sign in sign up
<<
Home , Micropower, Nanogenerator

Nano Research 1 DOINano 10.1007/s12274Res -014-0484-1

Transparent paper-based triboelectric as page mark and anti-theft sensor

Li Min Zhang1†, Fei Xue1†, Weiming Du1, Chang Bao Han1, Chi Zhang1, and Zhong Lin Wang1,2 ()

Nano Res., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1007/s12274-014-0484-1 http://www.thenanoresearch.com on April 18, 2014

© Tsinghua University Press 2014

Just Accepted

This is a “Just Accepted” manuscript, which has been examined by the peer-review process and has been accepted for publication. A “Just Accepted” manuscript is published online shortly after its acceptance, which is prior to technical editing and formatting and author proofing. Tsinghua University Press (TUP) provides “Just Accepted” as an optional and free service which allows authors to make their results available to the research community as soon as possible after acceptance. After a manuscript has been technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which may affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. In no event shall TUP be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of any information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts. To cite this manuscript please use its Digital Object Identifier (DOI® ), which is identical for all formats of publication.

TABLE OF CONTENTS (TOC)

Transparent paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator as page mark and anti-theft sensor Li Min Zhang1†, Fei Xue1†, Weiming Du1, Chang Bao Han1, Chi Zhang1, and Zhong Lin Wang1,2

1Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China. 2School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

We integrate grating-structured PTENGs into a book as a self-powered anti-theft sensor, which can effectively convert mechanical triggering agitated during handling the book pages into an electric output to either drive a commercial electronic device or trigger a warning buzzer. Furthermore, different grating-structures on each page produce different number of output peaks which can accurately position the turned pages and record the pages flipped over. , http://www.nanoscience.gatech.edu/

Nano Research

DOI (automatically inserted by the publisher) Research Article

Transparent paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator as page mark and anti-theft sensor

Li Min Zhang1†, Fei Xue1†, Weiming Du1, Chang Bao Han1, Chi Zhang1, and Zhong Lin Wang1,2 ()

†

Received: day month year ABSTRACT Revised: day month year The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), based on the well-known triboelectric Accepted: day month year effect and effect, has been proven to be a simple, cost (automatically inserted by effective approach for self-powered systems to convert ambient mechanical the publisher) energy into . We report a flexible and transparent paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator (PTENG) consisting of an (ITO) © Tsinghua University Press film and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as the triboelectric surfaces, and Springer-Verlag Berlin which not only acts as an energy supply but also a self-powered active sensor. It Heidelberg 2014 can harvest kinetic energy when the papers contact, bend or relatively slide by a combination of vertical contact-separation mode and lateral sliding mode. In KEYWORDS addition, we also integrate grating-structured PTENGs into a book as a self-powered anti-theft sensor. The mechanical triggering agitated during paper-based triboelectric handling the book pages can be effectively converted into an electric output to nanogenerator, either drive a commercial electronic device or trigger a warning buzzer. self-powered systems, Furthermore, different grating-structures on each page produce different anti-theft sensor, position, number of output peaks by relatively sliding, which can accurately act as a page indium tin oxide mark and record the pages flipped over. This work is a significant step forward in self-powered paper-based devices.

1 Introduction health monitoring, infrastructure and environmental monitoring, internet of things and With the enormous development of the world defense technologies [4-7]. Now a sensor network is technology towards miniaturization, portability and usually integrated by several different functional functionality in the recent years [1-3], sensor sensors and many small electronic devices. A network has been a powerful driving force for the practical challenge for portable sensor network is next phase of information technology. More and the huge number of batteries used in the system, more types of sensors have been widely used in

Address correspondence to [email protected]

2 Nano Res. which needs to be recharged, replaced, monitored trigger a warning buzzer. Furthermore, different and maintained. This will cause not only a grating-structures on each page produce different horrendous task but also environmental and health number of output peaks, which can accurately concerns. A self-powered system aiming at position the turned pages and record the pages harvesting energy from the environment [8-11] to flipped over. This work provides a potential power sensor networks is proposed to offset or even method to develop the self-powered, durable, cost replace the reliance of small portable on effective anti-theft system for books, paintings and batteries [2, 12, 13], which will make great any other flexible materials in the future. contribution to the whole environment in the next few decades. So far, portable and renewable human 2 Experimental section motion-driven self-powered systems have been scavenged with diverse approaches based on 2.1 Fabrication of the PTENG piezoelectrics [14-17], electrostatics [18, 19], and electromagnetics [20, 21]. Recently, triboelectric Two pieces of commercial printing paper (33 nanogenerator (TENG) [22, 23] has been mm × 33 mm) with a thickness of 0.2 mm were demonstrated as an efficient device to convert cleaned and then deposited with a 1 m layer of different types of such as human ITO on one side to form ITO-paper. Then a layer of motion, vibration, sonic wave, automobile motion PET film with the thickness of 0.1 mm was adhered and more into electricity. on one piece paper, contacting with the ITO film to Paper has been widely used for thousands of form PET-ITO-paper. Finally, the two parts were years in human civilization [24], for the outstanding assembled together with the PET film facing to the advantages of lightweight, cheap, flexible and ITO film, as shown in Figure 1a. The PTENG was environment friendly. Over the past decades, driven with a linear motor (Linmot E1100) at an paper-based functional electronic devices have acceleration rate of ±10 m/s2 and the maximum opened up a new era of applications in circuits, velocity of 0.6 m/s. The transferred charge and chips and sensors. Although the development of open-circuit voltage were measured by an integrated technology has enlarged the range of electrometer with very large input resistance applications of paper-based electronic devices, the (Kethily, 6514). The short-circuit current of the fatal weakness for the paper-based systems is too PTENG was measured using a Stanford low-noise much dependence on external power supply. Hence current preamplifier (Model SR570). making the paper-based systems work independently and sustainably has profound 2.2 Fabrication of a self-powered page mark and significance. In this paper, we demonstrate a new anti-theft sensor based on the PTENG type of paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator (PTENG) using indium tin oxide (ITO) film and Grating-structured PTENGs were applied into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as each page of a book to form a self-powered triboelectric surfaces and it can be made in a book anti-theft sensor. The grating-structured PTENGs or any other paper products to harvest kinetic were made on the adjacent pages, as shown in energy when the papers contact, bend or relatively Figure 4a. The one-grating-structures were adhered slide with the advantages of both transparent and on the even pages, and the multi-grating-structures flexible. In addition, we also integrate were adhered on the odd pages. Assuming the grating-structured PTENGs into a book as a number of grating is n, the number of odd page is self-powered anti-theft sensor. The mechanical (2n-1). Each grating has a dimension of 5 mm × 20 triggering agitated during handling the book pages mm. can be effectively converted into an electric output to either drive a commercial electronic device or 3 Result and discussion

| www.editorialmanager.com/nare/default.asp Nano Res. 3

of the PTENG in vertical contact-separation mode. Figure 1a illustrates the basic structure of the A periodic contact and separation drives the fabricated PTENG. The lower part is a thin layer of induced electrons go back and forth through the ITO film deposited on a commercial printing paper, external circuit. Furthermore, Figure 1e illustrates a where the ITO film acts as both the triboelectric cycle of process in lateral surface and the . The upper part is sliding mode. Similarly, the upper film slides in and fabricated by pasting another layer of PET on the out, producing electric potential difference, which ITO-deposited paper, where the ITO acts as the drive electrons flow through the external circuit. electrode and the PET film acts as the other A linear motor, whose sliding displacement triboelectric surface. Then the two components of was set as 33 mm, was used to trigger the PTENG the PTENG were assembled together with a whole for measuring the electrical output of the PTENG. size of 33 mm × 33 mm. Figures 1b and 1c are the Density of the transferred charge (Δσ), open-circuit SEM images of the cross sectional and the top view voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) of the ITO film on paper, respectively, which were measured to characterize the output indicate that a compact structure and smooth performance of the PTENG. The electric output in surface of ITO was obtained. The four-point probe the contact-separation mode of the PTENG was testing also shows that the ITO film has good shown in Figures 2a, b and c, in which Δσ was conductivity (the electrical resistivity is calculated to be 55 μC/m2. At the fully separation approximate 10-4 Ω·cm ). position, the Voc reached the maximum value of 200 In general, the PTENG has two basic V, when the two surfaces contacted again, the Voc working modes according to the former research: went back to 0. The Jsc exhibited vertical contact-separation mode [25-27] and lateral behavior whose peak value was 2.0 mA/m2, and the sliding mode [28-31]. Figure 1d illustrates the output of the device in the sliding mode was shown working principle of the electricity generation in Figures 2d, e and f. The Δσ was 48 μC/m2 process in contact-separation mode. At original transferred back and forth between the two state, a separation distance is maintained, when an when the film slid in and out. external force is applied on the device, the ITO and Correspondingly, the maximum Voc was 120 V and PET surfaces contact with each other. The charge the Jsc was 1.5 mA/m2. The output performance of affinity of PET film is negative compared with ITO the PTENG is not so good as the TENG reported film, resulting in negative charges at the surface of before [26, 29], which may be caused by a relatively the PET film and positive charges at the ITO film. poor conductivity of ITO film, a rather high As the force is withdrawn, the contacting surfaces roughness on paper surface or the weak force and move apart and produce an electric potential slow speed applied on the triboelectric surface [3]. difference, which drives electrons in the back side However, it is enough for a self-powered sensor. A electrode to flow through the external circuit in PTENG was made on a painting acting as a simple order to compensate the produced by anti-theft sensor as shown in Video S1. the triboelectric charges. When the TENG reverts To gain a more quantitative understanding of back to the fully-separated state, positive the proposed working principle of the two working triboelectric charges on the ITO electrode are modes, a finite element simulation was used to completely balanced, resulting in an equal amount calculate the potential differences between two of inductive charges on the back electrode. electrodes. The proposed model is based on an ITO Subsequently, mechanical force once again applied film and a PET film, whose structure and on the substrate, leading to an electric potential dimensions (33 mm × 33 mm) are the same as the difference in a reversed polarity. In consequence, practical device. The triboelectric charge density on electrons flow in an opposite direction until a new the inner surface of PET film was assigned to be -55 equilibrium is established again. This is a full cycle μC/m2, and ITO was 55 μC/m2 which was the same

www.theNanoResearch.com∣www.Springer.com/journal/12274 | Nano Research

4 Nano Res. as the measured value shown in Figure 2a. Figure current and open-circuit voltage with the increase 3a shows the calculation result of the vertical of the layers. Even when the book is lightly touched, contact-separation mode in different separation the output of the sensor can drive an electronic distances of 0, 17 and 33 mm. It can be observed device or trigger a warning buzzer. In our that with the increase of the distance, the potential experiment, an alarming LED was immediately difference rose and reached 1.08 × 105 V when the lighted up as soon as the book is touched, which is distance is 33 mm, which validated the principle shown in Figure 4e and Video S2. When the described in Figure 1d. In a similar way, Figure 3b one-grating-structure on the even page slid past the simulated a cycle of the process in lateral sliding multi-grating-structure on the odd page, the mode using finite element simulation. measured output signals were depicted in Figure 5 Correspondingly, the triboelectric charge density on by two kinds of features. Figure 5a illustrated the the inner surface of PET film and ITO was assigned current output of imitating the action of flicking of a as -48 μC/m2 and 48 μC/m2 respectively，which was page by hands. When the book was turned on the also the measured value shown in Figure 2d, and first page, the upper grating slid from overlap to the maximum potential difference was 1.31 × 105 separate completely, leading to half a cycle of the V. The result verified the principle described in current signal of 25 nA as demonstrated in Figure Figure 1e as well. 5a1. Accordingly, when turned to the third page, the To illustrate the potential applications of the upper grating slid from the first grating and then paper-based TENG, grating-structured PTENGs the second grating successively, leading to one and were applied into a book to act as a self-powered a half cycle of the current signal corresponding to anti-theft sensor, as shown in Figure 4a. This three peaks as shown in Figure 5a2. Figure 5a3 - 5a5 self-powered grating-structured anti-theft sensor represent the output of the 5th, 7th and 9th pages, can work in both contact-separation mode and correspondingly. Assuming the number of the lateral sliding mode. Each grating has a dimension lower gratings on the odd pages is n, when the of 5 mm × 20 mm, which of course can be much upper grating on even page slides by the lower enlarged or reduced in dimension. The structure of gratings, the number of current output signal peaks PET-ITO-paper was integrated on the even pages is 2n-1, which is also corresponding to the page and ITO-paper on the odd pages, meanwhile, all of number, conveniently distinguishing the flicking the ITO gratings are electrically connected together page. The real-time recording of the pages is shown as an electrode. At the original position, the in video S3. Furthermore, the open-circuit voltage is one-grating-structure on even page aligns with the also a reliable parameter to position the book pages corresponding multi-grating structure on the odd using the numbers of the output voltage peaks page. besides the short-circuit current, as shown in Figure To demonstrate the functionality of the 5b. What different from the short-circuit current fabricated sensor, we simulate the action of stealing signal was that a potential difference produced the book. When a book equipped with our when the upper grating slid from overlap to self-powered anti-theft sensor is touched, it will separate completely on the lower grating on the work in contact-separation mode with multi-layer first page as depicted in Figure 5b1, which was structure. As shown in Figure 4b, the determined as one voltage output signal peak. Then current-output increased from 30 nA to 300 nA the number of the voltage output signal peaks also when the number of layers changed from 1 to 5. can be expressed as (2n-1) when the number of the With the number of layers increased, the lower gratings on the odd pages is n, which current-output would continue to improve. But the corresponds to the pages of the book, as shown in output-voltage almost kept in constant in the whole Figure 5b1 - 5b5. Of course, for a book with process as shown in Figure 4c. Figure 4d indicates hundreds of pages, it is difficult to design enough the variation tendency of the peaks of short-circuit gratings in a limit surface area. Thus, changing the

| www.editorialmanager.com/nare/default.asp Nano Res. 5 dimension of the gratings is an excellent choice to each page produce different number of output make up for the deficiency. For example, from page peaks when the gratings relatively slide, which can 1 to 19, the dimension of the gratings is 3 mm × 10 accurately position the book pages and record the mm, while from page 21 to 39, the dimension is 5 pages flipped over. By virtue of simple, light weight, mm × 20 mm. And we can adopt the design of the flexible and environment friendly, this work opens Greek numbers using “X” to represent “10” and the door to the investigation of self-powered “V” for “5” by choosing the size of the grating. paper-based devices. According to the previous research, the magnitude of the output voltage has a fix relationship with the Acknowledgements distance of the grating passed by, which corresponds to the width of the grating in our Research was supported by the "thousands talents" structure[29, 32]. A finite element simulation with program for pioneer researcher and his innovation different sizes (3 mm × 20 mm, 5 mm ×20 mm, team, China, Beijing City Committee of science and to 11 mm × 20 mm) of films is shown in Figure technology (Z131100006013004, Z131100006013005）. 5b6, which exhibits that the potential difference increased with the increase of grating size. If the Electronic Supplementary Material: Videos S1-S3 sensor was divided into several parts, in which the demonstrate the effects of the PTENG and the number of corresponding gratings remain the same anti-theft sensor discussed in the text. This material but the dimension vary, the corresponding pages is available in the online version of this article at would be identified by different magnitude of the http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274‐***‐****‐* signals although the number of the peaks is the same. Combining the number of peaks and the References magnitude of the signals, it can be more convenient [1] Wang, Z. L. Towards self-powered nanosystems: From to position the book pages and record the signal. to nanopiezotronics. Advanced Functional Materials 2008, 18, 3553-3567. 4 Conclusion [2] Wang, Z. L.; Zhu, G.; Yang, Y.; Wang, S. H.; Pan, C. F. Progress in nanogenerators for portable electronics. Mater Today 2012, 15, 532-543. In summary, a self-powered and transparent [3] Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy PTENG consisting of an ITO film and a PET film technology for self-powered systems and as active was demonstrated on the basis of mechanical and chemical sensors. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 9533-9557. and electrostatic induction effect. It can harvest [4] Takei, K.; Takahashi, T.; Ho, J. C.; Ko, H.; Gillies, A. G.; kinetic energy when the paper contact, bend or Leu, P. W.; Fearing, R. S.; Javey, A. relatively slide by a combination of vertical active-matrix circuitry for low-voltage macroscale artificial skin. Nat Mater 2010, 9, 821-826. contact-separation mode and lateral sliding mode. [5] Kim, D. H.; Lu, N. S.; Ma, R.; Kim, Y. S.; Kim, R. H.; The performance of the triboelectric active sensor Wang, S. D.; Wu, J.; Won, S. M.; Tao, H.; Islam, A. et al. was characterized by static sensing with the Epidermal electronics. Science 2011, 333, 838-843. transferred charge and the open-circuit voltage, and [6] Sekitani, T.; Yokota, T.; Zschieschang, U.; Klauk, H.; Bauer, S.; Takeuchi, K.; Takamiya, M.; Sakurai, T.; Someya, T. dynamic sensing with the short-circuit current. Organic nonvolatile memory transistors for flexible sensor Furthermore, grating-structured PTENGs were arrays. Science 2009, 326, 1516-1519. integrated into a book as a self-powered anti-theft [7] Someya, T.; Sekitani, T.; Iba, S.; Kato, Y.; Kawaguchi, H.; Sakurai, T. A large-area, flexible pressure sensor matrix sensor system, which can effectively convert the with organic field-effect transistors for artificial skin mechanical triggering agitated during handling the applications. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101, 9966-9970. book pages into an electric output to either drive a [8] Donelan, J. M.; Li, Q.; Naing, V.; Hoffer, J. A.; Weber, D. J.; commercial electronic device or trigger a warning Kuo, A. D. Biomechanical : Generating electricity during walking with minimal user effort. Science buzzer by working in multi-layer contact-separation 2008, 319, 807-810. mode. In addition, different grating-structures on [9] Krupenkin, T.; Taylor, J. A. Reverse electrowetting as a

www.theNanoResearch.com∣www.Springer.com/journal/12274 | Nano Research

6 Nano Res.

new approach to high-power energy harvesting. Nat [22] Fan, F. R.; Lin, L.; Zhu, G.; Wu, W. Z.; Zhang, R.; Wang, Z. Commun 2011, 2. L. Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and [10] Qi, Y.; Kim, J.; Nguyen, T. D.; Lisko, B.; Purohit, P. K.; self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned McAlpine, M. C. Enhanced and plastic films. Nano letters 2012, 12, 3109-3114. stretchability in energy harvesting devices fabricated from [23] Fan, F. R.; Tian, Z. Q.; Wang, Z. L. Flexible triboelectric buckled pzt ribbons. Nano letters 2011, 11, 1331-1336. generator. Nano Energy 2012, 1, 328-334. [11] Rome, L. C.; Flynn, L.; Goldman, E. M.; Yoo, T. D. [24] Zhong, Q. Z.; Zhong, J. W.; Hu, B.; Hu, Q. Y.; Zhou, J.; Generating electricity while walking with loads. Science Wang, Z. L. A paper-based nanogenerator as a power 2005, 309, 1725-1728. source and active sensor. Energ Environ Sci 2013, 6, [12] Paradiso, J. A.; Starner, T. Energy scavenging for mobile 1779-1784. and wireless electronics. Ieee Pervas Comput 2005, 4, [25] Wang, S. H.; Lin, L.; Wang, Z. L. Nanoscale 18-27. triboelectric-effect-enabled energy conversion for [13] Yang, Y.; Zhang, H. L.; Liu, Y.; Lin, Z. H.; Lee, S.; Lin, Z. sustainably powering portable electronics. Nano letters Y.; Wong, C. P.; Wang, Z. L. -based hybrid energy 2012, 12, 6339-6346. cell for self-powered electrodegradation and personal [26] Zhu, G.; Lin, Z. H.; Jing, Q. S.; Bai, P.; Pan, C. F.; Yang, Y.; electronics. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 2808-2813. Zhou, Y. S.; Wang, Z. L. Toward large-scale energy [14] Cha, S. N.; Seo, J. S.; Kim, S. M.; Kim, H. J.; Park, Y. J.; harvesting by a nanoparticle-enhanced triboelectric Kim, S. W.; Kim, J. M. Sound-driven piezoelectric nanogenerator. Nano letters 2013, 13, 847-853. nanowire-based nanogenerators. Adv Mater 2010, 22, 4726. [27] Zhu, G.; Pan, C. F.; Guo, W. X.; Chen, C. Y.; Zhou, Y. S.; [15] Hansen, B. J.; Liu, Y.; Yang, R. S.; Wang, Z. L. Hybrid Yu, R. M.; Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric-generator-driven pulse nanogenerator for concurrently harvesting biomechanical electrodeposition for micropatterning. Nano letters 2012, and biochemical energy. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3647-3652. 12, 4960-4965. [16] Xu, C.; Wang, X. D.; Wang, Z. L. Nanowire structured [28] Lin, L.; Wang, S. H.; Xie, Y. N.; Jing, Q. S.; Niu, S. M.; Hu, hybrid cell for concurrently scavenging solar and Y. F.; Wang, Z. L. Segmentally structured disk triboelectric mechanical energies. J Am Chem Soc 2009, 131, nanogenerator for harvesting rotational mechanical energy. 5866-5872. Nano letters 2013, 13, 2916-2923. [17] Yang, R. S.; Qin, Y.; Dai, L. M.; Wang, Z. L. Power [29] Wang, S. H.; Lin, L.; Xie, Y. N.; Jing, Q. S.; Niu, S. M.; generation with laterally packaged piezoelectric fine wires. Wang, Z. L. Sliding-triboelectric nanogenerators based on Nat Nanotechnol 2009, 4, 34-39. in-plane charge-separation mechanism. Nano letters 2013, 13, 2226-2233. [18] Mitcheson, P. D.; Miao, P.; Stark, B. H.; Yeatman, E. M.; Holmes, A. S.; Green, T. C. Mems electrostatic [30] Zhu, G.; Chen, J.; Liu, Y.; Bai, P.; Zhou, Y. S.; Jing, Q. S.; generator for low frequency operation. Sensor Actuat Pan, C. F.; Wang, Z. L. Linear-grating triboelectric a-Phys 2004, 115, 523-529. generator based on sliding electrification. Nano letters 2013, 13, 2282-2289. [19] Naruse, Y.; Matsubara, N.; Mabuchi, K.; Izumi, M.; Suzuki, S. Electrostatic micro power generation from [31] C. Zhang, T. Zhou,W. Tang, C. B. Han, L. M. Zhang, Z. L. low-frequency vibration such as human motion. J Wang. Rotating disk based direct-current triboelectric Micromech Microeng 2009, 19. nanogenerator. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, in press, DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201301798. [20] Beeby, S. P.; Torah, R. N.; Tudor, M. J.; Glynne-Jones, P.; O'Donnell, T.; Saha, C. R.; Roy, S. A micro electromagnetic [32] Niu, S. M.; Liu, Y.; Wang, S. H.; Lin, L.; Zhou, Y. S.; Hu, Y. generator for vibration energy harvesting. J Micromech F.; Wang, Z. L. Theory of sliding-mode triboelectric Microeng 2007, 17, 1257-1265. nanogenerators. Adv Mater 2013, 25, 6184-6193. [21] Williams, C. B.; Shearwood, C.; Harradine, M. A.; Mellor, . P. H.; Birch, T. S.; Yates, R. B. Development of an electromagnetic micro-generator. Iee P-Circ Dev Syst 2001, 148, 337-342.

| www.editorialmanager.com/nare/default.asp Nano Res. 7

Figures and figure captions

Figure 1.

Figure 1. Working mechanism of the paper-based TENG. (a) A schematic of the basic structure of the TENG composed of the ITO film and the PET film. The SEM images of (b) the cross sectional and (c) the top view of the ITO film on paper. (d) The sketches that illustrate the electricity generation process in a full cycle of the contact-separation motion. (e) The sketches that illustrate the electricity generation process in a full cycle of the sliding motion.

www.theNanoResearch.com∣www.Springer.com/journal/12274 | Nano Research

8 Nano Res.

Figure 2.

Figure 2. Output performance of the TENG driven by a linear motor with the displacement of 33 mm and an acceleration of 10 m/s2.

(a) The density of transferred charges (Δσ) under the contact-separation motion. (b)The open-circuit voltage (Voc) under the contact-separation motion. (c) The short-circuit current density under the contact-separation motion. (d) The density of transferred charges (Δσ) under the lateral sliding motion.（e）The open-circuit voltage (Voc) under the lateral sliding motion. (f) The short-circuit current density under the lateral sliding motion.

| www.editorialmanager.com/nare/default.asp Nano Res. 9

Figure 3.

Figure 3. Numerical calculations on the induced potential differences between the two electrodes in (a) the contact-separation mode and (b) the sliding mode.

www.theNanoResearch.com∣www.Springer.com/journal/12274 | Nano Research

10 Nano Res.

Figure 4.

Figure 4. Multi-layer grating structure of the sensor worked in contact-separation mode. (a) The structure of the TENG sensor in a book. (b) The short-circuit currents with different layers. (c) The open-circuit voltage with different layers. (d) The peak values corresponding to different layers. (e) A photograph shows that the sensor was used to harvest the energy of touching the book by hand to drive a LED as a warning buzzer.

| www.editorialmanager.com/nare/default.asp Nano Res. 11

Figure 5.

Figure 5. The output performance of the paper-based sensor worked in lateral sliding motion. (a1 - a5) The Jsc corresponds to the number of gratings are 1-5. (a6) The relationship between the pages and the gratings. (b1 - b5) The Voc corresponds to the number of gratings are 1-5. (b6) The numerical calculations on the induced potential differences between the two electrodes with different dimensions of gratings, which is similar to represent a “10” by “X” and a “5” by “V” for identifying a large number of pages.

www.theNanoResearch.com∣www.Springer.com/journal/12274 | Nano Research

Nano Res.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Transparent paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator as page mark and anti-theft sensor

Li Min Zhang1†, Fei Xue1†, Weiming Du1, Chang Bao Han1, Chi Zhang1, and Zhong Lin Wang1,2 ()

†

Supporting Videos:

Video 1. A PTENG was made on a painting acting as a simple anti-theft sensor to drive a LED.

Video 2. An alarming LED was immediately lighted up as soon as the book was touched.

Video 3. The real-time recording of the pages by short-circuit current.

Address correspondence to [email protected]

www.theNanoResearch.com∣www.Springer.com/journal/12274 | Nano Research