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Hematite-Biochemical and Immune Response of Caspian Brown Trout (Salmo Troutta Caspius, Kessler, ) Juveniles Fed Different Levels of Spirulina (Spirulina Platensis)

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Hematite-Biochemical and Immune Response of Caspian Brown Trout (Salmo Troutta Caspius, Kessler, ) Juveniles Fed Different Levels of Spirulina (Spirulina Platensis) Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences ( ) - DOI: /ijfs. Hematite-biochemical and immune response of Caspian brown trout (Salmo troutta caspius, Kessler, ) juveniles fed different levels of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) Meshkat Roohani A. ; Fallahi Kapoorchali M. *; Abedian Kenari A. ; Sayyad Borani M. ; Zorriezahra M.J. Received: July Accepted: August Abstract The effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on haemato-biochemical and immunity responses of Caspian brown trout (Salmo troutta caspius) juveniles was investigated. For this purpose, diets with five S. platensis inclusion levels (control, FMR ( g kg- spirulina in diet), FMR ( g kg- spirulina in diet), FMR ( g kg- spirulina in diet), and FMR ( g kg- spirulina in diet) were prepared. Six hundred juveniles with an average initial weight of g were assigned to experimental tanks. The experiment lasted for weeks. At the end of the experiment, growth performance, haemato-biochemical parameters including white and red blood cell counts, neutrophils lymphocytes counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, albumin, total protein, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), triglyceride, cholesterol, as well as immunity parameters including lysozyme, C , C , Immunoglobulin (IgM), ACH and respiratory burst activity were assessed. The results indicated that fish fed diets supplemented with FMR and FMR had a significantly higher weight gain ( g and g) and specific growth rate ( %bw day- and %bw day- ) compared with control. Furthermore, FMR and FMR treatments had statistically higher protein efficiency ( and ), lipid efficiency ( and ) and statistically lower feed Downloaded from jifro.ir at 15:41 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 conversion ratio ( and ) compared to the other treatments respectively (p< ). The physiological and immunological factors were improved when fish were fed a high level of S. platensis supplement. S. platensis inclusion also increased activity of Lysozyme C , C , IgM and ACH and respiratory burst activity and reduced AST and ALT formation. These results indicate that S. platensis supplement is promising for disease prevention in S. trutta caspius juveniles, at an optimum dietary level of in diet. Keywords: Spirulina, Salmo trutta caspius, Growth performances, Haemato-biochemial parameters, Immunity. -Inland Waters Aquaculture Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Gilan, Iran -Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran -Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author's Email: m_fallahi @yahoo.com Meshkat Roohani et al., Hematite-biochemical and immune response of… Introduction multi-cell microalgae is gaining more Growth performance and disease attention from medical scientists as a control are the most important priorities nutraceutical and source of potential in current aquaculture. Nowadays, use pharmaceuticals. There are several new of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics peer reviewed scientific studies about has increased significantly, due to spirulina's ability to inhibit viral intensification of culture practices and replication, strengthen and enhancing followed by high prevalence of both the cellular and humoral arms of infectious diseases (Andrews et al., the immune system (Kozlenko et al., ). Accumulation of antibiotic ; Hirahashi et al., ; Andrews residues in fish tissues and environment et al., ). It has been received the causes human and animal health issues most research and public health and led to an urgent need for alternative attention due to its bioactive disease preventive substances and use compounds including vitamins, of immune-stimulants in aquaculture essential amino acids, minerals, (Andrews et al., ; Krishnaveni et essential fatty acids (gamma linolenic al., ). Several types of stimulants acid), and antioxidant pigments such as with different mechanisms and phycocyanine (Belay et al., ; functions such as bacterial products, Regunathan and Wesley, ; Ragap complex carbohydrates, vaccines, et al., ); Ceballos et al., ). immune enhancing drugs, nutritional Additionally, spirulina has high protein factors, animal and plant extracts are content ( – by dry weight) and is considered, and their abilities to the richest natural source of vitamin B activate the innate immunity have been (Estrada et al., ). This alga studied (Raa, ; Sakai, ; contains a whole spectrum of natural Downloaded from jifro.ir at 15:41 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 Shahbazi and Bolhassani, ).One mixed carotene and xanthophylls supplement source, with ease of phytopigments (Belay et al., ; production, processing and distribution Estrada et al., ; Andrews et al., along with a wide range of macro- and ). It has been confirmed that the micronutrients of health benefits is addition of small amounts of algae to spirulina (Ravi et al., ). Research fish feed can exert pronounced effects has shown that this alga contains a wide on growth, lipid metabolism, body variety of compounds such as composition and physiological response phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, to stress and disease (Mustafa et al., phycocyanin, polysaccharides, ; Mustafa and Nakagava, ; unsaturated fatty acids, superoxide Palmegiano et al., ; Abdel- dismutase, different vitamins, and other Tawwab and Ahmad, ; Teimouri et elements which by bring improvement al., ). Spirulina as an immune in body coloration, growth and modulator not only stimulates the immunity of fish (Nakagawa et al., immune system, but also strengthens ). Spirulina (Spirulina platensis), a the body's ability to produce new blood blue-green filamentous, fresh water and cells (Andrews et al., ). Important Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences ( ) parts of the immune system, such as endangered species, however, little is bone marrow stem cells, macrophages known about their nutritional cells (number of cells and requirements especially in the field of phagocytosis), T cells (lymphocyte), increasing immunity of species and NK (non-specific cytotoxic), spleen as types of immune-stimulants. Therefore, well as thymus show tangible activities the main objective of this study was to when treated with spirulina extract evaluate the effects of S. platensis meal (Henrikson, ; Watanuki et al., as feed additive on immune system, ; Tongsiri et al., ; Yong-Chin biochemistry and haematology in S. et al., ; Shahbazi and Bolhassani, trutta caspius as a valuable species. ). Recently, spirulina has been speculated to be associated with Materials and methods modulation of the host immune system Experimental diets (Hironobu et al., ). Five artificial diets were formulated Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta using five levels of microalgae S. caspius, Kessler ), is one of the platensis (Sina microalgae Co., Qeshm, world’s nine subspecies of brown trout Iran) and in three replicates were (Quillet et al., ; Habibi et al., examined in a randomized design. The ) and attains the greatest size and experimental diets were formulated by growth rate of all brown trout partially replacing fishmeal in the basal (Sedgwick, ; Rajabi et al., ). diet ( in control) with spirulina This species is a critically endangered powder at inclusion levels of , , anadromous species distributed in , and , respectively. Diet southern region of the Caspian Sea. In formulations were performed using , this species was declared at risk Lindo software (Lindo copyright, Downloaded from jifro.ir at 15:41 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 according to IUCN conditions (Kiabi et release, ), and fishmeal and S. al., ; Coad, ; Kalbassi et al., platensis powder were used as a protein ). Artificial propagation and source. Test diets provided, which were releasing fingerlings to the natural iso-nitrogenous ( - crude protein) waters is an approach to prevent brown and iso-caloric ( MJ kg- ) were trout’s extinction (Rajabi et al., ). analyzed in this regard, only varied in In addition, in the recent years, this terms of fish meal and S. platensis species has attracted interest for content. The proximate composition of aquaculture in cage and raceways in experimental diets was measured intensive culture systems (Kalbassi et according to the standard methods of al., ). S. trutta caspius, like many Association of Official Analytical other species is sensitive to stressors Chemists (AOAC, ) for moisture, and pathogenic agents. Thus, strong protein, fat, and ash determination. defense mechanisms or immune system Briefly, Moisture content was estimated are needed against pathogens to by drying the samples to constant improve the health of the fish. Despite weight at ˚C in a drying oven (GCA, the importance of Caspian salmon as an model EM, Precision Scientific Meshkat Roohani et al., Hematite-biochemical and immune response of… Group, Chicago, IL, USA). N content (kJ g- ) for protein, fat, and was measured using the Labconco carbohydrates, respectively (NRC, Micro Kjeldahl Apparatus (Labconco ). The experimental diet Corporation, Kansas, MO, USA) and formulation and proximate composition crude protein was estimated by are showed in Table , respectively. multiplying N content by . Dietary feed ingredients were ground Lipid content was determined by using a laboratory grinder (Philips acetone extraction using the extraction HR , Finland) and then blended Soxhlet apparatus (Lab-Line into a homogenous doughy
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