Discovery and Study of Quantum-Wave Nature of Microscopic World of Matter
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Wave Nature of Matter: Made Easy (Lesson 3) Matter Behaving As a Wave? Ridiculous!
Wave Nature of Matter: Made Easy (Lesson 3) Matter behaving as a wave? Ridiculous! Compiled by Dr. SuchandraChatterjee Associate Professor Department of Chemistry Surendranath College Remember? I showed you earlier how Einstein (in 1905) showed that the photoelectric effect could be understood if light were thought of as a stream of particles (photons) with energy equal to hν. I got my Nobel prize for that. Louis de Broglie (in 1923) If light can behave both as a wave and a particle, I wonder if a particle can also behave as a wave? Louis de Broglie I’ll try messing around with some of Einstein’s formulae and see what I can come up with. I can imagine a photon of light. If it had a “mass” of mp, then its momentum would be given by p = mpc where c is the speed of light. Now Einstein has a lovely formula that he discovered linking mass with energy (E = mc2) and he also used Planck’s formula E = hf. What if I put them equal to each other? mc2 = hf mc2 = hf So for my photon 2 mp = hfhf/c/c So if p = mpc = hfhf/c/c p = mpc = hf/chf/c Now using the wave equation, c = fλ (f = c/λ) So mpc = hc /λc /λc= h/λ λ = hp So you’re saying that a particle of momentum p has a wavelength equal to Planck’s constant divided by p?! Yes! λ = h/p It will be known as the de Broglie wavelength of the particle Confirmation of de Broglie’s ideas De Broglie didn’t have to wait long for his idea to be shown to be correct. -
Famous Physicists Himansu Sekhar Fatesingh
Fun Quiz FAMOUS PHYSICISTS HIMANSU SEKHAR FATESINGH 1. The first woman to 6. He first succeeded in receive the Nobel Prize in producing the nuclear physics was chain reaction. a. Maria G. Mayer a. Otto Hahn b. Irene Curie b. Fritz Strassmann c. Marie Curie c. Robert Oppenheimer d. Lise Meitner d. Enrico Fermi 2. Who first suggested electron 7. The credit for discovering shells around the nucleus? electron microscope is often a. Ernest Rutherford attributed to b. Neils Bohr a. H. Germer c. Erwin Schrödinger b. Ernst Ruska d. Wolfgang Pauli c. George P. Thomson d. Clinton J. Davisson 8. The wave theory of light was 3. He first measured negative first proposed by charge on an electron. a. Christiaan Huygens a. J. J. Thomson b. Isaac Newton b. Clinton Davisson c. Hermann Helmholtz c. Louis de Broglie d. Augustin Fresnel d. Robert A. Millikan 9. He was the first scientist 4. The existence of quarks was to find proof of Einstein’s first suggested by theory of relativity a. Max Planck a. Edwin Hubble b. Sheldon Glasgow b. George Gamow c. Murray Gell-Mann c. S. Chandrasekhar d. Albert Einstein d. Arthur Eddington 10. The credit for development of the cyclotron 5. The phenomenon of goes to: superconductivity was a. Carl Anderson b. Donald Glaser discovered by c. Ernest O. Lawrence d. Charles Wilson a. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes b. Alex Muller c. Brian D. Josephson 11. Who first proposed the use of absolute scale d. John Bardeen of Temperature? a. Anders Celsius b. Lord Kelvin c. Rudolf Clausius d. -
The Development of the Science of Superconductivity and Superfluidity
Universal Journal of Physics and Application 1(4): 392-407, 2013 DOI: 10.13189/ujpa.2013.010405 http://www.hrpub.org Superconductivity and Superfluidity-Part I: The development of the science of superconductivity and superfluidity in the 20th century Boris V.Vasiliev ∗Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright ⃝c 2013 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract Currently there is a common belief that the explanation of superconductivity phenomenon lies in understanding the mechanism of the formation of electron pairs. Paired electrons, however, cannot form a super- conducting condensate spontaneously. These paired electrons perform disorderly zero-point oscillations and there are no force of attraction in their ensemble. In order to create a unified ensemble of particles, the pairs must order their zero-point fluctuations so that an attraction between the particles appears. As a result of this ordering of zero-point oscillations in the electron gas, superconductivity arises. This model of condensation of zero-point oscillations creates the possibility of being able to obtain estimates for the critical parameters of elementary super- conductors, which are in satisfactory agreement with the measured data. On the another hand, the phenomenon of superfluidity in He-4 and He-3 can be similarly explained, due to the ordering of zero-point fluctuations. It is therefore established that both related phenomena are based on the same physical mechanism. Keywords superconductivity superfluidity zero-point oscillations 1 Introduction 1.1 Superconductivity and public Superconductivity is a beautiful and unique natural phenomenon that was discovered in the early 20th century. Its unique nature comes from the fact that superconductivity is the result of quantum laws that act on a macroscopic ensemble of particles as a whole. -
Physics Here at Uva from 1947-49
PHYS 202 Lecture 22 Professor Stephen Thornton April 18, 2005 Reading Quiz Which of the following is most correct? 1) Electrons act only as particles. 2) Electrons act only as waves. 3) Electrons act as particles sometimes and as waves other times. 4) It is not possible by any experiment to determine whether an electron acts as a particle or a wave. Answer: 3 In some cases we explain electron phenomena as a particle –for example, an electron hitting a TV screen. In other cases we explain it as a wave – in the case of a two slit diffraction experiment showing interference. Exam III Wednesday, April 20 Chapters 25-28 20 questions, bring single sheet of paper with anything written on it. Number of questions for each chapter will be proportional to lecture time spent on chapter. Last time Blackbody radiation Max Planck and his hypothesis Photoelectric effect Photons Photon momentum Compton effect Worked Exam 3 problems Today de Broglie wavelengths Particles have wavelike properties Wave-particle duality Heisenberg uncertainty principle Tunneling Models of atoms Emission spectra Work problems Finish last year’s exam problems de Broglie wavelength We saw that light, which we think of as a wave, can have particle properties. Can particles also have wavelike properties? A rule of nature says that if something is not forbidden, then it will probably happen. h λ = all objects p How can we demonstrate these wavelike properties? Typical wavelengths Tennis ball, m = 57 g, v = 60 mph; λ ~ 10-34 m. NOT POSSIBLE to detect!! 50 eV electron; λ ~ 0.2 x 10-9 m or 0.2 nm We need slits of the order of atomic dimensions. -
Nobel Prizes Social Network
Nobel prizes social network Marie Skłodowska Curie (Phys.1903, Chem.1911) Nobel prizes social network Henri Becquerel (Phys.1903) Pierre Curie (Phys.1903) = Marie Skłodowska Curie (Phys.1903, Chem.1911) Nobel prizes social network Henri Becquerel (Phys.1903) Pierre Curie (Phys.1903) = Marie Skłodowska Curie (Phys.1903, Chem.1911) Irène Joliot-Curie (Chem.1935) Nobel prizes social network Henri Becquerel (Phys.1903) Pierre Curie (Phys.1903) = Marie Skłodowska Curie (Phys.1903, Chem.1911) Irène Joliot-Curie (Chem.1935) = Frédéric Joliot-Curie (Chem.1935) Nobel prizes social network Henri Becquerel (Phys.1903) Pierre Curie (Phys.1903) = Marie Skłodowska Curie (Phys.1903, Chem.1911) Paul Langevin Irène Joliot-Curie (Chem.1935) = Frédéric Joliot-Curie (Chem.1935) Nobel prizes social network Henri Becquerel (Phys.1903) Pierre Curie (Phys.1903) = Marie Skłodowska Curie (Phys.1903, Chem.1911) Paul Langevin Maurice de Broglie Louis de Broglie (Phys.1929) Irène Joliot-Curie (Chem.1935) = Frédéric Joliot-Curie (Chem.1935) Nobel prizes social network Sir J. J. Thomson (Phys.1906) Henri Becquerel (Phys.1903) Pierre Curie (Phys.1903) = Marie Skłodowska Curie (Phys.1903, Chem.1911) Paul Langevin Maurice de Broglie Louis de Broglie (Phys.1929) Irène Joliot-Curie (Chem.1935) = Frédéric Joliot-Curie (Chem.1935) Nobel prizes social network (more) Sir J. J. Thomson (Phys.1906) Nobel prizes social network (more) Sir J. J. Thomson (Phys.1906) Owen Richardson (Phys.1928) Nobel prizes social network (more) Sir J. J. Thomson (Phys.1906) Owen Richardson (Phys.1928) Clinton Davisson (Phys.1937) Nobel prizes social network (more) Sir J. J. Thomson (Phys.1906) Owen Richardson (Phys.1928) Charlotte Richardson = Clinton Davisson (Phys.1937) Nobel prizes social network (more) Sir J. -
Aleksei A. Abrikosov 1928–2017
Aleksei A. Abrikosov 1928–2017 A Biographical Memoir by M. R. Norman ©2018 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. ALEKSEI ALEKSEEVICH ABRIKOSOV June 25, 1928–March 29, 2017 Elected to the NAS, 2000 Shortly after the 2003 announcement that Aleksei Abrikosov had won the Nobel Prize in Physics, a number of colleagues took Alex to lunch at a nearby Italian restau- rant. During lunch, one of the Russian visitors exclaimed that Alex should get a second Nobel Prize, this time in Literature for his famous “AGD” book with Lev Gor’kov and Igor Dzyaloshinskii (Methods of Quantum Field Theory in Statistical Physics.) Somewhat taken aback, I looked closely at this individual and realized that he was deadly serious. Although I could imagine the reaction of the Nobel Literature committee to such a book (for a lay person, perhaps analogous to trying to read Finnegan’s Wake), I had to admit that my own copy of this book is quite dog-eared, having been put to good use over the By M. R. Norman years. In fact, you know you have made it in physics when your book gets a Dover edition. One of the most charming pictures I ever saw was a rare drawing in color that Alexei Tsvelik did (commissioned by Andrei Varlamov for Alex’s 50th birthday) that was proudly displayed in Alex’s home in Lemont, IL. It showed Alex with his fingers raised in a curled fashion as in the habit of medieval Popes. -
INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH by MICHAEL RIORDAN
THE INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH by MICHAEL RIORDAN ORE THAN A DECADE before J. J. Thomson discovered the elec- tron, Thomas Edison stumbled across a curious effect, patented Mit, and quickly forgot about it. Testing various carbon filaments for electric light bulbs in 1883, he noticed a tiny current trickling in a single di- rection across a partially evacuated tube into which he had inserted a metal plate. Two decades later, British entrepreneur John Ambrose Fleming applied this effect to invent the “oscillation valve,” or vacuum diode—a two-termi- nal device that converts alternating current into direct. In the early 1900s such rectifiers served as critical elements in radio receivers, converting radio waves into the direct current signals needed to drive earphones. In 1906 the American inventor Lee de Forest happened to insert another elec- trode into one of these valves. To his delight, he discovered he could influ- ence the current flowing through this contraption by changing the voltage on this third electrode. The first vacuum-tube amplifier, it served initially as an improved rectifier. De Forest promptly dubbed his triode the audion and ap- plied for a patent. Much of the rest of his life would be spent in forming a se- ries of shaky companies to exploit this invention—and in an endless series of legal disputes over the rights to its use. These pioneers of electronics understood only vaguely—if at all—that individual subatomic particles were streaming through their devices. For them, electricity was still the fluid (or fluids) that the classical electrodynamicists of the nineteenth century thought to be related to stresses and disturbances in the luminiferous æther. -
CP Violation's Early Days
CERN Courier July/August 2014 Anniversary Temperature is our business CP violation’s early days Mineral Insulated Cable Reliable, Highly accurate cabling capable of A brief look back at a discovery that surprised operating in extreme environments. the world of particle physics 50 years ago. MgO and SiO2 Cables. RF Coaxial Cables. Multiconductor Transmission Cables. In the summer of 1964, at the International Conference on High- Welded and hermetically sealed connections. Energy Physics (ICHEP) in Dubna, Jim Cronin presented the results Capable of operating in and measuring temperatures of an experiment studying neutral kaons at Brookhaven National of up to 1,260oC. Laboratory. In particular, it had shown that the long-lived neutral Capable of operating in the following atmospheres - kaon can decay into two pions, which implied the violation of CP oxidising, reducing, neutral and vacuum. symmetry – a discovery that took the physics community by sur- prise. The news was greeted with some scepticism and met a barrage of questions. Everyone wanted to be satisfi ed that nothing had been overlooked, and that all other possibilities had been considered care- The experiment that discovered CP violation at Brookhaven was fully and ruled out. People need not have worried. Cronin, together set up in a neutral beamline, directed inside the ring of the Innovation at Okazaki: Cabling, Temperature Sensors & Heaters | okazaki-mfg.com with Val Fitch, visiting French physicist René Turlay and graduate Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. Visible here are the two student Jim Christenson, had spent months asking themselves the spectrometer magnets positioned at 22° to the beam. Spark CERN_125x193:Mise en page 1 18/09/12 17:17 Page 1 same questions, testing and cross-checking their results thoroughly. -
(Owen Willans) Richardson
O. W. (Owen Willans) Richardson: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Center Descriptive Summary Creator: Richardson, O. W. (Owen Willans), 1879-1959 Title: O. W. (Owen Willans) Richardson Papers Dates: 1898-1958 (bulk 1920-1940) Extent: 112 document boxes, 2 oversize boxes (49.04 linear feet), 1 oversize folder (osf), 5 galley folders (gf) Abstract: The papers of Sir O. W. (Owen Willans) Richardson, the Nobel Prize-winning British physicist who pioneered the field of thermionics, contain research materials and drafts of his writings, correspondence, as well as letters and writings from numerous distinguished fellow scientists. Call Number: MS-3522 Language: Primarily English; some works and correspondence written in French, German, or Italian . Note: The Ransom Center gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics, which provided funds to support the processing and cataloging of this collection. Access: Open for research Administrative Information Additional The Richardson Papers were microfilmed and are available on 76 Physical Format reels. Each item has a unique identifying number (W-xxxx, L-xxxx, Available: R-xxxx, or M-xxxx) that corresponds to the microfilm. This number was recorded on the file folders housing the papers and can also be found on catalog slips present with each item. Acquisition: Purchase, 1961 (R43, R44) and Gift, 2005 Processed by: Tessa Klink and Joan Sibley, 2014 Repository: The University of Texas at Austin, Harry Ransom Center Richardson, O. W. (Owen Willans), 1879-1959 MS-3522 2 Richardson, O. W. (Owen Willans), 1879-1959 MS-3522 Biographical Sketch The English physicist Owen Willans Richardson, who pioneered the field of thermionics, was also known for his work on photoelectricity, spectroscopy, ultraviolet and X-ray radiation, the electron theory, and quantum theory. -
Diffraction of Light Prelab by Dr
Diffraction of Light Prelab by Dr. Christine P. Cheney, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 401 Nielsen Physics Building, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1200 © 2018 by Christine P. Cheney* *All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the author. Read the introduction to Diffraction in your lab manual.1 Light is very interesting because it can behave as a wave or as a particle. You will observe both types of properties in the Diffraction of Light lab but will focus on the wave-like properties. (The particle-like properties come from the two light sources, a helium-neon laser and a mercury discharge lamp. The colors of light that these sources emit are discrete colors that have energy E=hn where E is the energy of the light, h is Planck’s constant, and n is the frequency of the light. Each photon of light has energy hn. This aspect of light is particle-like, and you will learn more about the particle-like behavior of light next week in the Photoelectric Effect lab.) Diffraction is used to study materials. The lattice spacing in crystalline materials is very small. For example the lattice spacing of a NaCl crystal is 5.64 Å.2 This small spacing can be used as a diffraction grating for x-rays. X-rays have a wavelength range of 0.01- 10 nm. -
Complexity, Symmetry and Strong Correlations
Jak Chakhalian COMPLEXITY, SYMMETRY AND Solid State Physics 601 STRONG CORRELATIONS Fall 2017 Phenomena Emerging from Complexity APPROACH TO COMPLEX PHENOMENA reductionism and emergence 3 Exploring the Unit materials which deform under stress, like polymers, liquids, colloids, and granular materials. The written text for this unit focuses on solid state physics, whereas the video touches on both solid state and soft condensed matter. In today’s session, we will focus on emergence in condensed matter physics: both solid-state and soft condensed matter. By some accounts, all of condensed matter physics can be considered emergent. The simplest definition of emergence is the interaction of individual pieces, following simple rules, which leads to collective behavior. There is no leader, or top-down control in such systems—the collective behavior comes from the bottom-up interaction of many individuals. In flocking, for example, each bird is following simple rules: Stay close to your neighbors, but not too close, and avoid predators. From these rules comes surprisingly coherent behavior of the flock as a whole. (Note: In particular, non-linear interactions, in which the character of the interaction changes with some parameter, like distance, lead to surprising behavior. In this way, complex behavior is not simply the additive sum of many individual interactions.) WHAT IS EMERGENCE ? Here is a definition of emergence from the National Academies: 3 Emergent phenomena in condensed-matter and materials physics are those that cannot be understood with models that treat the motions of the individual particles within the material independently. Instead, the essence of emergent phenomena lies in the complex interactions between many particles that result in the diverse behavior and often unpredictable collective motion of many particles. -
The Conflicting Case of Lev Davidovich Landau's Cerebral Death
International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2018, PP 30-35 ISSN 2349-0373 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0381 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0503003 www.arcjournals.org The Conflicting Case of Lev Davidovich Landau's Cerebral Death Celso Luis Levada1, Huemerson Maceti2, Ivan José Lautenschleguer3, Miriam de Magalhães Oliveira Levada4 1, 2, 3, 4 Teaching Group of Sciences of Herminio Ometto Foundation - Uniararas /Brazil *Corresponding Author: Celso Luis Levada, Teaching Group of Sciences of Herminio Ometto Foundation - Uniararas /Brazil Abstract: On April 1, 2018, it will complete fifty years of the death of one of the scientists who contributed most to the development of physics in the 20th century, the Russian Lev Davidovich Landau. He was born on January 22, 1908 in Baku, Azerbaijan, in what was then the Russian Empire. He was a prominent soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. He received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his theory of super fluidity that accounts for the properties of liquid helium. On January, 1962, Landau was seriously injured in an automobile accident and remained three months in a coma, being declared clinically dead four times. Recovered, he lived another six years. Landau died on April, 1968, aged 60, from complications from the accident. The case involving Landau introduces a conflict related to the removal of organs from people believed to be brain dead. Keywords: Landau, Nobel Prize Physics, Brain Death. 1. INTRODUCTION Landau was born in Baku, Azerbaijan, on January 22, 1908, the son of an oil engineer and a doctor.