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High Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Its Applications

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HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty by Changsheng Wu In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the SCHOOL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Georgia Institute of Technology AUGUST 2019 COPYRIGHT © 2019 BY CHANGSHENG WU HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS Approved by: Dr. Zhong Lin Wang, Advisor Dr. C. P. Wong School of Materials Science and School of Materials Science and Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Meilin Liu Dr. Younan Xia School of Materials Science and Department of Biomedical Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. David L. McDowell School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: [April 25, 2019] To my family and friends ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratidue to my advisor Prof. Zhong Lin Wang for his continuous support and invaluable guidance in my research. As an exceptional researcher, he is my role model for his thorough knowledge in physics and nanotechnology, indefatigable diligence, and overwhelming passion for scientific innovation. It is my great fortune and honor in having him as my advisor and learning from him in the past four years. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee members, Prof. Liu, Prof. McDowell, Prof. Wong, and Prof. Xia for their insightful advice on my doctoral research and dissertation. My sincere thanks also go to my fellow lab mates for their strong support and help. In particular, I would not be able to start my research so smoothly without the mentorship of Dr. Long Lin, when I joined the group without much knowledge in the field of nanogenerator. It is fortunate for me to have a close collaboration and friendship with Dr. Wenbo Ding, whose expertise in signal processing and data analysis is indispensable for my works related to human machine interfacing. Besides, I would like to thank Drs. Yunlong Zi, Jie Wang, Hengyu Guo, Peng Jiang, Ruiyuan Liu, Qiu Jiang, Yejing Dai, Jisu Jiang, Xin Wang, Jiyu Wang, Tiejun Zhang, Dong Lin, and many other for their kind help. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their selfless love and endless support. My parents have given me the best they have during my growing up, iv and without their spiritual and financial support, my academic journey till today would not be possible. I would also like to take this chance to memorize my grandparents, who enlightened me the significance of knowledge and planted the seeds of being a scientist when I was young. My deepest gratitude goes to my wife, Lisha Liu, who has gone through the difficulties and happiness together with me throughout my Ph.D. life. Her accompany will be my biggest treasure for the rest of my life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xii SUMMARY xiii CHAPTER 1. Introduction of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 1 1.1 Theoretical Origin and Model of TENG 2 1.2 Four Working Modes of TENG 6 1.3 Major Applications of TENG 7 1.4 Current Status around the Globe 9 1.5 Dissertation Scope 10 CHAPTER 2. High Performance TENG 12 2.1 Achieving Ultrahigh Triboelectric Charge Density for Efficient Energy Harvesting 12 2.1.1 Air Breakdown Effect in TENG 13 2.1.2 Output Performance of TENG in Vacuum 16 2.1.3 Performance Enhancement of TENG via Coupling of Surface and Dielectric Polarization 17 2.1.4 Application of TENG Working in Vacuum 20 2.1.5 Significance of Record-High Triboelectric Charge Density 22 2.1.6 Experimental Methods 24 2.2 Spring-Based Resonance Coupling for Enhancing TENG Performance in Harvesting Low-Frequency Vibration Energy 26 2.2.1 Device Structures and Mechanism of Spring-Based Resonance Coupling 28 2.2.2 Qualitative Comparison of Electrical Outputs of SR-TENG and MA-TENG 33 2.2.3 Quantitative Comparison of Electrical Outputs of SR-TENG and MA-TENG 36 2.2.4 Experimental Methods 42 2.3 Stretchable Paper-Based TENG Made of Interlocking Kirigami Patterns 43 2.3.1 Device Structure and Working Mechanism of KTENG 45 2.3.2 Performance of KTENG 48 2.3.3 Application of KTENG 53 2.3.4 Experimental Methods 57 2.4 Sunlight-Triggerable Transient TENG 58 2.4.1 Transient Polymer PPHA 61 2.4.2 Triboelectric Property of PPHA 64 2.4.3 Performance of PPHA-Based Transient TENG 65 2.4.4 Demonstrations using PPHA-Based Transient TENG 68 2.4.5 Experimental Methods 70 vi CHAPTER 3. Application of TENG for Self-Powered Systems 75 3.1 Recent Progress of TENG as Micro/Nano Power Sources 75 3.2 Self-Powered Iontophoretic Transdermal Drug Delivery System Driven and Regulated by Biomechanical Motions 78 3.2.1 Proposed Self-Powered Iontophoretic TDD System 79 3.2.2 Electrophoretic Flow Driven by TENG 80 3.2.3 Hydrogel-Based Iontophoretic Drug Patch for TDD 83 3.2.4 Wearable Insole TENG for TDD 85 3.2.5 Performance of TENG-driven Iontophoretic TDD System 87 3.2.6 Experimental Methods 90 3.3 Wearable Self-Charging Power Unit by Integrating MXene Electrochemical Microsupercapacitor with TENG 92 3.3.1 Design of Wearable Self-Charging Power Unit 93 3.3.2 MXene Based Electrochemical Microsupercapacitor 95 3.3.3 Wearable TENG Based on Carbon-Fiber-Embedded Silicone 99 3.3.4 Demonstrations using Self-Charging Power Band 100 3.3.5 Experimental Methods 102 CHAPTER 4. Application of TENG for Active Sensing 106 4.1 Recent Progress of TENG as Active Sensors 106 4.2 Keystroke Dynamics Enabled Authentication and Identification using TENG Array 109 4.2.1 Triboelectric Keystroke Device 110 4.2.2 SVM-Algorithm Based Software Platform 115 4.2.3 Classification Results 117 4.2.4 Experimental Methods 120 4.3 Self-Powered Wireless Optical Transmission of Mechanical Agitation Signals 121 4.3.1 Design of System Framework 122 4.3.2 Self-Powered Wireless Remote Control 125 4.3.3 Self-Powered Wireless Tactile Array for Pressure Detection 126 4.3.4 Self-Powered Wireless Touch Panel for User Authentication/Identification 128 4.3.5 Experimental Methods 131 CHAPTER 5. Application of TENG for High Voltage Instruments 133 5.1 Recent Progress of TENG as Direct HV Power Sources 133 5.2 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing Driven by TENG 136 5.2.1 TENG-Driven E-Jet Printing Process 138 5.2.2 Performance of TENG-Driven E-Jet Printing 141 5.2.3 Demonstrations using TENG-Driven E-Jet Printing 146 5.2.4 Experimental Methods 148 5.3 Field Emission of Electrons Powered by TENG 150 5.3.1 Tribo-Field Emission 151 5.3.2 Enhanced Safety of Using TENG as HV Source 154 5.3.3 Controllability of Using TENG as HV Source 155 5.3.4 Application of TENG to Power A Commercial CRT 156 5.3.5 Experimental Methods 158 vii CHAPTER 6. Conclusion 160 6.1 High Performance TENG 160 6.2 TENG for Self-Powered Systems 161 6.3 TENG for Active Sensing 162 6.4 TENG for HV Instruments 162 6.5 Future Work 163 REFERENCES 166 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Theoretical models of TENG. ............................................................................. 4 Figure 2. Four working modes of TENG. ........................................................................... 7 Figure 3. Major application fields of TENG. ...................................................................... 8 Figure 4. Air breakdown effect in TENG. ........................................................................ 14 Figure 5. Output performance of TENG in the vacuum. .................................................. 17 Figure 6. Working mechanism and output performance of TENG with the coupling of surface and dielectric polarization. ....................................................................... 19 Figure 7. Application of TENG in vacuum to drive electronics devices. ......................... 22 Figure 8. Device structures for the study of spring-based resonance coupling and working mechanism. ........................................................................................................... 29 Figure 9. Schematics of sequential collisions in TENG. .................................................. 30 Figure 10. Qualitative comparison of electrical outputs of SR-TENG and MA-TENG. 35 Figure 11. Typical short-circuit current of MA-TENG and SR-TENG. ........................... 36 Figure 12. Quantitative comparison of electrical outputs of SR-TENG and MA-TENG. 39 Figure 13. Comparison of average output power of SR-TENG and MA-TENG. ............ 41 Figure 14. Photograph and dimension of SR-TENG and MA-TENG. ............................. 43 Figure 15. Design and photographs of KTENG. .............................................................. 46 Figure 16. Working mechanism of the KTENG. .............................................................. 48 Figure 17. Typical electrical outputs of the paper-based KTENG at specific stretched strains of 16%, 28% and 40%. .............................................................................. 50 Figure 18. Characteristics of the paper-based FEP KTENG vs stretched strain. .............. 52 Figure 19. Different operating modes of the paper-based K-TENG. ............................... 55 Figure 20. The application of the paper-based KTENG as a self-powered acceleration sensor. ................................................................................................................... 56 ix Figure 21. Schematic of transient electronics in the field and photographs of a transient TENG device under winter sunlight as a proof
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