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Yol 2 7 Ns 1 0 Barc/1995/P/005 O O 5 Government of India 6 Atomic Energy Commission
TRN-IN9600313 S BARC/i995)!>/005 CO I> NUCLEAR PHYSICS DIVISION BIENNIAL REPORT 1993-1994 Edited by K. Kumar and S. K. Kataria 1995 YOL 2 7 NS 1 0 BARC/1995/P/005 O O 5 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 6 ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION U 0! NUCLEAR PHYSICS DIVISION BIENNIAL REPORT 1993-1994 Edited by: K. Kumar and S.K. Kataria Nuclear Physics Division BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE BOMBAY, INDIA 1995 BARC/1993/P/003 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION SHEET FOR TECHNICAL REPORT (as p»r IS t 9400 - 1980) 01 Security classification t Unclassified 02 Distribution : External 03 Report status t New 04 Series 3 BARC External 03 Report type : Progress Report 06 Report No. : BARC/1995/P/005 07 Part No. or Volume No. t 08 Contract No. s 10 Title and subtitle i Nuclear Physics Division biennial report 1993-1994 11 Collation t 93 p., figs., tabs. 13 Project No. : 2O Personal author (s) i K. Kumar; S.K. Kataria (eds.) 21 Affiliation of author (s) i Nuclear Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay 22 Corporate author(s) i Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay-400 083 23 Originating unit s Nuclear Physics Division, BARC, Bombay 24 Sponsor(s) Name i Department of Atomic Energy Type i Government 30 Date of submission s August 1993 31 Publication/Issue date September 1995 ccntd...(ii> (ii) 40 Publisher/Distributor i Head, Library and Information Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay 42 Form of distribution i Hard Copy 90 Language of text i English 91 Language of summary i English 92 No. -
Energy Devices and Processes Generally Suppressed
Energy Devices and Processes Generally Suppressed Strategic Overview of Energy Technology Suppression Introduction Research shows that over the past 75 years a number of significant breakthroughs in energy generation and propulsion have occurred that have been systematically suppressed. Since the time of Tesla, T. Townsend Brown and others in the early and mid-twentieth century we have had the technological ability to replace fossil fuel, internal combustion and nuclear power generating systems with advanced non-polluting electromagnetic and electro-gravitic systems. The open literature is replete with well-documented technologies that have surfaced, only to later be illegally seized or suppressed through systematic abuses of the national security state, large corporate and financial interests or other shadowy concerns. Technologically, the hurdles to achieve what is called over- unity energy generation by accessing the teeming energy in the space around us are not insurmountable. Numerous inventors have done so for decades. What has been insurmountable are the barriers created through the collusion of vast financial, industrial, oil and rogue governmental interests. In short, the strategic barriers to the widespread adoption of these new electromagnetic energy-generating systems far exceed the technological ones. The proof of this is that, after many decades of innovation and promising inventions, none have made it through the maze of regulatory, patenting, rogue national security, financial, scientific and media barriers that confront the inventor or small company. Categories of Suppression Our review of now-obscure technological breakthroughs show that these inventions have been suppressed or seized by the following broad categories of actions: Acquisition of the technology by 'front' companies whose intent have been to 'shelve' the invention and prevent the device from coming to market. -
Introduction to Fusion Energy Plasma Physics (K
BOOK REVIEWS S',".'"" o book, tor review " based on the editor's 'P'"'""' ",,,d'", possible reader E interest and on the availability of the book to the editor. Occasional selections may include II. L><:5.NB; ns books on topics somewhat peripheral to the subject matter ordinarily considered acceptable. 1111. Controlled Nuclear Fusion - Fundamentals of Its experiments and design studies have evidently so consumed Utilization for Energy Supply the time of experienced workers that there is a great short age of rigorous but comprehensible review articles that Authors J. Raeder, K. Borass, R. Bunde, W. should serve as the basis for such a text. Danner, R. Klingelhofer, L. Lengyel, In summary, the book by Raeder et al. should serve as F. Leuterer, M. Soli a useful supplementary text for courses on controlled fusion and a useful enough reference to justify its purchase by Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Somerset, researchers and instructors active in the various fields of New Jersey (1986) tokamak research that it covers. Despite the recent publica tion of a number of very good efforts, the definitive, self Pages 316 (illustrated) contained, introductory text on fusion reactor design and a more widely useful reference work for tokamak researchers Price $100.00 remain to be written. Clifford E. Singer Reviewer Clifford E. Singer received his PhD at the University of California, Berkeley. He has worked on the theory and This book is a translation of Kontrol/ierte Kernfusion, applied physics ofplasma transport in tokamak experiments written in 1980. Despite the delay in translation, the book and reactors at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (and remains a timely summary of many aspects of tokamak the University ofIllinois) since 1977. -
Laser Boron Fusion Reactor with Picosecond Petawatt Block Ignition
Laser boron fusion reactor with picosecond petawatt block ignition Heinrich Hora1*, Shalom Eliezer2, Jiaxiang Wang3, Georg Korn4, Noaz Nissim2, Yanxia Xu3, Paraskevas Lalousis5, Götz Kirchhoff6 and George H. Miley7 1Department of Theoretical Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia 2SOREQ Research Centre, Yavne, Israel 3State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China 4ELI-Beam, Prague, Czech Republic 5Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser FORTH, Heraklion, Greece 6UJG Management GmbH, 85586 Poing, Germany 7Dept. Nuclear, Plasma & Radiol. Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA *[email protected] Abstract. Fusion of hydrogen with the boron Isotope 11, HB11 at local thermal equilibrium LTE, is 105 times more difficult than fusion of deuterium and tritium, DT. If - in contrast - extreme non-equilibrium plasma conditions are used with picoseconds laser pulses of more than 10PW power, the difficulties for fusion of HB11 change to the level of DT. This is based on a non-thermal transfer of laser energy into macroscopic plasma motion by nonlinear (ponderomotive) forces as theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed as “ultrahigh acceleration”. Including elastic nuclear collisions of the alpha particles from HB11 reactions results in an avalanche process such that the energy gains 1 from HB11 fusion is nine orders of magnitudes above the classical values. In contrast to preceding laser fusion with spherical compression of the fuel, the side-on direct drive fusion of cylindrical uncompressed solid boron fuel trapped by magnetic fields above kilotesla, permits a reactor design with only one single laser beam for ignition within a spherical reactor. -
Extreme Laser Pulses for Possible Development of Boron Fusion Power Reactors for Clean and Lasting Energy
Extreme laser pulses for possible development of boron fusion power reactors for clean and lasting energy H. Hora*1, S. Eliezer2, G. J. Kirchhoff3, G.Korn4, P. Lalousis5, G. H. Miley6 and S. Moustaizis7 1Department of Theoretical Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia 2SOREQ Research Centre, Yavne, Israel 3UJG Management GmbH, 85586 Poing, Germany 4 ELI-Beam, Prague, Czech Republic. 5Institute of Electronic Structure and Lasers FORTH, Heraklion, Greece 6Dept. Nuclear, Plasma & Radiol. Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA 7Technical University Crete, Laboratory of Matter Structure and Laser Physics, Chania, Greece *[email protected] ABSTRACT Extreme laser pulses driving non-equilibrium processes in high density plasmas permit an increase of the fusion of hydrogen with the boron isotope 11 by nine orders of magnitude of the energy gains above the classical values. This is the result of initiating the reaction by non-thermal ultrahigh acceleration of plasma blocks by the nonlinear (ponderomotive) force of the laser field in addition to the avalanche reaction that has now been experimentally and theoretically manifested. The design of a very compact fusion power reactor is scheduled to produce then environmentally fully clean and inexhaustive generation of energy at profitably low costs. The reaction within a volume of cubic millimetres during a nanosecond can only be used for controlled power generation. Keywords: boron laser fusion, ultrahigh acceleration, ultrahigh magnetic fields, avalanche HB11 reaction, 1. INTRODUCTION The pollution of the atmosphere with carbon dioxide CO2 was early recognized in a profoundly precise way by Al Gore [1] – when beginning his leadership in this field – with warning into what catastrophe the climate change will go by threatening the whole mankind [2]. -
Biographies of Evaluators
BIOGRAPHIES OF EVALUATORS Dr. Edward C. Creutz Dr. Arthur R. Kantrowitz, Chairman Dr. Joseph E. Lannutti Dr. Hans J. Schneider-Muntau Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg Dr. Frederick Seitz Dr. William B. Thompson EDWARD CHESTER CREUTZ Edward Chester Creutz: Education: B.S. Mathematics and Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1936; Ph.D. Physics, U. of Wisconsin, 1939; Thesis: Resonance Scattering of Protons by Lithium. Professional Experience: 1977-1984, Director, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI; 197frI977, Acting Deputy Director, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC; 1975--1977, Assistant Director for Mathematical and Physical Sciences, and Engineering, National Science Foundation; 1970-1975, Assistant Director for Research, National Sci ence Foundation (Presidential appointee); 1955-1970, Vice President, Research and De velopment, General Atomic, San Diego, CA; 1955-1956, Scientist at large, Controlled Thermonuclear Program, Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC; 1948-1955, Pro fessor and Head, Department of Physics, and Director, Nuclear Research Center, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, PA; 194fr1948, Associate Professor of Physics, Carnegie Institute of Technology; 1944-1946, Group Leader, Los Alamos, NM; 1942-1944, Group Leader, Manhattan Project, Chicago, IL; 1939-1942, Instructor of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. 1945 ff, Consultant to AEC, NASA, Industry. 1960 ff, Editorial Advisory Board: American Nuclear Society, Annual Reviews, Handbuch der Physik, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Publications: 65 in fields of Physics, Metallurgy, Mathematics, Botany, and Science Pol icy. Patents: 18 Nuclear Energy Applications. 577 578 Biographies of Evaluaton Honors: Phi Beta Kappa; Tau Beta Pi; Sigma Xi; National Science Foundation Distin guished Service Award; University of Wisconsin, College of Engineering, Distinguished Service Citation; American Nuclear Society, Pioneer Award. -
Can Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Work
Can inertial ‘electrostatic confinement work beyond the ion-ion collisional time scale? W. M. Nevins Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550 (Received 20 March 1995; accepted 6 July 1995) Inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) systems are predicated on a nonequilibrium ion distribution function. Coulomb collisions between ions cause this distribution to relax to a Maxwellian on the ion-ion collisional time scale. The power required to prevent this relaxation and maintain the IEC configuration for times beyond the ion-ion collisional time scale is shown to be greater than the fusion power produced. It is concluded that IEC systems show little promise as a basis for the development of commercial electric power plants. 0 I995 American institute of Physics. I. INTRODUCTION and magnetic Iields.7 In the PolywellTM configuration,*-” a polyhedral magnetic cusp is used to confine energetic elec- Inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) is a concept from trons. The space charge of these magnetically confined eiec- the early days of fusion research. Work on magnetic confine- trons then creates a potential well to confine the ions. ment fusion in the Soviet Union was begun by Sakharov and In estimating the importance of collisional effects on an others in response to a suggestion from Lavrent’ev that con- IEC fusion reactor, we will use the parameters in Table I. trolled fusion of deuterium could be achieved in an IEC These parameters generally follow those suggested by device.’ The concept was independently invented in the Bussard’ and KralLto We have adjusted the operating point United States by Famsworth.2 Inertial electrostatic confine- somewhat to take account of our more accurate calculation ment schemes require the formation of a spherical potential of the fusion reactivity (see Sec. -
Self Colliding Beams ("Migma") and Controlled Fusion
© 1975 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. IEEE TmactioMd on Nuc.kvc Science, VoLNS-22, No.3, June 1975 SELF COLLIDING BEAMS ("MIGMA") AND CONTROLLED FUSION B. Maglich, M. Mazarakis, R. A. Miller, J. Nering, S. Channon, and C. Powell Fusion Energy Corporation, Princeton, N.J. 08540 and J. Treglio* Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N.J. 07030 Khile much of the early work on colliding beams the lead in the development of THERW MIGMA was done in the U.S., NUCLEAR this technique is now held by Europe. The most spec- -a tular being the only colliding beams of nuclei in the /e.J !%;,,, BREE[XR Intersecting Storage Rings at CERN. It may be for this reason that the idea of using colliding beam technology as a means of achieving fusion has not reappeared until just recently. The idea of using colliding beams for fusion is nearly as old as is the interest in fusion as a source of power, but the problems of low reaction rate and high coulomb scattering initially seemed in- surmountable. This work describes recent work done at Fusion Energy Corporation which attempts to overcome these problems. Before turning to our own work, let us examine the well know facts about CERN ISR in a manner suggesting comparision with traditional plasma thermonuclear ma- chines. -
Nasa Tm X-73429 G
NASA TECHNICAL NASA TM X-73429 MEMORANDUM 0% C-." (NASA-TM-X-73429) ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO N76-23999 FUSION (-NASA) 54 p HC $4.50- CSCL 201 Unclas ____-____ __ G3/75 __28145 . ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO FUSION by J. Reece Roth Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135 Invited lecture for a course on controlled fusion sponsored by the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society Austin, Texas, May 26-28, 1976 CM ol r~° G %C0 VI.,> INTRODUCTION The scope of this lecture is restricted to magnetic confinement concepts which may provide back-up or second- generation alternatives for the Tokamak fusion reactor,-and which have been reduced to practice in the form of operating experimental apparatus. The Tokamak concept has been covered in previous lectures. 'The principal alternatives to Tokamak, theta pinches, open-ended geometries, and their modifications, will be covered in other lectures in this series. Inertial confinement schemes based on fusion microbombs which are ignited by irradiating fuel pellets with lasers or relativistic particle beams will also be covered in other lectures, as will the laser light pipe concept. The purpose of this lecture is to describe alternative plasma con finement schemes in such a way that the basic principles of each device can be understood and associated with its name, Desirable characteristics of an advanced fusion reactor will be presented, and the present Tokamak reactor conceptual designs will be examined in light of these criteria. Fusion reactions occur only at kinetic temperatures measured in tens of millions of degrees Kelvin. There are two recognized ways in which fusion reactions can be confined in the steady state, each employing a different field of force for confinement. -
Feasibility of Colliding Beam Fusion-Catalyzed Fast Fission
Reactor Physics: General—II 787 Bogdan C. Maglich California Science & Engineering Corporation, 16540 Aston St., Irvine CA. 92606 [email protected] (7) Invention of ion colliding beams1 (1972) presented a 2 challenging alternative to confinement of ions in plasmas ݊ሺʹǤͶሻ ܷ ՜ ʹܻ ʹǤͷ݊ ʹͳͷ (8) (1960). Unique feature of colliding-beam machines, as opposed ݊ு்ሺሻ ܷ ՜ ʹܻ ʹǤͷ݊ ʹͳͷ (9) to plasmas, is the long energy confinement time of colliding ்் beam systems from τE = 7 hours (Brookhaven) to 3 months ݊ ሺ͵Ǥͷሻ ܷ ՜ ʹܻ ʹǤͷ݊ ʹͳͷ (10) (Fermilab, CERN) because they operate above the critical ் energy ~ 200 keV. Unlike random motion, colliding beams ݊ ሺͳͶሻ ܷ ՜ ܷ Ͷ݊ 4th generation: CHAIN FISSION are ordered systems and as such, subject to (1) magnetic U beam injection, mostly focusing forces, (2) external control by a combination of external periodic or aperiodic signals and (3) time average (11) neutralization via electron cloud oscillations. st with݊ሺ lowͳǤͷ levelሻ 1 ܷgeneration ՜ ʹܻ ʹǤͷ݊injection ʹͳͷ (1 – 2). This is a follow-up of paper #14125 at this Meeting describing a compact colliding beam fusion test breeder reactor Migma IV that stored self-colliding deuterons of 725 keV with an energy confinement time of 24 s, resulting in copious production of tritium and helium-3 isotopes. A quest is presented here of the feasibility of injecting a 4 MeV 238U+ beam3 in addition to 2 MeV D+ beam, into auto- collider Migma IV at 1.4 MeV4-6; this is equivalent to kinetic temperature of ~1010 oK. (Figs. 1 and 2). -
Ca9110926 ALTERNATE FUSION CONCEPTS
///////// •'•7//.' Canadian Fusion Fuels Technology Project ca9110926 ALTERNATE FUSION CONCEPTS: STATUS AND PLANS CFFTP-G-9009 October 1990 P.J. Gierszewski, A.A. Harms* and S.B. Nickerson' ALTERNATE FUSION CONCEPTS: STATUS AND PLANS CFFTP-G-9009 October 1990 P.J. Gierszewski, A.A. Harms* and S.B. Nickerson' McMaster University Ontario Hydro Research Division CFFTP-G-9009 Prepared by: P.J. GierszewskiO Fusion Systems Engineer Fuel Systems & Materials Development Canadian Fusion Fuels Technology Project Reviewed by: Manager Fuel Systems & Materials Development Canadian Fusion Fuels Technology Project Approved by: D.P. Dautovich Program Manager Canadian Fusion Fuels Technology Project ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the research groups at Los Alamos National Laboratory CTR Division (HDZP, CPRF, ZT-40, FRX-C, CTX), Spectra Technologies (LSX), Naval Research Laboratory (ZFX), University of Maryland (MS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ATF), Imperial College (HZP), Institut Gas lonizzati (RFX) and University of Stuttgart (DPF), who showed us their facilities, clarified the key issues, and discussed their results and program plans. We also particularly wish to thank D. Rej (LANL), A. Robson (NRL), R. Krakowski (LANL), P. Stangeby (UTIAS), J. Linhart (U. Pisa), M. Peng (ORNL) and G. Miley (U. Illinois) who kindly reviewed specific sections of the report. ALTERNATE FUSION CONCEPTS STATUS AND PLANS Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Advanced Tokamaks 3 3. Stellarator 11 4. Spherical Torus 18 5. Reversed-Field Pinch 24 6. Dense Z-Pinch 32 7. Field-Reversed Configuration 38 8. Spheromak 45 9. Ignition Experiments and Reactors 9.1 Ignition 52 9.2 Reactors 53 Appendix A: Other Concepts 62 A.1 Colliding Beam Fusion (Migma) 62 A.2 Electrostatic Confinement 63 A.3 Muon-Catalyzed Fusion 64 A.4 Spherical Pinch 64 A.5 Dense Plasma Focus 65 A.6 Linear Systems 66 A.7 Miscellaneous Concepts 67 Appendix B: Inertial Confinement 75 1. -
UCRL JC-119584 PREPRINT Can Inertial Electrostatic Confinement
UCRL JC-119584 PREPRINT Can Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Work Beyond the Ion-Ion Collisional Time Scale? W. M. Nevins This paper was prepared for Physics of Spherical Continuous Inertial Fusion Workshop Santa Fe, NM January 12-14, 1995 January 1995 This is a preprint of a paper intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, this preprint is made available &th the understanding that it will not be cited or reproduced without the permission of the author. DISCLAIMER This doctrmar m prepared IS an *cwunr of r*wk sponsored by an rgay of the United Stnra Govnameat Neither the United States Comnment nor the Unidty of Cdifornh nor any of their crnpIoyces nukes any narrsnw aprrn or iapliep ot ~st(lll~any kgd libiliry or rcspomibifityfor the -pktau~, or aseful- ntss of any information. apparatus. prod~ctor proats d- or mtsthat its ISC would not infringe pn’rrtely ormd righfs. Mcrawx badn to any specific commercial products. pnmn. or amhx by hde=xu. tdamck, manatkmrer, or othem*ke. does not necessarily constitute or imply its cndorxment, rewmmenditioq or favoring by the United States Government or the University of olifornir; The rim and opinions of authors expressed herein do not ndystate or reflect thax of rhe United States Government or the Universig of_CglifOrmi4and shnll not be used for advertising or product endorsement ptuposc~ : DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. , Can Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Work Beyond €he Ion-Ion Collisional Time Scale? W.M.