Intelligenza Emotiva Per Un Figlio

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Intelligenza Emotiva Per Un Figlio John Gottman con Joan De Claire INTELLIGENZA EMOTIVA PER UN FIGLIO Una guida per i genitori prefazione di Daniel Goleman Ogni genitore si interroga sui modi migliori per educare i propri figli a realizzare i loro talenti e godere della vita nella sua pienezza: in questo percorso di crescita, un ruolo fondamentale è rivestito dall’intelligenza emotiva, cioè dalla capacità di fondere le proprie attitudini con qualità come l’empatia e l’attenzione ai rapporti con gli altri. Psicologo noto in tutto il mondo proprio per i suoi studi sulle relazioni tra genitori e figli, Gottman mostra in questo libro in che modo i genitori possono diventare dei bravi “allenatori emotivi”: attraverso limpide spiegazioni e un ampio numero di esempi pratici, l’autore esamina le fasi cruciali dello sviluppo di bambini e ragazzi – dalla gestione dei sentimenti al controllo degli impulsi, dall’importanza dell’ascolto al superamento dei conflitti – e illustra passo dopo passo come trasmettere ai figli le qualità necessarie per crescere più forti e felici. JOHN GOTTMAN, psicologo di fama mondiale, è specializzato in consulenza matrimoniale e in psicologia dello sviluppo. Insegna all’Università di Washington ed è cofondatore del Gottman Institute, dove offre terapie e percorsi pratici per il rafforzamento dei legami familiari. Per Rizzoli ha pubblicato anche Intelligenza emotiva per la coppia (1999). JOAN DECLAIRE è Senior Manager of Communications presso il Group Health Research Institute di Seattle. Scrive di psicologia, salute e tematiche familiari. Proprietà letteraria riservata ©1997 by John Gottman and Joan De Claire all rights reserved ©1997 RCS Libri S.p.A., Milano ISBN 978-88-58-64237-5 Titolo originale dell’opera: The Heart of Parenting Traduzione di Andrea Di Gregorio e Brunello Lotti Prima edizione digitale 2013 da decima edizione BUR Psicologia e Società dicembre 2009 In copertina: fotografia © Getty Images Art Director: Francesca Leoneschi Progetto grafico: Emilio Ignozza / theWorldofDOT Per conoscere il mondo BUR visita il sito www.bur.eu Quest’opera è protetta dalla Legge sul diritto d’autore. È vietata ogni duplicazione, anche parziale, non autorizzata. Al lavoro e alla memoria del dottor Haim Ginott PREFAZIONE Sono tempi duri per i figli, e lo sono anche per i genitori. Negli ultimi dieci o venti anni c’è stata una tale trasformazione nella natura dell’infanzia che da un lato è diventato difficile per i figli imparare le lezioni fondamentali del cuore umano, e dall’altro si è alzata notevolmente la posta in gioco per quei genitori che erano abituati a impartire queste lezioni alla prole. I genitori, insomma, devono essere più abili se vogliono far apprendere ai loro figli le lezioni basilari in campo emotivo e sociale. In questa guida pratica ai genitori, John Gottman mostra come. Il bisogno di un’educazione emotiva non è mai stato tanto pressante. Si considerino le statistiche. Negli ultimi decenni il numero di omicidi tra i teen-ager si è pressoché quadruplicato, quello dei suicidi si è triplicato e gli atti di violenza si sono raddoppiati. Ma sotteso a questo tipo di statistiche da prima pagina c’è un malessere emotivo più diffuso. Un campione su scala nazionale di più di duemila ragazzi americani, valutati dai loro genitori e dai loro insegnanti dapprima alla metà degli anni Settanta e poi alla fine degli anni Ottanta, ha rivelato, nel lungo periodo, per la media dei soggetti una tendenza allo scadimento delle abilità emozionali e sociali. In media, i ragazzi sono diventati più scontrosi e irritabili, più depressi e solitari, più impulsivi e disobbedienti – in sostanza hanno totalizzato risultati inferiori in più di quaranta indici. Alla base di questo deterioramento ci sono agenti estremamente rilevanti. Innanzitutto, le nuove realtà economiche impongono ai genitori di lavorare per sostenere le proprie famiglie più di quanto non facessero le generazioni precedenti – il che significa che la maggior parte dei padri e delle madri ha meno tempo da dedicare ai figli di quanto non ne avessero i loro stessi genitori. Sempre più famiglie vivono lontane dagli altri parenti, spesso in quartieri in cui si preferisce non lasciare giocare in strada i bambini – per non parlare poi di intrattenere rapporti con i vicini. E sempre più numerose sono le ore che i ragazzi trascorrono davanti a un video, sia esso un televisore o un computer – il che significa che non stanno fuori, all’aria aperta, a giocare con altri ragazzi. Eppure, nel lungo corso della storia umana, i ragazzi hanno appreso le fondamentali nozioni emozionali e sociali dai genitori e dai parenti, dai vicini e dai giochi a volte anche rudi con gli altri ragazzi. Il fatto che non si imparino più le regole base dell’intelligenza emotiva comporta conseguenze sempre più gravi. È sufficientemente provato, ad esempio, che le ragazze che non sanno distinguere tra sensazioni quali l’ansia e la fame siano particolarmente esposte a disturbi dell’alimentazione, e quelle che negli anni dell’infanzia trovano difficoltà nel controllare i propri impulsi abbiano più probabilità di rimanere incinte prima dei vent’anni. Per i ragazzi, l’impulsività incontrollata durante l’infanzia comporta un maggior rischio di delinquenza o violenza. E, per tutti, maschi e femmine, l’incapacità di affrontare l’ansia e la depressione accresce la probabilità di un successivo abuso di droghe o di alcol. Di fronte a queste nuove realtà, i genitori hanno bisogno di fare il miglior uso dei momenti preziosi che trascorrono con i figli, assumendo un ruolo attivo e propositivo nell’esercitare in loro alcune doti-chiave dal punto di vista umano, quali la comprensione e la gestione dei sentimenti problematici, il controllo degli impulsi e l’empatia. In questo libro, John Gottman propone ai genitori uno strumento eminentemente pratico, ma scientificamente fondato, per offrire ai figli il bagaglio essenziale per affrontare la vita. DANIEL GOLEMAN, autore di Intelligenza emotiva INTRODUZIONE Prima di diventare padre ho trascorso quasi vent’anni lavorando nel campo della psicologia evolutiva e studiando la vita emotiva dei bambini. Ma solo dal 1990, anno in cui mia moglie e io abbiamo avuto nostra figlia Moriah, ho cominciato veramente a comprendere la relazione genitore- figlio nella sua concretezza. Come molte persone prima di diventare genitori, anch’io non riuscivo a immaginare l’intensità del sentimento che avrei provato per mia figlia. Non avevo idea dell’emozione che avrei sentito quando lei avesse sorriso per la prima volta, avesse imparato a parlare, a leggere. Non potevo immaginare quanta pazienza e quanta attenzione mi avrebbe richiesto minuto per minuto. Né quanto avrei desiderato darle tutta l’attenzione di cui aveva bisogno. D’altro canto mi sorpresi a constatare quanto, a volte, mi sentissi frustrato, deluso, vulnerabile. Frustrato quando lei e io non riuscivamo a comunicare. Deluso quando si comportava male. Vulnerabile quando dovetti riconoscere che il mondo può essere molto pericoloso e che perdere lei significherebbe per me perdere tutto. Allo stesso tempo, imparavo cose nuove sulle mie stesse emozioni. Compivo scoperte connesse con la mia vita professionale. Come ebreo i cui genitori erano fuggiti dall’Austria per scampare all’Olocausto, avevo apprezzato gli sforzi di altri teorici che rifiutavano l’autoritarismo come metodo per allevare figli moralmente sani. Essi suggerivano che la famiglia agisse come una democrazia in cui figli e genitori si comportassero come partner uguali e razionali. Ma i miei anni di ricerche nelle dinamiche familiari stavano cominciando a fornire nuovi elementi sul fatto che le interazioni emozionali tra genitori e figli possono avere, a lunga scadenza, un impatto ben più notevole sul benessere di questi ultimi. Sorprendentemente, la maggior parte dei consigli che comunemente vengono dati ai genitori ignora il mondo dell’emozione. Essi si basano, al contrario, su teorie educative interessate al fatto che i bambini si comportino male, ma che ignorano i sentimenti che sottendono a quei comportamenti. In ogni caso, il fine ultimo dell’educazione dei figli non dovrebbe consistere meramente nell’ottenere un individuo docile e obbediente. La maggior parte dei genitori spera in molto di più. Si vuole che i figli diventino persone rette e responsabili, diano il loro contributo alla società, abbiano la forza per fare le proprie scelte nella vita, godano della realizzazione dei propri talenti, della vita e dei piaceri che essa può offrire, intrattengano buoni rapporti con gli amici, abbiano un matrimonio riuscito e, a loro volta, diventino buoni genitori. Nel corso delle mie ricerche ho scoperto che l’amore da solo non è sufficiente. Genitori attenti, affettuosi, assidui, spesso hanno nei confronti delle proprie emozioni e di quelle dei figli atteggiamenti che interferiscono con la capacità di comunicare con i figli quando questi ultimi sono tristi o spaventati o in collera. Ma, se l’amore da solo non è sufficiente, incanalare questo affetto in alcune competenze di base che i genitori esercitano mentre «addestrano» i figli nell’area dell’emotività è sufficiente. Il segreto consiste nel modo in cui i genitori interagiscono con i figli quando le emozioni diventano intense. Abbiamo studiato genitori e figli nel corso di accuratissime ricerche di laboratorio e abbiamo seguito i figli durante la loro crescita. Dopo un decennio di studi nel mio laboratorio, la mia équipe di ricerca ha individuato un gruppo di genitori che, quando i loro figli si trovavano in situazioni emotivamente critiche, faceva cinque cose molto semplici. Abbiamo chiamato queste cinque cose «Allenamento emotivo» e abbiamo scoperto che i ragazzi che avevano genitori che li «allenavano» emotivamente, intraprendevano una traiettoria di sviluppo completamente diversa rispetto ai figli di altri genitori. I genitori-allenatori, avevano figli che in seguito sarebbero diventati quel tipo di persone che Daniel Goleman definisce «emotivamente intelligenti». Questi bambini emotivamente allenati dimostravano maggiori capacità nel campo delle proprie emozioni di quante non ne rivelassero bambini non allenati dai loro genitori.
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