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Canada and Its Provinces; a History of the Canadian People and Their UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES ns.v Hi i (SDinbutfff) CDition CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES IN TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME XX THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES PART II The Edinburgh Edition of ' Canada and its Provinces ' is limited to 8y§ Impressions on All- Rag Watermarked Paper This Impression is Number.. ../M t/t ./^r/cTK^a^^^^aJ-i^ Pliotoorn-jur*? Annan. Clasqcr., jW^M'^ ii\«V^>-w' \ vtd'/V wv. SIR GEORGE SIMPSON Public Library From theJohn Ross Robcrtsoti Collection^ Toronto CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES A HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS BY ONE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES GENERAL EDITORS: ADAM SHORTT AND ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY VOLUME XX THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES EDINBURGH EDITION PRINTED BY T. fcf A. CONSTABLE AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR THE PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA LIMITED TORONTO 1914 1 o a 4 o i Cofiyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention — F 10 o% SSBC V.Z.0 CONTENTS PAGE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES, 1870- 1913. By J. W. Dafoe I. FOUR DECADES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH .... 283 II. PRESENT STATE OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES . 314 THE PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE ORGANIZATIONS. By JOHN A. Reid POLITICAL GROWTH OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES. 33I METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION ..... 340 FINANCE AND TAXATION. By Archibald B. Clark FINANCIAL HISTORY OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES . 35I PROVINCIAL TAXATION ...... 359 THE JUDICIAL SYSTEMS OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES. By Charles Morse I. THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM AND COURTS OF MANITOBA . 365 General History of the Judicial System—Court of King's Bench —The Court of Appeal—County Courts—Surrogate Courts Minor Courts IL THE JUDICIAL SYSTEMS AND COURTS OF ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN . 381 Province of Saskatchewan—Province of Alberta MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. By Archibald B. Clark GROWTH OF municipal INSTITUTIONS .... 395 MUNICIPAL TAXATION ...... 400 THE CITY OF WINNIPEG ...... 4IO HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN MANITOBA. By S. E. Lang EARLY population: SOURCES AND CHARACTER . 417 1 vin THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES EDUCATION AMONG THE FRENCH-SPEAKING POPULATION PRIOR TO 1870 ........ 417 EDUCATION AMONG THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING POPULATION PRIOR TO 1870 ..... 422 THE EDUCATIONAL ACT Of 1 87 426 THE ACT OF 1 890 AND THE 'SCHOOL QUESTION' 429 PROBLEMS DUE TO FOREIGN IMM1GR.\TI0N 434 PROGRESS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS SINCE 1890 436 THE GROWTH AND WORK OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS 440 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA 443 HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN SASKATCHEWAN, By Walter C. Murray 451 separate schools 452 bilingual schools 457 teachers 462 high schools 464 courses of study 466 the university 467 material conditions 470 MEN 473 HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN ALBERTA, By John M MacEachran i. the mission schools 477 il the first government schools 481 iii. the educational system since autonomy 484 iv. agricultural education 493 v. the city schools .... 494 vi. colleges ..... 497 vii. the university of alberta 499 ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF MANITOBA. By W. J. Black TOPOGRAPHY . 509 SOIL .... 510 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS S16 PRODUCTIVE POWER OF SOIL 516 DRAINAGE S18 CONTENTS IX PAGE FARM MANAGEMENT . 519 SOIL CULTIVATION 520 DIVERSIFIED FARMING 522 FARM CROPS . 523 STOCK-RAISING 525 DAIRYING 528 POULTRY-RAISING 530 HORTICULTURE S3I RURAL PROBLEMS 533 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION 535 ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF SASKATCHEWAN, By W. J. Rutherford general topography 541 RIVERS . 543 LAKES . 544 ALTITUDES 544 CLIMATE 546 SOILS . 548 VEGETATION 554 ANIMALS 555 BIRDS AND FISH 555 MINERALS 556 LUMBERING AND AFFORESTATION 557 AGRICULTURE . 558 STOCK-BREEDING 562 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 563 LEGISLATION . 563 THE GRAIN-GROWERS' ASSOCIATION 563 STOCK-BREEDERS 564 THE RAILROADS 566 THE SCHOOLS . 567 PRESENT CONDITIONS 567 CEREALS 568 MISCELLANEOUS CROPS 570 LIVE STOCK ... 570 ABATTOIRS 572 X THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES FACE DAIRYING ........ 573 MARKETING FACILITIES ...••• 573 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT ...... 577 ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF ALBERTA. By George Harcourt PHYSICAL FEATURES ....... 583 CLIMATE ........ 584 agricultural POSSIBILITIES ..... 586 LIVE STOCK ........ 592 MINERALS ........ 597 GAME ......... 600 FISH ......... 600 FORESTS .....-•. 601 ILLUSTRATIONS SIR GEORGE SIMPSON ..... Frontispiece From the John Ross Robertson Collection, Toronto Public Library SUN DANCE OF BLACKFEET INDIANS IN ALBERTA Facingfage 290 •THE LAST OF A NOBLE RACE'—BUFFALO IN BANFF NATIONAL PARK, ALBERTA . „ 294 From a photograph by Mathers, Vancouver CONSTRUCTION IN THE CANADIAN WEST . „ 312 (1) RAILWAY BUILDING (2) LAYING GRANOLITHIC SIDEWALKS AT NORTH BATTLEFORD WINNIPEG ,,410 (1) OLD FORT GARRY IN 1 870 (2) FORT GARRY PARK, I913 WHEAT-RAISING IN SASKATCHEWAN . „ 548 (1) REAPING (2) A WHEATFIELD NECESSITY HAS NO LAW—PRIMITIVE TRANS- PORTATION IN THE NORTH-WEST . ., 558 From a photograph by Mathers, Edmonton (l) THRESHING FROM THE STOOK. (2) A PRAIRIE TOWN TWO WEEKS OLD .... .,574 BRANDING CATTLE IN ALBERTA. A WHEAT- FIELD IN ALBERTA ,,584 ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES, 1870-1913 I FOUR DECADES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH July 15, 1870, by royal proclamation, all that ON portion of British North America lying between Ontario and British Columbia became part of the Dominion of Canada. This area, embracing the whole of the present Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta with their hinterlands to the Arctic seas, was a vast waste upon which human activities, save in a few isolated localities, had made no mark. A survey of this wide plain by an eye of superhuman range would have taken note of but one place where settlement had passed beyond the stage of the clustering of hunters' families about a trading-post. This was on the extreme eastern verge of the great expanse of prairie land, where, at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, there had grown up during the preceding fifty years a community of some twelve thousand people,^ white or half-breed. The Red River Settlement, as it was generally called, radiated from Fort Garry (the Hudson's Bay trading-post at the junction of the Red and the Assiniboine) along the banks of both these rivers. To the north, along the Red, were the Scottish descendants of the original Selkirk settlers, reinforced by retired Hudson's Bay Company officials and their children, usually half-caste. To the south, up the river for thirty miles, there was a straggling settlement of French * The official census of 1871 gave these as the statistics of population : whites, 1565 ; French half-breeds, 5757 ; Enghsh half-breeds, 4083. By religion they were divided ; Catholics, 6247 ; Protestants, 5716. 2S3 284 HISTORY OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES half-breeds. West, along the Assiniboine, there were scattered settlements of Scots and French, reaching as far as Portage la Prairie, sixty-six miles away. Settlement had followed the rivers because they afforded the readiest avenues of trade and commerce. The French had brought with them from Quebec the Lower Canada system of land surveys, each lot having a narrow frontage on the river and running back two miles, with a two-mile strip of common pasture beyond. All the early settlement was conditioned by the universal belief that the higher land back from the rivers could not be successfully cultivated. The racial character of each little settlement was so well defined that in the convention held in December 1869 to consider the transfer of the territory to Canada and the changed status that would thus be brought about, each district, through its representative, was enrolled as French or EngHsh. The English settlements were Winnipeg, Kildonan, St John's, St Paul's, St Andrew's, St Clement's, St Peter's, St James, Headingly, Ste Anne's, St Margaret's, and St Mary's ; the French, St Frangois-Xavier, St Boniface, St Vital, St Norbert, Point Coupee, Oak Point, Point a Grouette, and St Paul's. Only in the case of St Paul's was the representation divided between the two races. Practi- cally all these names reappear in the list of constituencies for the first legislature of Manitoba. The commercial and administrative centre of the settle- ment was Fort Garry. Around the fort stretched the five hundred acres reserved to the Hudson's Bay Company. Immediately beyond this reserve, to the north, where a trail branched westward from the main trail running north and south, following at a distance the windings of the stream, stood a small village, containing, in all, nineteen buildings, including a tavern, a general store, and a few private houses. It was called Winnipeg, an Indian name meaning ' dirty water.' The little hamlet has now grown to a mighty city, swallowing the aristocratic Fort Garry to the south and the rival village of Point Douglas to the north. The main trail has become the Main Street of the great city, while the branch trail which struck westward to the settlement along the — FOUR DECADES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH 285 Assiniboine is now Portage Avenue, the city's second greatest thoroughfare. The occupations of the residents of the Red River Settle- ment were those of primitive people. Farming was not pur- sued on any extensive scale. There was no outside market, and the production was limited by the home consumption. Directly or indirectly, the whole community still lived upon the proceeds of the chase. The great buffalo hunts upon the plains to the west and south-west of the settlements were still annual affairs which drew all the adventurous elements. Small parties of hunters, outfitted by the Hudson's Bay Company, ranged the great plains and brought back their spoils to Fort Garry. A considerable portion of the men were engaged in freighting. The settlement was dependent for its supplies upon St Paul, Minn., over four hundred miles away, across desolate, uninhabited plains over which roamed semi- hostile Indian bands. Yearly the great brigade of carts left for St Cloud, Minn., to bring in the winter supplies. The freight rates from St Paul were sixteen shillings sterling per 100 lb., payable half in cash and half in goods. To supply a public revenue these goods paid an import duty of four per cent ad valorem, excepting in the case of ale, wine, and spirits, upon which a duty of twenty-five per cent was levied rates which continued for four years after the transfer of the province to Canada.
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