGY RECOVERY USING FUEL CELLS AND ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGIES Copyright Material IEEE Paper No. PCIC-2004-14 Paul Buddingh, P.Eng. Vince Scaini, P.Eng. Leo Casey, PhD Member, IEEE Member, IEEE Member, IEEE Universal Dynamics SatCon Power Systems SatCon Technology 100-13700 International Place 835 Harrington Crt. 161 First Street Richmond, BC V6V 2X8 Burlington, ON L7N 3P3 Cambridge, MA 02142-1228 Canada Canada USA Abstract- Electrochemical and other process industries one could argue that we will eventually be using 100% frequently vent or flare hydrogen byproducts to the hydrogen fuel without the motivation of environmental atmosphere. This paper will discuss hydrogen power benefits. conversion methods including fuel cells and combustion Hydrogen has higher energy per unit of mass, but lower technologies. This paper presents an overview of some of the energy per unit volume than any other fuel. By weight, practical implementation methods available, and the hydrogen “carries” three times the energy of our most challenges that must be met. The pros and cons of distributing common fuels. For example, 1 kg of hydrogen has power to either the AC power system or DC process bus are approximately the same amount of energy as 1 US gallon of examined. This technology is expected to become cost- gasoline (approximately 3 kg). The major downside of competitive as energy prices continue to climb and fuel cell hydrogen is its poor volumetric energy density, making proficiency matures. storage and transportation a fundamental challenge. To help resolve this problem, the hydrogen industry is currently Index Terms – Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, DC/DC Converters, certifying 10,000 psi hydrogen cylinders.
    [Show full text]
  • Module-Type Triboelectric Nanogenerators Capable of Harvesting Power from a Variety of Mechanical Energy Sources
    micromachines Article Module-Type Triboelectric Nanogenerators Capable of Harvesting Power from a Variety of Mechanical Energy Sources Jaehee Shin 1 , Sungho Ji 1, Jiyoung Yoon 2 and Jinhyoung Park 1,* 1 School of Mechatronics Engineering, Korea University of Technology & Education, Cheonan 1600, Chungjeolro, Korea; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (S.J.) 2 Safety System R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 320 Techno sunhwan-ro, Yuga-myeon, Daegu 42994, Dalseong-gun, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-41-560-1124 Abstract: In this study, we propose a module-type triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) capable of harvesting electricity from a variety of mechanical energy sources and generating power from diverse forms that fit the modular structure of the generator. The potential energy and kinetic energy of water are used for the rotational motion of the generator module, and electricity is generated by the contact/separation generation mode between the two triboelectric surfaces inside the rotating TENG. Through the parametric design of the internal friction surface structure and mass ball, we optimized the output of the proposed structure. To magnify the power, experiments were conducted to optimize the electrical output of the series of the TENG units. Consequently, outputs of 250 V and ◦ 11 µA were obtained when the angle formed between the floor and the housing was set at 0 while nitrile was set as the positively charged material and the frequency was set at 7 Hz. The electrical Citation: Shin, J.; Ji, S.; Yoon, J.; Park, signal generated by the module-type TENG can be used as a sensor to recognize the strength and J.
    [Show full text]
  • Opportunities for Micropower and Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems in Industrial Applications
    Opportunities for Micropower and Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems in Industrial Applications Volume II: Appendices Subcontract No. 85X-TA009V Notice: Final Report to Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation and This report was prepared by Arthur D. Little for the account of the DOE Office of Industrial Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation and the DOE’s Technologies Office of Industrial Technologies. This report represents Arthur D. Little’s best judgment in light of information made available January 2000 to us. This report must be read in its entirety. The reader understands that no assurances can be made that all financial liabilities have been identified. This report does not constitute a legal opinion. No person has been authorized by Arthur D. Little to provide any information or make any representations not contained in this report. Any use the reader makes of this report, or any reliance upon or decisions to be made based upon this report are the responsibility of the reader. Arthur D. Little does not accept any responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by the reader based upon this report. Arthur D. Little, Inc. Acorn Park Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140-2390 U.S.A. Reference 38410 Table of Contents Appendix A: Approach ............................................................................................... 1 Appendix B: Calculation of Economic Fit ................................................................. 6 Appendix C: Calculation of Techno-Economic Fit ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Mechanically Driven MEMS Power Generator for Implantable Medical Devices
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-2007 Bio-mechanically driven MEMS power generator for implantable medical devices. Jose Martinez-Quijada University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Martinez-Quijada, Jose, "Bio-mechanically driven MEMS power generator for implantable medical devices." (2007). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7112. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7112 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. BIO-MECHANICALLY DRIVEN MEMS POWER GENERATOR FOR IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICES by Jose Martinez-Quijada A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2007 © 2007 Jose Martinez-Quijada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]