Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Cercosporoid Ascomycetes on Diospyros Spp
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VOLUME 6 MONTH 2020 Fungal Systematics and Evolution PAGES 95–127 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.06.06 Taxonomy and phylogeny of cercosporoid ascomycetes on Diospyros spp. with special emphasis on Pseudocercospora spp. U. Braun1*, C. Nakashima2, M. Bakhshi3, R. Zare3, H.D. Shin4, R.F. Alves5, M.B. Sposito5 1Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany 2Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514–8507, Japan 3Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran 4Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea 5University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, 13418-900, Piracicaba, Brazil *Corresponding author: [email protected] Key words: Abstract: A worldwide survey of cercosporoid ascomycete species on hosts of the genus Diospyros (persimmon) Ascomycota with key to the species based on characters in vivo is provided. Special emphasis is placed on species of the genus DNA phylogeny Pseudocercospora, which are in part also phylogenetically analysed, using a multilocus approach. Species of the latter epitypification genus proved to be very diverse, with a remarkable degree of cryptic speciation. Seven new species are described key (Pseudocercospora diospyri-japonicae, P. diospyriphila, P. ershadii, P. kakiicola, P. kobayashiana, and P. tesselata), and Mycosphaerellaceae two new names are introduced [P. kakiigena (≡ Cylindrosporium kaki, non Pseudocercospora kaki), and Zasmidium new taxa diospyri-hispidae (≡ Passalora diospyri, non Zasmidium diospyri)]. Six taxa are lectotypified (Cercospora atra, C. diospyri, persimmon trees C. diospyri var. ferruginea, C. flexuosa, C. fuliginosa, C. kaki), and Pseudocercospora kaki is epitypified. systematics Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Braun U, Nakashima C, Bakhshi M, et al. (2020). Taxonomy and phylogeny of cercosporoid ascomycetes on Diospyros spp. with special emphasis on Pseudocercospora spp. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 6: 95–127. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2020.06.06 Effectively published online: 3 April 2020 Corresponding editor: P.W. Crous INTRODUCTION under Cercospora (C. diospyri, C. diospyri-erianthae, C. diospyri- morrisianae, C. flexuosa, C. fuliginosa, and C. kaki) and added Diospyros (Ebenaceae) is a large genus of deciduous and a key to the species concerned. Hsieh & Goh (1990) published evergreen trees and shrubs, mainly distributed in tropical a detailed treatment of cercosporoid hyphomycetes in Taiwan, regions, currently comprising several hundred species [http:// including two new species, viz., Pseudocercospora diospyricola www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Ebenaceae/Diospyros/], and P. kaki. First phylogenetic analyses of sequences retrieved including various economically important widely used fruit from Pseudocercospora spp. on Diospyros kaki and D. lotus and timber trees. Diospyros kaki (Japanese persimmon), one (Crous et al. 2013, Bakhshi et al. 2014) raised doubts over the of the most widely cultivated members of this genus, is of monophyly of Pseudocercospora kaki. Furthermore, the relation enormous commercial relevance. It is cultivated throughout between Cercospora kaki, described from North America, and tropical-subtropical regions, but also in Europe, above all in Pseudocercospora kaki, based on Asian type material, is still an Mediterranean countries, Israel, New Zealand, and the USA open question, although both taxa are morphologically very (California and Florida). Diospyros lotus (date plum) is another close to each other. Numerous collections of Pseudocercospora example for the economic importance of species of this genus, on Diosyros kaki have recently been made in Brazil. The South although less cultivated and less important compared toD. kaki. American specimens are genetically and morphologically The fruits are used in raw and cooked form, the wood is utilized, close to Asian samples assigned to P. kaki. In order to shed and the tree is used as medical plant, e.g., in China (Lyle 2006, light on the taxonomy of Pseudocercospora on Diospyros spp., Hetzel & Jagel 2011). Despite the huge economic importance comprehensive molecular analyses of Asian and South Amerian of several Diospyros species, phytopathogenic fungi, including strains have been performed. Furthermore, a descriptive cercosporoid leaf-inhabiting ascomycetes, infesting Diospyros survey of cercosporoid species described on Diospyros spp. is spp. are less well examined. Ellis & Everhart (1887) described provided, in part based on results of previous still unpublished Cercospora kaki, the first ever cercosporoid species onDiospyros . re-examinations of types and additional collections carried out Chupp (1954: 201–204) described six species on Diospyros spp. by the senior author (UB). Fungal Systematics and Evolution is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License © 2020 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 95 Braun et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA extraction, amplification (PCR), and phylogeny Isolates Fungal mycelium of strains (Table 1) was harvested with a sterile scalpel and the genomic DNA was isolated using the Wizard® Isolates included in this study were obtained from symptomatic Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega Corporation, WI, USA) leaves of diverse hosts, and identified as species of or UltraClean Microbial DNA isolation kit (MoBio Laboratories, Pseudocercospora primarily based on the caespituli composed Inc., CA, USA), following the manufacturers’ protocols. Four of conidiophores and pluriseptate conidia. In addition, partial nuclear genes were subjected to PCR amplification and Editor-in-Chief Prof. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] several isolates were obtained from the culture collection of sequencing: internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening the herbarium of the Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS) of the nrDNA operon, actin (actA), University (TSU-MUCC), Tsu, Japan; the culture collection of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and DNA-directed the Genebank, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (rpb2) using the (MAFF), Tsukuba, Japan; Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity primers listed in Table 2. The PCR amplifications were performed Institute (CBS culture collection), Utrecht, The Netherlands; on a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster the culture collection of Tabriz University (CCTU), Tabriz, Iran; City, CA, USA) or a BioRad T100 Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad the culture collection of the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Laboratories, Inc., CA, US). The PCR mixtures consisted of 1 µL Protection (IRAN), Tehran, Iran, and from the culture collection genomic DNA, 1× NH4 reaction buffer (Bioline, Luckenwalde, of Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Single conidial colonies Germany), 2–2.5 mM MgCl2 (ITS and rpb2: 2.5 mM, actA: 2 mM were established from sporulating conidiomata on 2 % walter and tef1: 2–5 mM), 20–80 µM of dNTPs (ITS and rpb2: 40 µM, agar (WA), malt extract agar (MEA), potato-dextrose agar actA 20 µM, and tef1: 20–80 µM), 5–5.5 % dimethyl sulfoxide (PDA), and oatmeal agar (OA) (Nakashima et al. 2016, Crous et (DMSO; tef1: 5.6 %), 0.2 µM of each primer and 0.5 U Taq DNA al. 2019), and incubated at 22 °C. The cultures included in this polymerase (Bioline) in a total volume of 12.5 µL. The PCR cycling study are listed in Table 1. conditions for ITS, actA, and tef1 were: initial denaturation (94 °C, 3 min); 40 cycles amplification (denaturation 94 °C for Table 1. Sources of fungal material and sequence database accession numbers. GenBank Accession Numbers Species Isolates1 Source of Isolates Country actA ITS tef1 rpb2 Pseudocercospora CCTU1066 Diospyros lotus Iran KM452842 KM452865 KM452887 MN786460 ershadii CCTU1191 D. lotus Iran KM452843 KM452866 KM452888 MN786461 CBS136114, CCTU 1206T D. lotus Iran KM452844 KM452867 KM452889 MN786459 IRAN 3428C D. lotus Iran MN786451 MN786443 MN786447 MN786455 IRAN 3429C D. lotus Iran MN786452 MN786444 MN786448 MN786456 IRAN 3430C D. lotus Iran MN786453 MN786445 MN786449 MN786457 IRAN 3431C D. lotus Iran MN786454 MN786446 MN786450 MN786458 P. fuliginosa MAFF237710 D. kaki Japan LC515779 LC515776 LC515789 LC515799 P. kaki CC30 D. kaki Brazil MK874007 MK867670 MK874044 LC516699 CC40 D. kaki Brazil MK874016 MK867679 MK874053 LC516700 CC43 D. kaki Brazil MK874019 MK867682 MK874056 LC516701 MAFF235880 D. kaki Japan LC512005 LC511999 LC515781 LC515792 MAFF237013 D. kaki Japan LC512006 LC512000 LC515782 LC515793 MAFF238214ET D. kaki Japan LC512007 LC512001 LC515783 LC515794 MUCC1063 D. kaki Japan LC512008 LC512002 LC515784 LC515795 MUCC903 D. kaki Japan LC515777 LC515773 LC515785 LC515796 P. kobayashiana MAFF236999 D. kaki Japan LC512004 LC511998 LC515780 LC515791 P. kakiicola MAFF238238T D. kaki Japan GU320431 GU269729 GU384442 LC515786 MAFF238215 D. lotus Japan LC515778 LC515774 LC515787 LC515797 MUCC941 D. kaki Japan – LC515775 LC515788 LC515798 P. diospyriphila KACC47650 D. kaki